共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 844 毫秒
1.
XING Lida WU Jianghao LU Yi L Junchang JI Qiang Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing China School of Transportation Science Engineering Beijing University of Aeronautics Astronautics Beijing China 《《地质学报》英文版》2009,83(1)
The Nyctosaurus specimen KJ1 was reconstructed under the hypothesis that there is a membrane attached to the crest;the so-called headsail crest.The aerodynamic forces and moment acting on the headsail crest were analyzed.It was shown that KJ1 might adjust the angle of the headsail crest relative to the air current as one way to generate thrust (one of the aerodynamic forces,used to overcome body drag in forward flight) and that the magnitude of the thrust and moment could vary with the gesture angle and ... 相似文献
2.
Tapejara wellnhoferi, a small azhdarchoid pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous Santana Formation of Brazil, provides critical information about the aerodynamic function of its spectacular head crest. The cranial crests in pterodactyloids were sexually dimorphic and are thought to have evolved in adult males in response to female mate choice. However, the location of cranial crests in front of the center of gravity would create instability in the yaw axis during flight and may seem like a handicap. Vertically aligned webbed feet probably suppressed the yawing rotations and instability from the crest. Here we show that the crest functioned as a front rudder to make agile turn and mediate flight control. A computer simulation model suggests that Tapejara had a large excess of muscle power available above the power required for continuous flapping flight. It could easily takeoff from a perch, ground, or water surface and land safely on the ground. It was an excellent glider with a gliding angle close to 4o and a cruising speed of 27 km/h. Tapejara could soar efficiently on the windward side of cliffs or circle on rising thermals over tropical waters for efficient long-distance flight. Various control surfaces in the wings of Tapejara analogous to the slat, aileron, elevator, fin, rudder, and horizontal stabilizer of an aircraft made pterodactyloids versatile flyers. 相似文献
3.
Xu Shi-Yu Lawal Abiodun Ismail Shamsabadi Anoosh Taciroglu Ertugrul 《Acta Geotechnica》2019,14(2):579-594
The Rankine earth pressure theory is extended herein to an inclined c–? backfill. An analytical approach is then proposed to compute the static passive and active lateral earth pressures for a sloping cohesive backfill retained by a vertical wall, with the presence of wall–soil interface adhesion. The proposed method is based on a limit equilibrium analysis coupled with the method of slices wherein the assumed profile of the backfill failure surface is a composite of log-spiral and linear segments. The geometry of the failure surface is determined using the stress states of the soil at the two boundaries of the mobilized soil mass. The resultant lateral earth thrust, the point of application, and the induced moment on the wall are computed considering global and local equilibrium of forces and moments. Results of the proposed approach are compared with those predicted by a number of analytical models currently adopted in the design practice for various combinations of soil’s frictional angles, wall–soil interface frictional angles, inclined angles of backfill and soil cohesions. The predicted results are also verified against those obtained from finite element analyses for several scenarios under the passive condition. It is found that the magnitude of earth thrust increases with the backfill inclination angle under both the passive and active conditions.
相似文献4.
Rico Stecher 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2008,101(1):185-201
A new basal non-pterodactyloid pterosaur, Raeticodactylus filisurensis gen. et sp. nov., is reported. It has been discovered in shallow marine sediments from the Upper Triassic of the lowest Kössen beds (late Norian/early Rhaetian boundary) in the central Austroalpine of Canton Grisons (Switzerland). The disarticulated specimen is comprised of an almost complete skull and a partial postcranial skeleton. A high and thin bony, sagittal cranial crest characterizes the anterodorsal region of the skull. The large mandible, with an additional keel-like expansion at the front, partly matches the enlarged sagittal cranial crest. A direct and close relationship to Austriadactylus cristatus, the only known Triassic pterosaur with a bony cranial crest so far, cannot be established. The teeth of the premaxilla are monocuspid and exhibit very strongly bowed enamel wrinkles on the lingual side whereas the enamel is smooth on the labial side. These monocuspid teeth are large and fang-like. The numerous smaller teeth of the maxilla show three, four and five cusps. These are very similar to the teeth of the Triassic pterosaur Eudimorphodon ranzii. The humerus shows a thinner construction than that seen in other Triassic pterosaurs. The femur is quite unusual with a caput femoris perpendicular to the shaft. The bones of the extremities are almost twice as long as the ones from the largest Triassic specimen E. ranzii (MCSNB 2888). The newly described pterosaur is an adult, with a wingspan of approximately 135 cm. A morphofunctional analysis suggests that R. filisurensis was a highly specialized piscivore and possibly a skim-feeder. 相似文献
5.
