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1.
During an earthquake, buildings which are vulnerable to seismic loads will be damaged, resulting in property loss and the potential for casualties. To reduce loss of life and injury, the relationship between earthquake-induced building failure and injury severity and distribution needs to be clarified. To this end, a methodology and a series of data collection forms were developed to collect pertinent data for post-event analysis and to provide a basis for structural triage in the field shortly following an earthquake for search and rescue purposes. The forms were developed in four steps: (1) identifying the variables which affect the outcome of an occupant in a damaged building; (2) classifying the variables into three levels of priority for data collection; (3) designing the forms; and (4) applying the forms to damaged buildings from past earthquakes. These forms represent a significant departure from existing forms in that they consider both casualties and building damage jointly in a consistent format. This paper describes the first two steps of the development process; a companion paper outlines the latter components. 相似文献
2.
Seismotectonics and seismicity of the Silakhor region, Iran 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hamidreza Ramazi Aenollah Azizzadeh Firoozi 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(3):283-289
This paper deals with seismotectonic and seismicity of the Silakhor region that shows high seismic activity in western Iran. Silakhor is a vast plain with several villages and cities of Dorud and Borujerd and a small town of Chalanchulan that were destroyed and/or damaged many times by large earthquakes. This paper addresses the historical and instrumental earthquakes and their causative faults, seismotectonic provinces and seismotectonic zones of the region. Available seismic data were normalized by means of time normalization technique that resulted in the magnitude-frequency relation for the Silakhor area and estimation of the return period of earthquakes with different magnitudes. Some active faults in this region include the Dorud fault, the main Zagros thrust, the Galehhatam fault, the Sahneh fault and others. Among them, the Dorud fault is an earthquake fault and is the cause for most of the large and intermediate earthquakes in the region. The return period of large earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 7.0 (Ms) is very low, however, the occurrence of destructive earthquakes is greater in the region than in the neighboring provinces. The study proves the high seismicity of this zone and it is required to develop an accurate national plan for future building and reinforcement of the existing buildings in this region. 相似文献
3.
Seismic risk assessment of buildings in urban areas: a case study for Denizli,Turkey 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
This study aims to carry out a seismic risk assessment for a typical mid-size city based on building inventory from a field
study. Contributions were made to existing loss estimation methods for buildings. In particular, a procedure was introduced
to estimate the seismic quality of buildings using a scoring scheme for the effective parameters in seismic behavior. Denizli,
a typical mid-size city in Turkey, was used as a case study. The building inventory was conducted by trained observers in
a selected region of Denizli that had the potential to be damaged from expected future earthquakes according to geological
and geotechnical studies. Parameters that are known to have some effect on the seismic performance of the buildings during
past earthquakes were collected during the inventory studies. The inventory includes data of about 3,466 buildings on 4,226
parcels. The evaluation of inventory data provided information about the distribution of building stock according to structural
system, construction year, and vertical and plan irregularities. The inventory data and the proposed procedure were used to
assess the building damage, and to determine casualty and shelter needs during the M6.3 and 7.0 scenario earthquakes, representing
the most probable and maximum earthquakes in Denizli, respectively. The damage assessment and loss studies showed that significant
casualties and economic losses can be expected in future earthquakes. Seismic risk assessment of reinforced concrete buildings
also revealed the priorities among building groups. The vulnerability in decreasing order is: (1) buildings with 6 or more
stories, (2) pre-1975 constructed buildings, and (3) buildings with 3–5 stories. The future studies for evaluating and reducing
seismic risk for buildings should follow this priority order. All data of inventory, damage, and loss estimates were assembled
in a Geographical Information System (GIS) database. 相似文献
4.
Resource allocation for regional earthquake risk mitigation: a case study of Tehran,Iran 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Pantea Vaziri Rachel A. Davidson Linda K. Nozick Mahmood Hosseini 《Natural Hazards》2010,53(3):527-546
This paper presents a new optimization model to help cities in seismically active developing countries decide (1) How much to spend on pre-earthquake mitigation versus waiting until after an event and paying for reconstruction or simply not rebuilding damaged buildings? (2) Which buildings to mitigate and how? and (3) Which buildings to reconstruct and how? It extends previously developed optimization models to consider the particular issues that arise in such countries. First, the model allows for the possibility that some damaged buildings will not be reconstructed immediately and keeps track of any lost building inventory. Second, buildings can be mitigated to, or when damaged, reconstructed to, any appropriate structural type and seismic design level. Finally, the model objectives include minimizing the chance of an extremely high death toll in any one earthquake and minimizing the average annual death toll across earthquakes. The model is illustrated through a case study analysis for Tehran, Iran. 相似文献
5.
