Cytogenetic and cytotoxic effects in gill cells of the blue mussel Mytilus spp. from different zones of the Baltic Sea     

Barsiene J  Schiedek D  Rybakovas A  Syvokiene J  Kopecka J  Förlin L 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,53(8-9):469-478

Frequency of micronuclei (MN) and other nuclear abnormalities (nuclear buds, bi-nucleated and fragmented-apoptotic cells) was analysed in gill cells of the blue mussel (Mytilus spp.) from selected coastal sites in the Baltic Sea--Kv?d?fj?rden (Sweden), Klaipeda-Būtinge zone (Lithuania), Gulf of Gdansk (Poland) and Wismar Bay (Germany). Samples were collected from 650 specimens during bi-annual sampling campaigns in 2001 and 2002. The lowest frequency of MN (0.37 MN/1000 cells) was found in blue mussels from the reference site (Kv?d?fj?rden). The highest MN values (up to 6.7 MN/1000 cells) were registered in blue mussels from the Gulf of Gdansk in autumn 2001 and 2002, and at Wismar Bay in spring 2001 (up to 5.06 MN/1000 cells). Gradients of MN incidences were observed when comparing the three studied locations in Wismar Bay, and at the Lithuanian coast before the crude oil spill in the Būtinge oil terminal. Moreover, significant seasonal and inter-location differences in the responses were documented (P<0.0001). Nuclear abnormalities were observed most frequently in blue mussels from the Gulf of Gdansk.  相似文献   

Source and distribution of trace metals in the Medway and Swale estuaries, Kent, UK     

Spencer KL  MacLeod CL  Tuckett A  Johnson SM 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,52(2):226-231

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Effects of industrial outfalls on tropical macrobenthic sediment communities in Reunion Island (Southwest Indian Ocean)     

Bigot L  Conand C  Amouroux JM  Frouin P  Bruggemann H  Grémare A 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,52(8):865-880

Temporal changes in the composition of soft bottom macrobenthic assemblages at Reunion Island (Southwest Indian Ocean) were studied in the context of a long-term environmental monitoring programme studying the impacts of effluents of industrial sugar cane refineries that are transferred to shallow and deep coastal environments by different pathways: surface discharge and deep underground injection. Seven stations (between 20 and 160 m depth) were surveyed between 1994 and 2003 on the industrial zone. One additional station was surveyed on a reference site. Spatio-temporal changes in the composition of macrobenthic communities were assessed using several diversity indices, ABC curves, MDS and associated ANOSIM tests and biotic indices. Among the 171 taxa recorded, polychaetes were dominant (89 species), followed by crustaceans and molluscs. The analysis of spatial changes in the composition of macrobenthos showed the existence of distinct benthic communities along the depth gradient. Temporal changes in macrobenthos composition were most prominent at the shallowest station. They mainly corresponded to the decline of several initially dominant taxa and the increase of the Eunicid polychaete Diopatra cuprea. This station further showed increasing macrofaunal abundance, biomass and sediment organic content over time, concomitant with decreasing sediment grain sizes. In deeper environments, temporal changes were much smaller. Macrofaunal abundance and species richness increased progressively, suggesting a moderate impact on benthic ecosystems resulting from slight enrichments due to effluents rich in organic matter. Our results highlight an original response to disturbance pattern involving opportunistic Eunicidae species (D. cuprea) not previously described. Moreover, they allow for the comparison of the impact on macrofauna caused by industrial effluents exported by two distinct and different pathways in a tropical coastal high-energy marine environment.  相似文献   

Pure-phase transport and dissolution of TCE in sedimentary rock saprolite     

Lenczewski M  McKay L  Pitner A  Driese S  Vulava V 《Ground water》2006,44(3):406-414