A simple model for the prediction of the deflation threshold shear velocity of dry loose particles 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A very important parameter in aeolian equations is the deflation threshold shear velocity, which quantifies the instant of particle motion. In this paper, a simple model is presented for the prediction of the threshold shear velocity of dry loose particles. It has the same functional form as the widely used models of Bagnold (1941) and Greeley & Iversen (1985), but differs in its treatment of the so‐called threshold parameter. As the new expression was based on the moment balance equation used by Greeley & Iversen, it includes a function for the aerodynamic forces, including the drag force, the lift force and the aerodynamic moment force, and a function for the interparticle forces. The effect of gravitation is incorporated in both functions. However, rather than using an implicit function for the effect of the aerodynamic forces as in the Greeley & Iversen model, a constant aerodynamic coefficient was introduced. From consideration of the van der Waals' force between two particles, it was also shown that the function for the interparticle cohesion force is inversely proportional to the particle diameter squared. The model was calibrated on data reported by Iversen & White (1982). The new expression compared, at least for terrestrial conditions, very well with the Greeley & Iversen model, although it is much simpler. It was finally validated with data from wind‐tunnel experiments on different fractions of dune sand and sandy loam soil aggregates. The soil aggregates were treated as individual particles with a density equal to their bulk density. The good agreement between observations and predictions means that, when predicting mass transport of particles above a given soil, minimally dispersed particle‐size distributions should be considered rather than the granulometric composition of the soil. 相似文献
6.
Seismic Passive Earth Thrust on Retaining Walls with Cohesive Backfills Using Pseudo-Dynamic Approach 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
A. H. Shafiee A. Eskandarinejad M. Jahanandish 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2010,28(4):525-531
In this paper, the pseudo-dynamic approach is used to estimate seismic passive earth thrust on retaining walls with cohesive-frictional
backfills. The time-dependent pseudo-dynamic approach considers the influence of dynamic parameters such as the velocity of
primary and shear waves, the period of lateral shaking, and the phase and amplitude variations of horizontal and vertical
earthquake accelerations with depth. The failure plane behind the wall is assumed to be planar. The analysis is based on the
equilibrium of forces which act within the failure wedge. The obtained results show that the backfill cohesion increases both
the seismic passive earth thrust and the failure plane inclination angle with the horizontal plane. It is also observed that
both horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations have decreasing effect on seismic passive earth thrust as well as failure
plane inclination angle. The results of present pseudo-dynamic analysis propose a lower solution for seismic passive earth
thrust compared to earlier pseudo-static solution available in the literature. 相似文献
7.
XING Li WANG Yikun Eric SNIVELY ZHANG Jianping DONG Zhiming Michael E. BURNS Philip J. CURRIE 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(1):1-11
The paired cranial crests of Sinosaurus(Theropoda) have been hypothesized as too weak to resist mechanical loads during combat. Finite element analysis(FEA) is used to test this hypothesis, first with geometry obtained through direct laser scanning of a well-preserved fossil of the crest, and then with two conceptual FE models of both crests analyzing the structure-deformation effects of fenestration. In the original fossil model, under direct loading on the dorsal faces of the crest, we found that the areas surrounding cavities on the crest experience shear stress that implies a high chance of material failure – the fracture of bone. In the conceptual model, a series of computational studies were conducted with varying loading directions. One simulation found that the shear stress and strain in the material around the cavity presented more deformation compared with the conceptual model without the cavities, and under this morphologically realistic scenario the loading conditions would result in local bone fractures. These model-based computational results indicate that the crest could not resist high loads, because it could not effectively decentralize the loading stress. Future investigations need to focus on more comprehensive computational experiments with more conditions, e.g. dynamical loading conditions, and direct palaeontological evidence. 相似文献
8.