地震引起的油气勘探开发过程中的钻井破坏日益引发关注,研究地震构造与钻井破坏之间的关系对油田安全生产非常重要。2019年3月28日青海省茫崖地区发生一系列地震,最大震级达5.0级,震中位于柴西狮子沟构造,并且在地震期间狮子沟地区钻井发生破坏。结合高精度地震勘探数据与钻井资料,本文刻画了狮子沟地区的地震构造与井损点分布特征,进一步探讨钻井破坏的原因。研究表明狮子沟构造是本次地震的发震构造,由盐上滑脱构造与盐下基底卷入的正花状构造组成,两者夹有厚度不均匀的盐岩体。在地震中被破坏的钻井集中分布于狮子沟背斜北东翼,靠近盐岩体厚度最大的区域。钻井井损点大致位于盐岩体顶面的连面且平行于地层层面。震源机制解指示存在倾向南南东、倾角较陡、以逆倾滑分量为主、兼有左行走滑分量与倾向北东、倾角较缓、兼有逆倾滑分量与右行走滑分量的两节面,分别对应盐下基底断裂的分支断裂与盐上逆冲滑脱断裂。考虑到震源位置的不确定性,盐下分支断裂或盐上逆冲滑脱断裂可能是本次地震的发震断裂,其中后者具有更大的可能性。钻井破坏的原因是同震断层活动造成的沿不稳定盐层顶面发生顺层剪切。因此,本文报道了盐构造环境下地震造成钻井破坏的实例。 相似文献
6.
Hayri Baytan Ozmen Mehmet Inel Erdal Akyol Bayram Tanık Cayci Hayri Un 《Natural Hazards》2014,71(1):63-84
An earthquake has struck Simav, Kutahya, located in the western part of Turkey on May 19, 2011. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the regional damage data and detailed investigation on a set of selected reinforced concrete buildings in Simav county center. The soil properties in Simav are examined in detail using multi-channel analysis of surface wave measurements, boreholes and laboratory test data. The damages are observed to be independent of soil conditions being hilly or plain, both in regional and Simav county center level. However, a slight relation is observed: as the soil period increases, so does the damage. The most damaged buildings are the four story buildings, resembling the case after some other earthquakes in Turkey. Regarding the detailed numerical evaluations on the building set, the properties highly correlated with seismic damage are investigated. Based on the obtained findings, it is concluded that the global building properties may not be enough to establish a strong relation with damage due to the local damages at the structural member level, especially for smaller seismic events. 相似文献
7.
The border area between Italy and Slovenia has been chosen for a proposed project on border earthquake's assessment (BEA). Attempts at the unification of macroseismic practice among the countries have been rare and not very successful, due to the different and often incompatible local traditions for the derivation of intensity data. With the publication of the new EMS-92 scale, the idea was born to try to unify the procedures in data collection on both sides of the border. The pilot project was proposed, consisting mainly of the preparation for eventual strong earthquakes in the future. A special civil engineering form for damage assessment was designed to be used in the damaged area. The path of this idea is presented. 相似文献
8.
A.M. Korjenkov K.Sh. Tabaldiev Al.V. Bobrovskii Ar.V. Bobrovskii E.M. Mamyrov L.A. Orlova 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2009,50(1):63-69
We report a macroseismic study of a ruined medieval building, a small caravanserai located along the caravan way from the Talas valley to the Chatkal and Fergana valleys in Kyrgyzstan. The ruins document several events in which the caravanserai was destroyed, apparently during earthquakes, and was rebuilt or repaired. The earliest earthquake occurred soon after the building was put up, about 400 years ago, according to radiocarbon dating of charcoal, and another event shook the area between 400 and 50 years BP. After being damaged in the ultimate earthquake, in the middle of the 20th century, the building was eventually abandoned. 相似文献
9.
