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Yu Yu Jinming Song Liqin Duan Xuegang Li Huamao Yuan Ning Li 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2014,52(4):277-292
Total and chemical fractions of nine potential harmful elements (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Bi) and five lithogenic elements (Li, Sc, Rb, Cs and Th) in two 210Pb-dated cores from the East China Sea were analyzed to investigate their applications in paleoenvironment studies, and to reconstruct the histories of environmental changes. The residual fraction was the largest pool of trace elements in sediments. Potential harmful elements exhibited distributions that were similar to residual fractions and the lithogenic elements, indicating their terrestrial origin mainly derived from the Changjiang River and the old Huanghe delta. In the coastal core, the distributions of total and residual trace elements recorded the dry/wet variations of the Changjiang runoff since the 1850s. Total potential harmful elements and lithogenic elements in the offshore core reflected fluctuations in the strength of the Jiangsu coastal current and the East Asia Winter Monsoon over the last century. The response mechanisms of sedimentary trace elements to the runoff and monsoon variations involved direct terrestrial input of elements and the impacts of TOC and sediment grain size on trace elements in sediments. Enrichment factors (EFs), chemical fractions and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate the anthropogenic disturbance on potential harmful elements. PCA identified the lithogenic fraction of trace elements in both cores and the anthropogenic/authigenic input in the coastal core. Increases of the EFs and labile fractions of Zn, Pb and Bi in upper sediments of the coastal core indicated increased anthropogenic input of Zn and Pb since the 1980s, and increased Bi input since the 1940s. Increases in oxidizable Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Bi above 16 cm were related to eutrophication and elevated marine organic matter in inshore East China Sea after the 1990s. Sediment records in offshore did not show any evidence of anthropogenic influence on the potential harmful elements. This study revealed that trace elements in sediments were good proxies for natural and human-induced environmental changes in waters. 相似文献
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武汉市城市空间集聚要素的分布特征与模式 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9
不同城市要素的集聚现象具有不同的空间模式,定量化研究城市要素集聚模式的差异和联系对于理解城市发展机理、合理制定城市规划具有重要意义。本文以武汉市为例,获取不透水表面、商业服务业网点（POI）、人口、容积率、城市道路等城市要素数据;采用核密度估计法识别城市主次中心,从城市要素的分布形态、集聚程度、集聚模式等来研究城市要素的空间分布格局特征。研究发现,武汉市呈现“一主七副”的多中心结构,各城市要素从城市中心向外呈反S型的圈层递减。采用集聚度指数衡量城市要素的集聚水平,结果显示商业POI、人口密度的集聚程度最大,其次是容积率、道路密度、不透水表面占比。高度集聚的商业POI、人口密度呈现出点状模式与带状模式相结合的分布模式,中度集聚的道路密度、容积率呈现点状模式、环状模式与轴状模式相结合的分布模式,低度集聚的不透水表面密度主要表现为环状模式。城市中心的吸引、立体空间开发等促进了城市要素的向心集聚,交通干线、稀缺景观资源的廊道效应等重塑了城市要素的空间分布形态。 相似文献
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小兴安岭森林生态系统中营养元素关系及土壤动物的作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对小兴安岭森林生态系统6个主要林型的凋落叶、土壤动物和土壤三者之间营养元素关系研究,凋落叶、土壤动物和土壤中营养元素的平均含量不同,它们的变异程度也不同。蚯蚓、线蚓、蜈蚣和其它类群土壤动物体内营养元素的方差分析结果表明,K、Ca、Mg、Fe对土壤动物的生长发育影响较大。凋落叶、土壤动物和土壤之间K、Na、Fe的线性关系较强,反映了凋落叶-土壤动物-土壤间K、Na、Fe联系密切。凋落叶和土壤中营养元素与土壤动物的生物量、密度和类群数的关系密切,平均关联度的顺序为,类群数>生物量>密度。 相似文献