Alexander G. Razdolsky 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2009,33(8):1123-1134
The paper disproves a commonly accepted concept that the slope stability problem cannot be correctly solved without invoking the auxiliary static assumptions. The given slope stability analysis is based on the direct comparison of the driving force tending to induce a movement of the slope mass and the mobilized resisting force. A problem of separating the driving forces from the resisting forces is resolved by subdividing an area of the assumed slide mass into two segments wherein the driving forces dominate over the resisting forces at the first segment and vice versa at the other. The slope stability is assessed by the stability index that is equal to a ratio between the resisting forces and driving forces. The stability problem is reduced to determining and analyzing a distribution of the interslice force along the slip line length. A system of recurrence dependencies involving the components of the interslice force and the vertical coordinates of the thrust line is derived from the complete system of the slice equilibrium equations (equilibrium of the horizontal and vertical forces and the force moment equilibrium). This system falls into two subsystems of relations one of which involves only the components of the interslice force. From this it follows that a distribution of the interslice force does not depend on the thrust line position. The slope safety factor regulated by the design manuals for mobilizing the soil shear strength along the slip line is prescribed in advance. A computer program is developed for solving the governing recurrence relations and computing the slope stability index. The applicability of the program is confirmed by solving the problem on a calculation of the critical safety factor for three shapes of the slip line (a circular arc, and a cubic and quadratic parabola) and the stability problem of the real inhomogeneous slope consisting of four layers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
边坡稳定性分析的条块稳定系数法 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
鉴于传统条分法对边坡安全系数定义和使用的局限性,引入了条块稳定系数的概念。分析了条间力推力线高度的影响因素,假定条间力传递时都具有相同的条间力稳定系数 ,并考虑了条块重力偏心矩的影响。根据条块的力和力矩平衡关系以及条间力假定,建立了求解条块稳定系数的四元方程组。在此基础上,求得条块稳定系数随滑动面的分布状况。根据条块稳定系数随滑动面的分布规律划分了滑体的主滑段、抗滑段和牵引段,大致判断滑坡的滑动模式。根据滑面上抗滑力和下滑力之比的定义,求解边坡整体稳定系数。采用传统条分法和所建立的条块分析法分别以圆弧滑动和折线形滑动的两个实例进行了验算,说明了条块分析法的优越性和可靠性。 相似文献
10.
V. M. Zobin E. I. Gordeev N. P. Kozyreva V. P. Mityakin V. N. Chirkova 《Natural Hazards》1991,4(4):327-344
This paper gives macroseismic and instrumental data on the 17 August 1983 Kamchatka earthquake which occurred in the center of the Kamchatka Gulf bend at a depth of 98 km with an epicentral intensity of VI–VII (MSK-64 scale), energy class 15, and magnitude MLH = 6.9. The focal mechanism represents a thrust along the inclined surface across the strike of the Kamchatka Gulf coastal line. The Primary-wave seismic moment M
0 is 6.3 × 1019 Nm, the Rayleigh wave M
0 is 1.6 × 1019 Nm, and the stress drop is 2.5 MPa. Copies of displacement and acceleration records are presented and the temporal and spatial distribution of the aftershocks is analyzed. 相似文献
11.
临界滑动面搜索一直是边坡稳定性分析中十分重要的课题,由于极限平衡法具有理论简单,易于被工程师掌握的优点,因此,仍在工程应用中占主导地位。剩余推力法是国内学者提出的一种简单实用且有较高精度极限平衡法,已被纳入国家规范。针对目前剩余推力法条间力假设简单,只考虑了力的平衡而忽略力矩平衡的缺点,通过Spencer法迭代构造了严格剩余推力法边坡临界滑动面搜索优化的模型,并结合蚁群算法搜索出了最大的剩余推力相应的临界滑动面。该模型具有精度高,收敛快的特点。最后给出的两个算例与传统的蚁群算法直接搜索安全系数最小得到的结果做了比较,表明了本文方法的正确性。 相似文献
12.
Effect of Edge Distance from the Slope Crest on the Response of a Laterally Loaded Pile in Sloping Ground 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Compared to the field tests, the numerical modelling is an economical way to analyze the response of laterally loaded piles in sloping grounds. This paper presents a three-dimensional finite element analysis to investigate the effect of edge distance from the slope crest of a laterally loaded pile embedded in the sloping ground for different slope angles and pile lengths. The results show that the pile top displacement and the bending moment in the pile decrease with an increase in the edge distance, whereas they increase as the slope angle is increased. The response of the pile in sloping ground is compared with its response in the level ground. The comparison is used to develop a simple methodology for estimating the pile top displacement and the maximum bending moment for any edge distance from the slope crest considering their values for level ground. 相似文献
13.
