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1.
下古城花岗岩体分布于北祁连造山带南缘,岩性主要为石英闪长岩—花岗闪长岩,SiO2质量分数在58.78%~69.53%之间,Al2O3含量为14.30%~15.30%之间,A/CNK为0.86~1.08,属准铝质—弱过铝质,钙碱性—高钾钙碱性系列的I型花岗岩。整体上,具有低SiO2,高CaO、FeOT和MgO的岩石地球化学特征。稀土总量(ΣREE)为87.22×10-6~150.54×10-6,ΣLREE/ΣHREE为6.24~11.11,表明轻重稀土弱分异。富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、Pb、La等,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti等,说明下古城花岗岩主要由壳源物质部分熔融形成。锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素分析结果表明,石英闪长岩的εHf(t)=-5.7~-0.7,二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)为1.51~1.83Ga,暗示源岩可能主要为中元古代增生的地壳物质。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学结果表明,下古城石英闪长岩的侵位年龄为505.4±4.1Ma(MSWD=0.78,n=21),与北祁连造山带南缘的柯柯里花岗岩(512Ma~501Ma)、野马咀花岗岩(~508Ma)形成的地球动力学背景相似,均属于北祁连洋向南俯冲活动大陆边缘的岛弧环境。  相似文献   

2.
为了解晚古生代西伯利亚板块南缘增生造山过程中的岩浆活动特征,对东乌旗巴彦都兰二长花岗岩岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石Hf同位素和岩石地球化学进行了研究,并讨论了岩石成因和构造环境。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果为(277.2±0.7)Ma,以正的锆石εHf(t)(6.8~14.1)为特征,具有年轻的锆石地壳模式年龄(tcDM)(865~655 Ma),属于早二叠世晚期岩浆活动产物。二长花岗岩以高钾[w(K)=3.63%~4.95%,K2O/Na2O=0.91~1.47]、富碱[w(K2O+Na2O)=7.52%~9.16%]、准铝质-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.96~1.15)为特征;稀土元素总量较低(38.82×10-6~193.20×10-6),(La/Yb)N为3.91~23.08,轻、重稀土元素分异较明显,呈弱负铕异常(δEu为0.34~1.17);富集部分大离子亲石元素(LREE、Rb、K等);Zr弱负异常、Hf弱正异常,亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、P、Ti,显示后造山花岗岩特征。综合分析表明,巴彦都兰二长花岗岩形成于伸展的构造环境中,是贺根山洋盆闭合后的后造山阶段产物,为865~655 Ma前洋壳俯冲形成的先成地壳部分熔融而成。  相似文献   

3.
河南上店和登封古元古代晚期A型花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Nd-Hf同位素研究为讨论华北克拉通南缘中部古元古代晚期构造演化提供了依据。结果表明,上店花岗斑岩和登封正长花岗岩中锆石发育振荡生长环带,结合高的Th/U比值(0.36~1.64),表明其为岩浆成因,岩浆锆石的207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄分别为1801Ma、1801Ma和1795Ma,即它们形成于古元古代晚期;上店花岗斑岩具有高SiO_2(70.30%~71.83%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=8.76%~11.01%)、贫Ca O(0.18%~0.36%)、P2O5(0.12%~0.15%)和MgO(0.02%~0.20%)的特征,富集LILEs(Cs、Rb、Ba和K)、贫HFSEs(Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf)和强烈亏损Sr、P、Ti元素,具有负的Eu异常(δEu=0.44~0.59),结合高的FeOT/(FeOT+MgO)比值(0.94~1.00)和10000×Ga/Al比值(2.70~3.74),暗示其为A型花岗岩,具造山后A2型花岗岩特征;上店花岗斑岩的全岩εNd(t)值变化于-8.94~-6.87之间,tDM2=3243~3049Ma,锆石εHf(t)值介于-14.1~-6.5之间,tDM2=3030~2655Ma;登封正长花岗岩的锆石εHf(t)值介于-11.3~-8.4之间,tDM2=2887~2744Ma。上述结果暗示,上店和登封A型花岗岩均来源于幔源岩浆底侵作用下的中-新太古代基底物质的部分熔融,形成于华北克拉通东部和西部陆块碰撞造山后的伸展环境。  相似文献   

4.
大红柳滩岩体位于西昆仑造山带东段,主要由黑云母二长花岗岩、二长花岗岩及二云母花岗岩组成。笔者对大红柳滩岩体东南部的黑云母二长花岗岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,测得黑云母二长花岗岩的侵位年龄分别为(214±1.8)Ma,说明大红柳滩岩体为印支晚期岩浆活动的产物。大红柳滩岩体具有高δ~7Li(0.76‰～3.25‰)和低Li(5.04×10-6～52.22×10~(-6))同位素地球化学特征;黑云母二长花岗岩样品的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值介于-1.86～2.16,二阶段模式年龄为1113～1 368Ma;在ε_(Hf)(t)-锆石U-Pb年龄图解中,所有数据点均落在球粒陨石演化线附近。综合研究表明,大红柳滩岩体的原始岩浆是由地幔与中元古代地壳2个单元形成的混合岩浆。  相似文献   