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LUO Hao DENG Li JIANG Songlin FU Erkang MA Jun SUN Lingxia JIANG Mingyan CAI Shizhen JIA Yin CAI Jun LI Xi 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2021,12(3):384-396
Natural environments contribute to people’s perception, preference and health restoration. Many researchers have focused either on the positive effects of overall rural environments on stress recovery or concentrated on the perception and preference aspects of the rural landscape, but few have integrated perception, preference and stress recovery simultaneously. This paper developed a framework which includes 11 elements and 38 element components related to Linpan, China, and distributed it online as part of a survey. As a result, a total of 324 valid questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire included demographic details, perception and preference degree for Linpan, as well as self-estimations of stress recovery. Stepwise multiple linear regression was employed, and revealed 16 significant predictors for the perception, preference and stress recovery in rural environments. In terms of elements, atmosphere and imagery were the two elements that could be best perceived, while woodland, farmland, water, residence and road were the five most important elements for the preference. Moreover, seven elements were also identified as significant predictors for stress recovery. Among the element components, tranquility as well as road and water proximity were the two significant predictors for perception, while wide visibility as well as woodland and residence blending contributed significantly to stress recovery. The five element components of woodland interior, vegetable field, stream, courtyard space and branch road each had a significantly predictive ability for preference and stress recovery. These findings extend the understanding of the perception, preference and restorative properties of rural environments through the combination of elements and element components in Linpan of Western Sichuan, helping to improve the quality and characteristics of rural external and internal environments and create health-promoting environments. 相似文献
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龙感湖小流域元素时空分布及湿地拦截功能探讨 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
众所周知,湖滨湿地是湖泊环境的屏障,它对流域入湖物质具有吸收与拦截作用。通过长江中游龙感湖湖滨湿地和湖泊沉积物中元素含量在时间序列上的对比研究,发现湖滨湿地对入湖主要重金属元素确有明显拦截作用;但对于化学性质活跃,易以溶液态迁移的元素如Fe、Mn等不具备明显的拦截功能。人类活动对湿地的破坏,减弱了湿地对流域入湖物质的拦截功能,加速了湖泊生态环境的恶化。 相似文献
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研究土壤地球化学分布模式和驱动机制,是区域生态环境评价、土地资源合理开发的重要支撑。本文利用空间分析和多元统计分析方法,利用土壤地球化学调查数据,探讨雄安新区土壤地球化学分布模式及成因。结果表明：研究区土壤元素普遍富集,Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Se和Corg呈明显富集,平均值约为河北平原背景值1.16~1.44倍。大部分土壤地球化学元素分布模式受成土母质、地貌类型、风化淋溶作用等控制,高值区主要分布在冲湖积平原区;淋滤径流、蒸发浓缩、工农业生产、土地利用等是影响土壤地球化学分布的重要因素;重金属和养分元素受人为因素影响明显。因子分析共提取8个主因子,F1因子由造岩元素和微量元素组成,代表自然成壤作用;F2因子由重金属元素组成,与污水灌溉、冶炼制造等活动相关;F3因子由CaO、TC、Ge、Ti、SiO2组成,主要与硅酸盐矿物风化、次生碳酸盐形成等成土过程相关;F4因子由Cl、S、pH组成,主要受淋滤径流、蒸发浓缩作用影响;F5因子由土壤养分元素和植物营养元素组成,主要受农业种植影响;F6因子由B和Sr组成,主要与黏性土壤的物理化学吸附作用有关;F7因子由卤族元素I和Br组成,主要与地表径流过程相关;F8因子由Hg组成,与当地工业生产以及城镇生活排放活动相关。研究结果清晰地反映了研究区土壤元素地球化学分布模式和主控因素,可为区域规划建设、资源环境评价和合理开发保护提供基础资料和重要依据。 相似文献