为了研究节理化程度和节理倾角对岩体破碎特征影响,对不同节理化试件在单轴压缩后的破碎体进行了筛分实验。按照单轴压缩后的碎屑粒径分布大小不同,将其分为粗粒、中粒、细粒、微粒4个级别,通过计算碎屑的粒度质量分数、粒度频数、比表面积和分形维数,分析了相同节理层间距不同节理化条件下,随节理倾角的变化,试件的块度分布特征变化规律。结果显示:随着节理倾角的增大,试件的破碎程度均是先减小后增大,β为45°时破碎程度最低,β为0°、30°、90°的破碎程度较高。节理中心距为30 mm时,节理连通率越小,破碎越严重。节理连通率为0.8时,节理中心距越大,破碎越严重。 相似文献
14.
Based on an almost complete three-dimensionally preserved skeleton, a new genus and species of an azhdarchoid pterosaur Aurorazhdarcho primordius n.gen. n.sp. from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen limestone (Early Tithonian) of the Eichstätt area (Bavaria, Germany) is described. Furthermore, a new family the Protazhdarchidae is proposed. The specimen is attributed to the Azhdarchoidea based on its glenoid fossa level with the sternum, the shovel-like shape of the sternal plate, the wide furca of the coracoid, the metacarpus being longer than radius and ulna, the femur being 1/3 longer than the humerus, the femorotibial ratio, and the hammer-shaped humerus among other diagnostic features. Under UV-light, soft tissue preservation around the external mould of the head is visible. It consists of tiny flakes possibly remnants of skin. The dorsally curved outline of the external mould of the head suggests the presence of a cranial crest. The new species is the oldest record of the azhdarchoid pterosaurs. It supports the Eurasian origin of this group that includes the largest flying animal ever. 相似文献
15.
设计了基底均匀的水平砂层单测挤压砂箱模型,包括水平砂层上无砂丘以及砂丘分别位于距左侧活动挡板5 cm、10 cm、15 cm、20 cm、25 cm、30 cm时的7组实验,通过实验着重对水平砂层在受单侧挤压时不同位置砂丘对冲断带的影响问题进行研究。实验结果表明,砂丘在不同位置时,冲断带的形成规模、几何形状都发生相应变化:砂丘距左侧活动挡板10～25 cm时,冲起构造发育,且冲断带的构造特征明显;而砂丘距左铡活动档板5 cm、30 cm时不发育冲起构造,主要发育逆冲断层。 相似文献
16.
A New Pseudo-dynamic Approach for Seismic Active Soil Thrust 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Ivo Bellezza 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2014,32(2):561-576
A critical review of the existing pseudo-dynamic approach is provided and a new pseudo-dynamic approach is proposed based on a visco-elastic behavior of backfill overlying rigid bedrock subjected to harmonic horizontal acceleration. Considering a planar failure surface, closed form expressions for seismic active soil thrust, soil pressure distribution and overturning moment are obtained. The results of this study indicate that the existing pseudo-dynamic method can strongly underestimate the soil active thrust especially close to the fundamental frequency of the backfill, where the soil response is more sensitive to the damping ratio. The acting point of the total seismic active thrust is always found to be higher than that predicted by the traditional pseudo-dynamic approach. The effect of the shear resistance angle and wall friction angle on the acting point increases as the amplitude of the base acceleration increases, whereas their effect is generally small far from the natural frequencies of the backfill. 相似文献
17.
