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《矿产与地质》2017,(4)
黔东松桃地区凉风坳锰矿床是我国较为典型的"大塘坡式"锰矿床之一,由于矿物组成复杂,锰矿物晶形较差且粒度细小,对其矿物学的认识程度较低,矿床成因方面尚存在较大争议。野外地质调查和矿物学的研究表明,凉风坳锰矿床的锰矿层,主要产出于含锰岩系的菱锰矿-碳质页岩组合和菱锰矿-含锰碳酸岩-碳质页岩组合中,矿石类型有致密块状、条带状、角砾状和含方解石脉4种,主要锰矿物为菱锰矿和钙菱锰矿。矿物化学研究表明,由致密块状锰矿石→条带状锰矿石→角砾状锰矿石→含方解石脉锰矿石,锰矿物的MnCO_3、MgCO_3和FeCO_3总体上具逐渐减少,而CaCO_3具逐渐增多趋势;Mn/Fe比值变化范围为22.7~84.9,MnO_2+FeO与CoO+NiO呈极差的负相关关系。综上表明,凉风坳锰矿床形成于一个地堑式同沉积断陷盆地中,形成过程中处于较强的还原沉积环境,锰矿物为成岩成因类型,Fe、Mn两种元素的沉积受到强烈的陆源和火山活动等影响。 相似文献
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湖南省锰矿资源丰富,类型多样,沉积型锰矿是最重要的类型,主要沉积成锰期集中在早南华世大塘坡期、中奥陶世烟溪期及晚二叠世孤峰期。通过对三个主要成锰期代表性锰矿石电子探针分析显示,三个主要成锰期所成锰矿床,矿石组分类似,组成矿石的锰矿物主要为锰的碳酸盐,包括菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、镁菱锰矿、锰白云石、锰方解石等。三个主要成锰期代表性锰矿石及地层稀土元素地球化学标准化参数与配分模式显示,各成矿期含锰地层与锰矿石之间无显著差异,暗示了它们是相似的沉积环境下形成的产物,为正常沉积与热水沉积的复合。一方面,各成矿期岩、矿石稀土元素总量中等偏高,表现为正常沉积物的稀土元素特征。另一方面,在北美页岩标准化配分曲线上,呈现出水平或重稀土相对富集的左倾配分曲线,Ce的负异常,又是典型热水沉积成因呈现出的稀土元素地球化学特征。δCe异常特征,指示了成锰作用处于波动的缺氧还原/氧化沉积环境。 相似文献
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《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
钦杭成矿带是与扬子和华夏两个古老板块结合带相对应的成矿带,也是一条重要的喷流热水沉积矿床密集分布带(周永章等,2013;2015)。广西大新县下雷锰矿位于钦杭成矿带的南段,关于它的成因存在多种不同的观点。研究认为,下雷锰矿具有明显的热水沉积成因属性。地层方面,锰矿呈层状、似层状产出,主产在中上泥盆统的榴江组以及五指山组,后者是海槽、台盆相地层,由一套黑色硅质岩-泥岩岩-灰岩系组成。榴江组硅质岩为热水沉积成因。矿石方面,锰矿石发育条带状、条纹状、块状、鲕豆状、结核状构造。鲕豆粒物质系源于海底热水喷流,通过胶体凝聚或在气孔中沉淀形成,基质为热水和正常海水混合作用形成(欧莉华,2013)。矿石矿物中除菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿外,还有石英、锰铁叶蛇纹石、锰帘石、方解石、蔷薇辉石、绢云母、阳起石、锰榴石、重晶石、绿泥石、黄铁矿等,大多数属热液矿物,菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿与热液矿物混在一起。地球化学方面,微量元素中顶底板、夹层和矿层的含量有一定差异,但总体特征相似,相对于地壳丰度富Co、Ni、Mo、Cs、Ba,贫Sc、V、Cr、Zn、Ga、Sr、Zr、Nb,其中以Ba最富集。同位素方面,碳酸锰矿石δ13CPDB值为-2.83‰~-14.29‰,平均-7.06‰(秦元奎,2010)。矿石和底板、夹层氧同位素略有差别,矿石的δ18OPDB平均-6.80‰,底板和夹层平均-5.98‰。两者与广西木圭上泥盆统热水沉积形成的硅质岩相似。硅酸锰—碳酸锰矿石中黄铁矿的δ34SCDT比较特殊,在1号矿层平均+32.1‰,2号矿层内为+25.87‰,显示出火山矿床中硫的基本特征(和平贤,2012)。利用扫描电镜(SEM)/能谱(EDS)仪器方法分析含矿的硅质岩矿物微组构和微成分,进一步支持下雷锰矿的热水沉积成因属性。 相似文献