David Johnston Sarah Standring Kevin Ronan Michael Lindell Thomas Wilson Jim Cousins Emma Aldridge Michael Warne Ardagh Joanne Margaret Deely Steven Jensen Thomas Kirsch Richard Bissell 《Natural Hazards》2014,73(2):627-637
The aim of this study was to investigate causes of injury during the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes. Data on patients injured during the Darfield (4 September 2010) and Christchurch (22 February 2011) earthquakes were sourced from the New Zealand Accident Compensation Corporation. The total injury burden was analyzed for demography, context of injury, causes of injury, and injury type. Injury context was classified as direct (shaking of the primary earthquake or aftershocks causing unavoidable injuries), action (movement of person during the primary earthquake or aftershocks causing potentially avoidable injuries), and secondary (cause of injury after shaking ceased). Nine categories of injury cause were identified. Three times as many people were injured in the Christchurch earthquake as in the Darfield earthquake (7,171 vs. 2,256). The primary shaking caused approximately two-thirds of the injuries from both quakes. Actions during the primary shaking and aftershocks led to many injuries (51.3 % Darfield and 19.4 % Christchurch). Primary direct caused the highest proportion of injuries during the daytime Christchurch quake (43.6 %). Many people were injured after shaking stopped in both events: 499 (22.1 % Darfield) and 1,881 (26.2 % Christchurch). Most of these people were injured during clean-up (320 (14.2 %) Darfield; 622 (8.7 %) Christchurch). In both earthquakes, more females than males (1,453 vs. 803 Darfield; 4,646 vs. 2,525 Christchurch) were injured (except by masonry, damaged ground, and during clean-up); trip/fall (27.9 % Darfield; 26.1 % Christchurch) was the most common cause of injury; and soft tissue injuries (74.1 % Darfield; 70.4 % Christchurch) was the most common type of injury. This study demonstrated that where people were and their actions during and after earthquakes influenced their risk of injury. 相似文献
10.
Based on the classification provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), the damage level of buildings impacted by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami can be separated into six levels (from minor damage to washed away). The objective of this paper is to identify the significant predictor variables and the direction of their potential relationship to the damage level in order to create a predicting formula for damage level. This study used the detailed data of damaged buildings in Ishinomaki city, Miyagi prefecture, Japan, collected by MLIT. The explanatory variables tested included the inundation depth, number of floors, structural material, and function of the building. Ordinal regression was applied to model the relationship between the ordinal outcome variable (damage level) and the predictors. The findings indicated that inundation depth, structural material, and function of building were significantly associated with the damage level. In addition to this new type of model, this research provides a valuable insight into the relative influence of different factors on building damage and suggestions that may help to revise the classification of current standards. This study can contribute to academic tsunami research by assessing the contribution of different variables to the observed damage using new approaches based on statistical analysis and regression. Moreover, practical applications of these results include understanding of the predominant factors driving tsunami damage to structures, implementation of the relevant variables into the proposed, or alternative model in order to improve current damage predictions by taking into account not only inundation depth, but also variables such as structural material and function of building. 相似文献
11.
This paper describes a multi-tiered loss assessment methodology to estimate seismic monetary implications resulting from structural damage to the building population in Greater Cairo. After outlining a ground-shaking model, data on geological structures and surface soil conditions are collated using a considerable number of boreholes to produce a classification of different soil deposits. An inventory database for the existing building stock is also prepared. The seismic vulnerability of representative reinforced concrete building models, designed according to prevalent codes and construction practices, is evaluated. Capacity spectrum methods are utilised for assessing the structural performance through a multi-level damage scale. A simplified methodology for deriving fragility curves for non-ductile reinforced concrete building classes that typically constitute the building population of the city is adopted. In addition, suitable fragility functions for unreinforced masonry constructions are selected and used for completing the loss model for the study area. The results are finally used to build an event-based loss model caused by possible earthquakes in the region. 相似文献
12.
Earthquake damages are assessed based on a holistic approach using structural as well as non-structural factors to model earthquake
damage distributions with Decision Tree Techniques, using the Answer Tree program and the damage data from recent major earthquakes
in Turkey. The damage dataset consists of approximately 9,400 buildings that were surveyed to evaluate the factors affecting
building damage after Erzincan [1992], Dinar [1995], and Kocaeli [1999] earthquakes. The earthquake damage is defined as the
dependent variable, while earthquake magnitude (M), intensity (I) in the city, peak ground acceleration (PGA) in each city,
epicenter distance (ED), building types (BT), number of storeys (NS), presence of soft storey (SS), building position (BP)
on the site, and site conditions (SC) are independent variables in the proposed model. The damage level (DL) was classified
with respect to red, yellow, and green codes. The main purpose was (1) to identify the factors controlling building damage
during earthquakes; (b) to determine the most significant factor; (c) to evaluate the effects of different factors for different
earthquakes; (d) to develop damage distribution models for different subgroups based on the Decision Tree Techniques.