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基于重庆主城区居民感知的城市意象元素分析评价 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
城市意象是诠释一个城市环境的重要指标,对其分析研究,有助于解读及评估城市景观的优劣、城市生活环境品质的高低,也有助于把握城市空间结构。本文首先在回顾国内外相关研究进展的基础上,根据重庆城市特色,将Lynch K的5类城市意象要素进行细分,并转换为地点场所意象元素;其次采用问卷调查法,对城市意象因子和意象元素分别进行评价,并绘制城市意象元素分布图,以了解居民对城市意象元素的印象与品质之间的关系,从而为重庆城市规划建设提供有益的参考。 相似文献
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水土资源是人类生存的基础,山地水土要素耦合性与“三生空间”的功能性密切相关,其耦合的时空过程及规律关乎山区的生态服务与经济社会可持续发展。通过构建更加科学的水土要素耦合指数对太行山地、横断山地、黔桂喀斯特山地水土要素耦合特征进行大尺度、长时序的分析,并采用地理探测器方法分析了各时期水土耦合的影响因素。结果表明：① 三大山地水土要素耦合空间差异十分显著。太行山地以缺水区为主,横断山地以平衡区为主,黔桂喀斯特山地平衡区和充沛区兼有。② 垂直分异上,三大山地水土要素耦合指数分别在1300 m、1800~3400 m、500~1500 m处发生变异。各山地水土要素耦合指数在生态功能亚区表现为,林地生态亚区>林草复合生态亚区>农业生态亚区。③ 三大山地水土要素耦合的空间异质性是自然要素和人文要素综合作用的结果。其中,气候要素为主导驱动,地形地貌和土地利用居次,人为作用叠加在自然作用之上,加剧了水土要素耦合的时空复杂性和变异性。本文构建的水土要素耦合指数,加深了山地水土要素相互作用的时空过程研究,可为促进变化环境下的山区可持续发展提供决策依据。 相似文献
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上海市基础地理要素编码标准编制研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
江绵康 《地理与地理信息科学》2006,22(2):1-4
对以城市道路和街坊为核心的基础地理要素编码方法进行研究,克服了传统的城市基础地理要素编码方法中因人为因素造成编码在唯一性、扩展性和稳定性方面的缺陷,提出将编码内容与地理要素的地理位置相关联,且充分体现唯一性、扩展性和稳定性的网格化城市基础地理要素编码方法。由该方法编制的覆盖上海全市的基础地理要素编码可供上海城市规划、建设与管理使用。同时为促进上海空间基础地理信息的共享和交换,推动城市GIS的开发利用创造条件。 相似文献
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祁连山东段山地景观格局变化及其生态脆弱性分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以RS和GIS技术为主要手段,分析了祁连山东段地区1994-2008年的景观格局变化及其生态脆弱性。结果表明：（1）与1994年相比,森林、草地、冰雪带、水域4种景观要素的面积分别减少了5.0%、2.0%、2.2%、2.0%,而灌木和裸地的面积则分别增加了6.8%、5.0%;灌木、草地、冰雪带和裸地景观要素的平均斑块面积分别增加了49.0%、19.0%、1.1%、436.6%,森林和水域平均斑块面积分别减小了9.6%和4.1%。（2）森林、草地、冰雪带、水域4种景观要素的平均最邻近距离增加,聚集度降低,各景观要素内部斑块之间聚集度减小。灌木与森林景观要素之间的空间邻接长度增加了3 867 km,裸地与其他景观要素之间的空间邻接长度增加了5 589 km,嵌缀在其他各种景观要素中的裸地小斑块逐渐融合成大斑块。（3）景观类型脆弱度指数与破碎度指数之间显著正相关,分维数倒数、分离度指数和沙化敏感性指数与景观类型脆弱度指数呈弱度正相关。祁连山东段地区森林和草地退化,面积萎缩、水域干涸,裸地面积增加,各景观要素的空间关系趋于简单,景观破碎化增加。人类活动所引起的景观破碎化是祁连山东段地区景观格局和景观脆弱性变化的决定性因素。 相似文献
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采集了15种荒漠地区常见植物的样品，基于X射线荧光光谱法对其元素含量进行了测定。结果表明：组成荒漠地区植物的常量元素主要有Cl、S、P、Ca、Si、Al、K、Na和Mg，微量元素主要有Sr、Rb、Br、Zn、Cu、Ni、V、Ti、Ba、Mn 和Fe。不同种类植物中各元素的含量不同，体现了植物因遗传生理特性的不同而对环境元素选择吸收的特点。15种荒漠植物的常量元素组成的典型特征是富Ca、K贫Na，表明生境对各类植物化学成分含量的统一影响。属于同科的植物化学元素组成比较接近，说明植物元素化学成分可作为植物分类的标志之一。 相似文献
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西藏珍稀濒危植物区系特征及其保护 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
西藏是我国乃至世界上生物多样性最丰富和最典型的地区之一,拥有较多的珍稀濒危植物。综合《中国植物红皮书》(第一册)和《国家重点保护野生植物名录》(第一批),西藏有珍稀濒危植物33科48属54种,在对其区系成分进行统计分析的基础上,探讨了其区系成分特点及地理分布特征,结果表明,西藏珍稀濒危植物具有区系地理成分复杂多样,温带性质较热带性质明显,特有属少而特有种类较多,水平和垂直分布不均匀等特征。提出了进一步加强珍稀濒危植物保护的意见。 相似文献
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森林凋落物-土壤动物-土壤系统中营养元素含量关系及分异 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
根据对吉林省左家自然保护区同一坡面上不同地形部位的凋落物、土壤动物及土壤中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe 6种营养元素含量实测数据,研究了凋落物、土壤动物体内和土壤中的营养元素差异以及坡面上营养元素的纵向分异。结果表明,在较缓的丘陵坡面上,6种营养元素的纵向分异并不十分显著。土壤动物体内N、P、Ca含量明显高于凋落物和土壤,土壤中K、Mg、Fe元素含量则高于土壤动物和凋落物。坡面中部凋落物、土壤动物及土壤中N元素含量高于坡面两端,土壤中的P、K元素含量在坡体上部出现最大值,Mg、P元素纵向分布呈线性分布规律,Ca元素分布波动幅度较大,且呈非线性规律。凋落物、土壤动物和土壤中元素含量线性关系较强。凋落物和土壤动物体内元素的变异对土壤中元素含量变化的贡献率较大。 相似文献
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There are a number of serious problems connected with building and repairing water-retaining elements in embankment dams in cold regions.