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滇黔桂地区代表性锰矿包括贵州松桃大塘坡锰矿、广西大新下雷锰矿、遵义铜锣井锰矿和云南砚山斗南锰矿.本文利用显微镜、X衍射仪、扫描电镜等仪器,通过研究滇黔桂地区典型锰矿矿相学特征,结合碳酸盐岩研究方法,查明产于南华系大塘坡组第一段(Nh1d1)贵州松桃大塘坡锰矿矿物组合包括菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰白云石、锰方解石、石英、伊利石,微相为SMF2、沉积相FZ1(盆地相),形成于沉积环境伸展阶段;产于上泥盆统五指山组(D3w)广西大新下雷锰矿矿物组合包括褐锰矿、锰钾矿、菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、蔷薇辉石、透闪石、石英,微相为SMF2和SMF15-M、沉积相FZ7(台地相),形成于沉积环境伸展阶段;产于中二叠统茅口组第二段(P2m2)遵义铜锣井锰矿矿物组合包括菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰方解石、锰白云石、硫锰矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、高岭石、伊利石、菱铁矿,微相为SMF15-C和SMF17、沉积相FZ7(台地相),形成于沉积环境收缩阶段;产于中三叠统法郎组(T2f)其矿物成分包括云南砚山斗南锰矿矿物组合包括褐锰矿、水锰矿、钙菱锰矿、含锰方解石、方解石、石英,微相为SMF4和SMF13、沉积相FZ4(斜坡相),形成于沉积环境伸展阶段. 相似文献
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特大型的广西下雷锰矿床是一个受北东向基底构造控制,与其南部的龙州和西部的那坡地区海底火山作用有关的沉积碳酸锰矿床。含锰地层为上泥盆统三里组。该组岩层为一套有颗石藻深水相生物和竹节石、牙形剌、菊石、介形虫等浮游生物的含炭质和黄铁矿的灰岩—硅质岩、硅质岩—灰岩、泥岩—硅质岩的特殊生物和岩石组合。矿石矿物有菱锰矿、锰方解石、蔷薇辉石、锰铁叶蛇纹石、锰帘石,脉石矿物有绿泥石、阳起石、黑云母、石英和黄铁矿等。菱锰矿的含量大致和蔷薇辉石、锰铁叶蛇纹石等的含量呈正相关。条带(条纹)状和豆鲕状构造是本矿床的主要矿石构造。下雷锰矿床和位于它东南方向、与火山活动有关的宁明膨润土矿床矿石中的稀土元素特征相似。 相似文献
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新疆阿克陶县奥尔托喀讷什地区具有巨大的锰矿找矿潜力,并在近年来取得重大找矿突破。目前该锰矿区已累计查明资源储量(121b+122b+331+332+333)1206.74万吨,矿床平均品位37.82%。锰矿赋存于上石炭统喀拉阿特河组（C2k）含碳泥质灰岩夹薄层细晶灰岩条带中,该套含锰岩系岩石组合具有滨浅海相沉积物的特征。矿体呈层状、似层状、条带状产出,层位稳定,出露长度40km,矿体厚度0.5~22m不等,矿石的矿物主要为菱锰矿,其次软锰矿,少量硅酸锰。矿石主要为微晶结构、细粒结构,致密块状构造、浸染状构造。该锰矿床P/Mn平均值为0.0056,Mn/TFe平均值为14.01,属于中磷富锰矿床。奥尔托喀讷什锰矿床的形成可能与晚古生代期间强烈拉张环境下火山活动形成的大量的火山岩以及在弧后拉张拗陷环境海水热液活动有关。 相似文献
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西昆仑玛尔坎苏地区奥尔托喀讷什大型碳酸锰矿床地质特征及成因探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