相似文献
| Atilla AnsalEmail: |
13.
Erkan Çelebi Muharrem Aktas Naci Çağlar Aşkın Özocak Mustafa Kutanis Necati Mert Zeki Özcan 《Natural Hazards》2013,65(3):2287-2310
On October 23, 2011, a magnitude of Mw 7.2 earthquake struck the Van province in eastern Turkey which caused approximately 600 life loss and 4,000 injured people. Although the recorded peak ground accelerations were relatively low (0.15–0.2 g) compared with that of other recent destructive Turkish earthquakes and the code-based design response spectrum, a large number of reinforced concrete buildings with 4–6 stories and non-engineered masonry buildings were either heavily damaged or collapsed in the region. Based on the post-earthquake technical inspections, the goal of this paper is to introduce major reasons for structural damages in the disaster area and to discuss these failures along with the approaches given in the design code which is renewed after August 17, 1999 Marmara Earthquake. Some remarkable lessons learned from earthquake-induced failures and damages specific to building construction techniques are presented in this paper. 相似文献
14.
本文以甘肃省地矿局地质资料馆为例,通过馆藏资料现状和发展趋势分析,建设性的讨论了地矿行业图书馆馆藏图书及过刊修复整理和数据库建设的必要性和实施意义。提出以馆藏老旧、损毁资料修复和整理为手段,挽救和保护价值资源;以明确资料数据库建库要求、执行建库标准、采取内外资源相结合的方式,完成专题特色数据库建设,依托已有互联网网站等资源,构建高效服务平台,为使用者提供多层次、多方位、较为完备的检索查询和资源利用等综合服务,为管理者提供优化馆藏资源、完善馆藏体系、提高服务信息,力争使文献资料管理和服务上一个新台阶,为地质工作转型升级和高质量发展做出应有的贡献。 相似文献
15.
Earthquakes cause massive road damage which in turn causes adverse effects on the society. Previous studies have quantified
the damage caused to residential and commercial buildings; however, not many studies have been conducted to quantify road
damage caused by earthquakes. In this study, an attempt has been made to propose a new scale to classify and quantify the
road damage due to earthquakes based on the data collected from major earthquakes in the past. The proposed classification
for road damage due to earthquake is called as road damage scale (RDS). Earthquake details such as magnitude, distance of
road damage from the epicenter, focal depth, and photographs of damaged roads have been collected from various sources with
reported modified Mercalli intensity (MMI). The widely used MMI scale is found to be inadequate to clearly define the road
damage. The proposed RDS is applied to various reported road damage and reclassified as per RDS. The correlation between RDS
and earthquake parameters of magnitude, epicenter distance, hypocenter distance, and combination of magnitude with epicenter
and hypocenter distance has been studied using available data. It is observed that the proposed RDS correlates well with the
available earthquake data when compared with the MMI scale. Among several correlations, correlation between RDS and combination
of magnitude and epicenter distance is appropriate. Summary of these correlations, their limitations, and the applicability
of the proposed scale to forecast road damages and to carry out vulnerability analysis in urban areas is presented in the
paper. 相似文献
16.
Khalid Al-Ahmadi Sharaf Al-Ahmadi Abdullah Al-Amri 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(9):3871-3879
Al-Ahmadi et al. (Arab J Geosci doi:10.1007/s12517-013-0974-6, 2013) applied spatial pattern analysis techniques to a seismic data catalogue of earthquakes beneath the Red Sea in order to explore and detect global and local spatial patterns in the occurrence of earthquakes over the years from 1900 to 2009 using a geographical information system (GIS). They found that the techniques of spatial pattern analysis that they applied could detect global and local clusters and broader spatial patterns in the occurrence of earthquakes and concluded that earthquakes with higher magnitudes were notably concentrated beneath the central and southern areas of the Red Sea, while earthquakes with low and moderate magnitudes were concentrated beneath the northern area of the Red Sea. The aim of this paper is to report on the application of logistic regression models to explore the associations between the likelihood of the occurrence of an earthquake beneath the Red Sea and four selected variables, namely: (1) proximity to the boundary of the African–Arabian plates, (2) proximity to transform faults, (3) proximity to the mid-Red Sea ridge and (4) the stage of rift evolution. The study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of logistic regression modelling for research exploring potential associations between earthquakes and geological and tectonic variables. The results revealed that none of the assumptions underpinning the logistic regression models had been violated for the three logistic regression models that were used in this research. The authors inferred that the occurrence of the earthquakes beneath the Red Sea was statistically significantly associated with the proximity to the African–Arabian plate boundary. We concluded that earthquakes of moderate magnitudes occurred in the zone which represents the late evolutionary stage of the Red Sea rift, including the transition zone beneath the central area and the late-stage continental rift zone beneath the northern area of the Red Sea. In contrast, earthquakes with high magnitudes tended to occur in close proximity to the mid-ridges of the Red Sea. 相似文献
17.