R.W. Marjoribanks 《Tectonophysics》1976,32(3-4)
In the Ormiston Nappe Complex, west of Alice Springs, central Australia, a deformed zone up to 0.7 km thick is developed in the sedimentary Heavitree Quartzite. The deformed zone is adjacent to a major thrust fault and is defined by mylonitic foliation, which is parallel to the thrust plane and by isoclinal folds. Recognition of original detrital quartz grains allows strain ellipsoids to be measured across the zone. The strain generally plots in the flattening field and many specimens show pure flattening strain. The mylonitic foliation is an axial-plane structure to the folds and is parallel to the XY-plane of the strain ellipsoid. A quartz elongation lineation may be present within the foliation and is parallel to the principal extension direction (the X-axis) of the strain ellipsoid.Strain is accommodated principally by intracrystalline plastic deformation of the quartz grains. In detail the strain is not homogeneous and may vary even between adjacent grains of the same specimen. Quartz optic axis fabrics reflect this strain inhomogeneity. If the strain ellipsoid is an oblate spheroid, c-axes lie in small-circle girdles about the principal shortening axis (the Z-axis). With general triaxial strain, the c-axes lie in a great-circle girdle or girdles which intersect the foliation parallel to the intermediate strain axis (the Y-axis) and lie symmetrically about the Z-axis. A random population of grains from a specimen often shows a composite c-axis pattern between these two types.With approach to the thrust there is an increase in the amount of strain within the specimens. The increasing strain correlates with an increase in the degree of c-axis preferred orientation of the deformed detrital grains and in the amount of new strain-free grains present in the deformed quartzite. Adjacent to the thrust the quartzite is completely composed of polygonal new grains. The new grains probably formed under syntectonic conditions caused by movement along the thrust. The bulk of the new grains developed by increasing misorientation between the subareas of an initially polygonized old grain. There is no evidence of any marked host control on new-grain orientation, but new grain c-axis plots are generally similar to the corresponding old-grain plots from the same specimen. 相似文献
18.
为研究钢管抗滑短桩加固滑坡体的受力特性,在中国地质调查局地质灾害防治技术中心完成了4组不同桩长的钢管抗滑短桩加固碎石土滑坡的室内物理模型试验。测试堆载施加的滑坡推力作用下桩后、前土压力和桩身应变,观察滑体前缘变形破坏形态,分析滑坡推力、桩前土体抗力和桩身弯矩的分布规律试验。结果表明,滑坡推力的分布和桩前土体抗力和桩身弯矩是“S”型分布,确定了抗滑短桩的危险截面。对比分析桩长变化钢管抗滑短桩的受力特性,初步拟定钢管短桩能发挥抗滑效果的桩长下限值,即钢管抗滑短桩位于滑体中的长度应不小于滑体厚度的2/3。 相似文献
19.
James N Brune 《Journal of Earth System Science》1996,105(2):197-206
A physical model of thrust faulting has been constructed out of elastic foam rubber. The thrust wedge has an angle of 25°.,
and is forced from the back by a steel-hydraulic system of effectively infinite rigidity, analogous to the force exerted by
tectonic plates. The observed particle motions show many features different from those commonly assumed in dislocation models
of subduction thrusts. Interface waves associated with fault opening propagate along the thrust plane (from the back) and
temporarily decouple the overlying hanging wall plate from the foot wall. Because of the geometry of the reflecting fault
boundary, and the free surface (also reflecting), energy is trapped in the wedge and, as a consequence, the particle motions
and energy in the hanging wall are much greater than in the foot wall. The interface wave and the energy trapped in the upper
plate propagate up the wedge and break out at the toe of the thrust with a spectacular increase in motions.
If this model is analogous to the real earth, it suggests that some common assumptions in dislocation modeling may be incorrect.
The model may explain apparent missing energy radiated to teleseismic distances, the anomalously low number of empirical Green’s
functions needed to model teleseismicp waves, and the evidence of intense shaking on the hanging wall toe of some thrust fault earthquakes. The results support
the suggestion that interface waves may explain the lack of high frictional heat generation from thrust faults, and may explain
the ‘paradox of large overthrusts’. The results also suggest that the seismic hazard of great subduction thrust earthquakes
and continental shallow angle thrust faults might in some cases be seriously underestimated. 相似文献
20.
WANG Xuri Jingmai K. O’Connor ZHAO Bo Luis M. Chiappe Gao Chunling Cheng Xiaodong 《《地质学报》英文版》2010,84(2):247-256
<正>We report on a new species of enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous Qiaotou Formation of northern Hebei,China.The new taxon,Shenqiornis mengi gen.et sp.nov.,possesses several enantiornithine synapomorphies but is unique from other known species.The specimen has a well-preserved skull that reveals new information about enantiornithine cranial morphology.The new taxon possesses a large postorbital with a long tapering jugal process indicating that some enantiornithines may have had a fully diapsid skull,as in Confuciusornis.The tooth morphology of the specimen is unique and likely represents a previously unknown trophic specialization within Enantiornithes. 相似文献