One of them is the difficulty in finding inexpensive clay materials with the necessary structural properties and using them in the
winter. Another is the cracks that appear in the upper part of a dam when the core freezes to the banks, and leakage along the cracks threatens
to destroy the dam. Still another is the process of erosion at the bottom of the core which may occur through fissures in the rock foundation
of a dam and in transport constructions. Also, the behaviour of water-retaining elements during earthquakes is unreliable. All of these
problems can be solved by using ice- and cryogel-soil composites created by cryotropic gel formation (CGF). Our laboratory investigations
demonstrate that the materials proposed for water-retaining elements have the necessary permeable, plastic, thermophysical, and strength
properties to solve all of these problems. Certain constructions of water-retaining elements which may prove to be both safe and
cost-effective are proposed. However, these ice- and cryogel-soil composites need to be field-validated before they are used in dams and
transport structures in cold regions. 相似文献
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The chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang are studied in this paper. (1) The Xiashu loess profile underwent moderate chemical weathering. It seems that the precipitation is a more important factor than the temperature in controlling the process of the chemical weathering. (2) The major elements such as Si, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn and P were migrated and leached, while the elements Fe and Ti were slightly enriched. The migration features of the major elements reveal that the Xiashu loess finished the primary process of chemical weathering characterized by leaching of Ca and Na, and almost reached the secondary process characterized by leaching of K. Except the elements Sr and Ga, other trace elements such as Th, Ba, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr and V were enriched. It might be caused by both the biogeochemical process and the adsorption of trace elements by clay mineral and organic materials. (3) The difference of element migration down the Xiashu loess profile reveals that the climate was warm and wet at the early-middle stage of the middle Pleistocene. At the end of the middle Pleistocene, it became dry and cool. At the early stage of the Late Pleistocene, the paleoclimate became warm and wet again. As a whole, the paleoclimate generally became drier and cooler in this region from the beginning of the middle Pleistocene. 相似文献
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镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度与元素迁移特征 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
The chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang are studied in this paper.（1）The Xiashu loess profile underwent moderate chemical weathering.It seems that the precipitation is a more important factor than the temperature in controlling the process of the chemical weathering.（2）The major elements such as Si,K,Na,Ca,Mg,Mn and P were migrated and leached,while the elements Fe and Ti were slightly enriched.The migration features of the major elements reveal that the Xiashu loess finished the primary process of chemical weathering characterized by leaching of Ca and Na,and almost reached the secondary process characterized by leaching of K.Except the elements Sr and Ga,other trace elements such as Th,Ba,Cu,Zn,Co,Ni,Cr and V were enriched.It might be caused by both the biogeochemical process and the adsorption of trace elements by clay mineral and organic materials.（3）The difference of element migration down the Xiashu loess profile reveals that the climate was warm and wet at the early-middle stage of the middle Pleistocene.At the end of the middle Pleistocene,it became dry and cool.At the early stage of the Late Pleistocene,the paleoclimate became warm and wet again.As a whole,the paleoclimate generally became drier and cooler in this region from the beginning of the middle Pleistocene. 相似文献