西昆仑造山带北段玛尔坎苏地区石炭纪沉积岩系中探明一大型碳酸锰成矿带,是中国北方近年最重要的锰矿找矿新发现。该锰矿带层位稳定,厚度较大,且品位富。奥尔托喀讷什锰矿是该锰矿带规模最大、最具代表性的矿床。区域和矿床地质系统研究表明,奥尔托喀讷什锰矿属典型的海相沉积型碳酸锰矿床。该锰矿的形成可能与伸展背景的弧后盆地沉积—海底热液活动系统有关,浅海陆棚环境中的局部洼地是沉积锰矿形成的最有利地段;推测该碳酸锰矿床是成岩过程中由原始沉积的锰氧化物经有机质还原而形成,且微生物参与该成矿过程;后期构造作用使矿体与顶底板围岩发生了明显的滑脱,沿滑脱碎裂面发育热液方解石脉,同时形成锰硅酸盐矿物。 相似文献
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湖北古城锰矿的沉淀形式及其古环境意义 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
古城锰矿是扬子地台北缘典型的“大塘坡”式锰矿,赋存于南华系大塘坡组含锰黑色岩系中,含锰矿物主要为菱锰矿.古城锰矿稀土总量高、类似现代海底铁锰结核的“帽式”稀土元素配分模式和Ce的正异常等地球化学指标指示古城锰矿Mn是以锰氧化物或氢氧化物形式沉淀,锰碳酸盐是后期转化而成.Fe/Mn比值低,较低的V、U含量和中等程度的Mo富集以及氧化还原敏感元素对Th/U、V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)比值等地球化学指标指示古城锰矿沉积环境为一种氧化一次氧化的状态,与锰是以锰氧化物或氢氧化物形式沉淀的结论一致.综合认为,古城锰矿成矿机制包括沉淀和转化两个过程,在氧化还原分层的海洋系统中,Mn在上部氧化性的水体中以氧化物或氢氧化物形式沉淀,之后下沉被掩埋在缺氧带之下,在成岩过程中和有机物质相互作用,锰氧化物或氢氧化物被还原释放出的Mn2+和有机碳被氧化释放出的CO32-结合形成锰碳酸盐,其转化可以方程2MnO2+CH2O+HCO3-=2MnCO3+H2O+OH-简单表示. 相似文献
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贵州二叠系茅口组顶部锰矿沉积特征及矿床成因研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对遵义、纳雍营盘等地含锰岩系沉积特征及沉积地球化学特征研究,结果表明,锰矿体形态主要以层状、似层状、透镜状、脉状产出,具有角砾状构造、递变层理等,常夹硅质岩和凝灰岩,具有热水喷流沉积构造特征。锰矿层位于玄武岩之下,夹于茅口组灰岩顶部,说明锰矿成矿在玄武岩喷发之前。含锰岩系中的矿物组合有浸染状黄铜矿,黄铁矿,重晶石,天青石,菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰方解石、黄铜矿、蓝铜矿、褐铁矿、绿泥石、石英及其他碳酸盐岩矿物等,这些矿物组合与热水沉积矿物组合类似。对含锰岩系进行微量元素、稀土元素、碳同位素分析测试表明,含锰岩系富集As、Co、Cu、Cr、Mo、Ni、Pb、U和V等元素,Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti及Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值,Fe-Mn-(Cu+Co+Ni)×10三角图解等均显示锰矿属于热水沉积成因。锰矿石碳同位素值δ~(13) C介于+4.17‰~-18.53‰,氧同位素δ~(18) O介于-6.98‰~-10.05‰显示,碳同位素组成具有热水沉积特征。含锰岩系稀土配分曲线与峨眉山玄武岩稀土配分曲线类似,表明锰矿成矿物质来源与峨眉地幔热柱密切相关。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
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岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
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滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献