Hamid Reza Ranjbar Alireza A. Ardalan Hamid Dehghani Mohammad Reza Saradjian 《Natural Hazards》2018,90(3):1087-1113
After the earthquake occurrence, collecting correct information about the extent of damage is essential for managing critical conditions and allocating limited resources. The prepared building damage maps sometimes bring about waste of time required for rescuing individuals under the rubble by wrongly conducting rescue teams toward regions with a lower rescue priority. In this research, an algorithm based on using a proposed standard at database level was developed to prioritize damaged buildings by considering five key elements of land use type, the degree of damage to buildings, the land use differentiation index, time of the highest population density in each land use, and time of disaster’s incidence. The steps of the proposed method which was implemented in the MATLAB environment include: detecting buildings on the pre- and post-event imagery, implementing texture features for each candidate building, choosing the optimal features by genetic algorithm, determining the degree of building damage in three classes of negligible damage, substantial damage, and heavy damage by using the difference between chosen features as inputs of the designed neurofuzzy inference system. Data collected from field observations were compared to the output obtained from the proposed algorithm. This comparison presented a general accuracy of 88% and Kappa coefficient of 79% in the classification of buildings into three damage classes. The proposed standard then was used for classifying damaged buildings into relief priorities of high, medium, and low. Findings revealed that the relief priority map could be a basis for correct guidance of relief and rescue teams during crucial times following earthquakes. 相似文献
18.
Andrea Tertulliani 《地学学报》1996,8(4):382-385
Several seismogeological effects of earthquakes on the environment have been collected by means of the ING macroseismic procedure. The fast and easy collection of information about ground and hydrological effects constitutes a complementary instrument in assessing the effects on human structures and the environment, and, ultimately, establishing intensity values. In this paper the distribution of seismogeological effects within intensity values has been verified, using data from three moderate Italian earthquakes; the density of the same effects are then discussed in comparison with isoseismal maps. 相似文献
19.
Earthquake losses due to ground failure 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Juliet F. Bird 《Engineering Geology》2004,75(2):147-179
Ground shaking is widely considered to be the primary cause of damage to structures, loss of life and injuries due to earthquakes. Nonetheless, there are numerous examples of earthquakes where the losses due to earthquake-induced ground failure have been significant. Whereas ground shaking causes structural and non-structural damage, with associated loss of function and income, ground failure is less likely to cause spectacular structural collapses, but is frequently the cause of major disruptions, particularly to lifelines, which can lead to prolonged loss of function and income, even for undamaged areas.Those involved in earthquake loss modelling are currently presented with three choices with respect to the incorporation of ground failure: they can choose to ignore it, assuming that any estimation of losses caused by shaking would effectively subsume the impact of these secondary hazards; they can include ground failure in a simple manner, using published approaches based upon qualitative data and a large degree of judgement; or, they can opt for a detailed site- or region-specific assessment of damage due to ground failure, with the associated time and expense.This paper presents a summary of the principal features of earthquake losses incurred in damaging earthquakes over the last 15 years. Survey data are impartially analysed, considering both ground failure and ground shaking as sources of damage, and their relative contribution to overall damage in each section of the regional infrastructure is presented. There are many other variables influencing these contributions, including the size of the earthquake, the economic status of the affected region, local geology and terrain and the building stock, which have been considered.The findings of the study are discussed from the point of view of loss modelling and which components of a model should merit the most time and resource allocation. The general assumption that ground shaking is the principal cause of damage and loss is strongly supported by the study. However, there are a number of scenarios identified where the failure to appropriately include the effects of ground failure would lead to unrealistic loss projections. Such scenarios include the assessment of building losses in small zones rather than on a regional basis, and the incorporation of lifeline damage or disruption and indirect losses into a model. 相似文献
20.