5.
银灿矿床位于北祁连造山带中段冷龙岭火山岩带内,是一个以铜锌矿化为主的一个小型矿床,含矿岩系为阴沟群的玄武岩-流纹岩组合,矿化主要赋存在双峰式火山岩的流纹岩中。矿体在空间上具有明显分带,自下而上分为Zn→Cu-Zn→Cu→Fe矿体。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得玄武岩和流纹岩的年龄分别为457.0±9.1Ma和467.8±6.7Ma,表明银灿矿床成岩成矿时代为中奥陶世。地球化学数据显示,玄武岩属于拉斑玄武岩系列,低TiO_2(0.22%~0.25%),高镁(MgO=10.83%~14.17%,Mg#=68~73)、Cr(974×10~(-6)~1110×10~(-6))、Ni(219×10~(-6)~291×10~(-6)),微量元素蛛网图明显亏损Nb,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线呈左倾型;流纹岩属于低钾拉斑系列,亏损Th、Nb、Ta、Sr和Ti,可能起源于地壳岩石的部分熔融,二者显示出洋内岛弧的双峰式火山岩特征,形成于北祁连洋俯冲作用引发的岛弧裂谷环境。矿床的硫同位素组成具有幔源岩浆硫和海水还原硫的混合特征(δ34S介于+4.3‰~+8.7‰)。银灿矿区的水岩反应较弱,导致循环对流热液体系从岩石中溶滤出的金属成矿物质较少,这可能是银灿矿床规模不大的重要原因。  相似文献   

6.
张超  吴新伟  刘正宏  张渝金  郭威  权京玉 《岩石学报》2018,34(10):3137-3152
松嫩地块位于中亚造山带东段,该陆块是否具有前寒武纪结晶基底以及基底的规模和性质一直存在争议。我们在龙江地区识别出~1.8Ga的岩石,揭示了松嫩地块西缘古元古代结晶基底的存在。本文对其进行了岩石地球化学、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究,为探讨松嫩地块西缘古元古代晚期构造演化提供了重要信息。研究结果表明,马山二长花岗岩中的锆石大多具有清晰的振荡生长环带,结合较高的Th/U比值(1.30~2.64),表明其为岩浆成因,岩浆锆石的~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb加权平均年龄为1808±14Ma,形成于古元古代晚期;马山二长花岗岩具有富硅(Si O_2=69.50%~75.11%)、碱(K_2O+Na_2O=5.30%~8.69%)和铁(Fe O~T=2.86%~4.53%),贫钙(Ca O=0.46%~1.87%)、镁(MgO=0.25%~0.93%)的特征。稀土总量较高(∑REE=357.2×10~(-6)~587.1×10~(-6)),具强轻稀土分异((La/Yb)_N为12.2~17.6)和负Eu异常(δEu为0.27~0.77)的"燕式"稀土分配模式。大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba等富集,亏损HFSEs(Nb、Ta、Ti)和P、Sr等元素。结合岩石的Zr+Nb+Ce+Y(772.1×10~(-6)~911.1×10~(-6))和10000×Ga/Al比值(2.41~3.17)较高,全岩锆石饱和温度为891~940℃,暗示其为A型花岗岩,具造山后A_2型花岗岩的特征。马山二长花岗岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值介于-9.2~-2.8之间,t_(DM2)=2992~3520Ma,与华北板块北缘~1.8Ga岩浆岩具有相似的锆石Hf模式年龄。上述结果表明,马山A型花岗岩起源于幔源岩浆底侵作用引起的中-新太古代地壳岩石的部分熔融,证明陆壳已转入伸展拉张构造环境,是Columbia超级大陆裂解事件在松嫩地块西缘的响应。综合资料发现,松嫩地块已经发现的新太古代-中元古代的岩浆事件在华北克拉通都有同期的构造地质事件响应,初步认为松嫩地块与华北克拉通具有一定的亲缘性。  相似文献   

7.
姜洪颖  贺振宇 《地球科学》2022,47(9):3270-3284
北山造山带位于中亚造山带南部,是中亚造山带的重要组成部分.为了进一步深入认识北山造山带晚古生代的构造?岩浆演化过程,选择北山造山带南部石板墩?白墩子地区的晚古生代花岗岩?闪长岩开展了岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素、微量元素及岩石地球化学研究.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究限定了石板墩花岗岩形成于~304~ 302 Ma,石板墩闪长岩形成于~291 Ma,白墩子石英闪长岩形成于~270 Ma.它们的锆石Hf同位素均呈现较亏损的特征（εHf（t）=-2.0~+15.7）,且由老到新,亏损程度依次增加.岩石学和地球化学特征暗示了亏损地幔来源岩浆在北山造山带晚古生代岩浆活动中的主导作用,亏损地幔来源岩浆与古老地壳部分熔融形成的岩浆以不同比例混合,形成了复杂的岩石组合.因此,晚石炭世?早二叠世花岗岩?闪长岩可能形成于后撤式增生造山作用导致的弧后伸展构造环境.   相似文献   

8.
牛漫兰  文凤玲  闫臻  吴齐  李秀财  孙毅  李晨 《岩石学报》2021,37(8):2364-2384
拉脊山构造带位于南祁连构造带北缘,发育大量早古生代岩浆岩。其南缘马场岩体主要由黑云母花岗岩和花岗闪长岩组成,花岗闪长岩中发育大量的镁铁质微粒包体。黑云母花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和镁铁质包体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为 467±7Ma、468±6Ma、466±6Ma。黑云母花岗岩具有低 K_2O/Na_2O(0.28～0.37)、高 Sr/Y(125～168)比值特征,为埃达克质岩;同时,黑云母花岗岩还具有相对低的MgO、Cr、Ni含量和Mg~#值,富集轻稀土、大离子亲石元素(Ba、K、Pb、Sr)以及Zr、Hf,亏损重稀土和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti),具有Eu正异常(Eu/Eu~*=1.30～1.58),亏损Sr-Nd和锆石Hf同位素组成((~(87) Sr/~(86)Sr)_t=0.7044～0.7046 ,ε_(Nd)(t)=+2.05～+2.21,ε_(Hf)(t)=+8.2～+10.2),指示黑云母花岗岩是新生地壳物质重熔的产物。镁铁质微粒包体与寄主花岗闪长岩之间呈过渡-截然接触界线,发育反向脉角闪石嵌晶结构、斜长石不平衡生长结构、镁铁质凝块以及刀刃状黑云母、针状磷灰石等显微结构反映典型的岩浆混合特征。镁铁质微粒包体与寄主花岗闪长岩均富集大离子亲石元素(Cs、K、Pb、Sr),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf),具有与黑云母花岗岩一致的Sr-Nd同位素组成,但镁铁质微粒包体具有更高的 MgO 含量(6.15%～9.12%)、Mg~#值(57～60)和 Cr(271 × 10~(-6)～424 × 10~(-6))、Ni(54.7 × 10~(-6)～86.6× 10~(-6))含量,暗示镁铁质微粒包体与花岗闪长岩是由受俯冲流体交代的地幔熔体与新生地壳物质重熔形成的熔体经岩浆混合而成。结合区域背景分析,本文认为马场岩体的形成与南祁连洋俯冲过程中幔源岩浆底侵加热新生地壳以及岩浆混合作用相关。  相似文献   

9.
北山造山带处于中亚造山带南缘,研究其岩浆事件对于推演中亚造山带地质构造演化具有重要意义。在甘肃北山南带的双鹰山-花牛山岛弧带中,分布有大量花岗质岩体。本文选取甘肃北山南带双峰山南复式岩体中的花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩,开展LA-ICP-MS锆石年代学、Hf同位素、全岩地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素研究。研究结果表明该复式岩体成岩时代、地球化学与同位素特征基本一致,具体如下:(1)锆石年代学结果显示二长花岗岩年龄为367.5±1.7Ma、368.0±1.8Ma,花岗闪长岩年龄为366.3±2.2Ma,均为晚泥盆世;(2)复式岩体SiO_(2)含量为64.39%~74.95%、碱含量为5.01%~9.21%,属准铝质(A/CNK=0.88~1.00),P 2O 5含量低(0.02%~0.17%),且与SiO_(2)呈负相关,具有典型的I型花岗岩特征;(3)样品总体富集轻稀土元素((La/Yb)N=6.23~23.0),具有较强烈的Eu负异常(δEu=0.31~0.55),富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ti、P等高场强元素;(4)锆石εHf(t)值为-3.1~+6.0,t DM2为928~1327Ma,全岩(87 Sr/86 Sr)i在0.705607~0.708523之间,εNd(t)在-4.1~-1.9之间。结合区域构造环境,实验数据表明,双峰山南晚泥盆世复式岩体是在活动大陆边缘的环境下,由幔源岩浆底侵加热下地壳使之部分熔融,并与之混合形成的,代表了晚泥盆世柳园洋向北俯冲的构造事件。  相似文献   

10.
本文报道的花岗闪长岩位于内蒙古巴彦呼舒以东10 km处。大地构造位于中亚造山带中段的锡林浩特晚古生代褶皱带。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得该岩体的侵位年龄为236.1±3.4Ma。花岗闪长岩Si O2为66.93%~67.22%,Al2O3为15.13%~15.53%,K2O为2.47%~2.56%,Na2O为4.35%~4.46%,A/CNK值为0.94~0.95,显示该地区花岗闪长岩属于偏铝质钙碱性岩;亏损高场强元素,Sr达416.6×10-6~425.7×10-6,Sr/Y值为42~49,显示出高Sr低Y的典型特征,具有Adakite(高锶低钇中酸性岩)或者高Sr花岗岩的特点。花岗闪长岩的锆石εHf(t)值介于13.3~15.7之间;两阶段模式年龄分别为249~356Ma和258~422Ma。综合分析表明,花岗闪长岩为西伯利亚板块和华北板块碰撞闭合后,加厚的下地壳部分熔融作用的产物。  相似文献   

11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.  相似文献   

13.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

14.
Emilio Biagini 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):163-165
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15.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

16.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.  相似文献   

17.
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).  相似文献   

18.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.  相似文献   

19.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

20.
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.  相似文献   

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