The objective of this study was to experimentally determine the influence of pore structure on the transport and dissolution of trichloroethylene (TCE) in clay-rich saprolite. In order to simulate a "spill," pure-phase TCE containing a water-insoluble fluorescent dye was injected into two heterogeneous 24-cm-diameter by 37-cm-long undisturbed columns of water-saturated saprolite. TCE entry occurred at capillary pressures of 2.7 and 4.0 kPa. Ten or 28 d after injection, the column was sliced horizontally into three sections and visually examined. The distribution of fluorescent dye indicated that pure-phase TCE migrated mainly through fractures in the shale saprolite and through fine root holes or other macropores in the limestone saprolite residuum. Analysis of saprolite subsamples indicated that TCE was present throughout much of the saprolite column but usually at concentrations less than the solubility of TCE. This spreading was caused by diffusion, which also contributed to the rapid dissolution of TCE in the fractures and macropores. Modeling was carried out using previously published dissolution and diffusion equations. The calculations confirm that rapid disappearance of immiscible TCE can occur in this type of material because of the small size of fracture or macropore openings and the high porosity of the fine-grained material. This study indicates that industrial solvents can readily enter fractures and macropores in otherwise very fine-grained subsoils and then rapidly dissolve and diffuse into the fine-pore structure, from which they may be very difficult to remove.  相似文献   

Resolution of MRS applied to the characterization of hard-rock aquifers   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Legchenko A  Descloitres M  Bost A  Ruiz L  Reddy M  Girard JF  Sekhar M  Mohan Kumar MS  Braun JJ 《Ground water》2006,44(4):547-554

The performance of the Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) method applied to the investigation of heterogeneous hard-rock aquifers was studied. It was shown using both numerical modeling and field measurements that MRS could be applied to the investigation of the weathered part of hard-rock aquifers when the product of the free water content multiplied by the thickness of the aquifer is >0.2 (for example, 10-m-thick layer with a 2% water content). Using a currently available one-dimensional MRS system, the method allows the characterization of two-dimensional subsurface structures with acceptable accuracy when the size of the subsurface anomaly is equal to or greater than the MRS loop. However, the fractured part of hard-rock aquifers characterized by low effective porosity (<0.5%) cannot be resolved using currently available MRS equipment. It was found that shallow water in the weathered part of the aquifer may screen MRS signals from deeper water-saturated layers, thus further reducing the possibility of investigating deeper fractured aquifers. A field study using the NUMIS(plus) MRS system developed by IRIS Instruments was carried out on an experimental watershed in southern India. A heterogeneous unconfined aquifer in a gneissic formation was successfully localized, and MRS results were confirmed by drilling shortly after the geophysical study. The top of the aquifer revealed by MRS was found to be in a good agreement with observed static water level measurements in boreholes.  相似文献   

温室气体的作用不可小觑北大核心CSCD     

胡德良Richard  A.Kerr 《气候变化研究进展》2013,(3):191-191

对于南极冰芯记录资料,全球变暖怀疑论者喜爱的一个简单解释是：在全球走出上一个冰期的变暖进程中,二氧化碳只起到了微弱的甚至无足轻重的作用。但是,有关上个冰期结束时首个连续的、近乎全球的气温记录显示,二氧化碳的确对全球变暖起到了促进作用。有关南极冰芯的问题在于：冰芯记录的气温上升早于二氧化碳浓度的上升。这是气候变暖怀疑论者质疑温室气体引起全球变暖的原因之一。然而,气候科学家们知道,没有任何一个地区能够代表全球的气候趋势。因此,  相似文献   

龙门山北段平通河流域地貌演化过程     

颜照坤  李勇  黄润秋  李奋生  闫亮  赵国华  张自力  张威  Densmore A L  Hilton R G 《山地学报》2012,(2):136-146

龙门山位于青藏高原东缘,是青藏高原周缘山脉中陡度变化最大的山脉,也是全球气候和构造活动最为强烈的地区之一,因此成为研究构造、气候如何影响山脉地貌演化过程这一科学问题的良好素材。在位于龙门山北段的平通河流域,汶川地震导致该区强烈的隆升、剥蚀作用,对研究该区地貌演化过程具有重要的启示意义。通过对平通河流域基于DEM数据的地形坡度、水系分布、河流发育程度等的分析,并综合研究区构造特征和岩性特征,获得该流域不同区域的地貌演化方向,其中两个区域的地貌演化最为剧烈:1.平通河流域位于北川-映秀断裂和彭灌断裂之间的地区,未来将发生较快的隆升,地貌向高、陡的方向演化,河流下切作用使河谷两岸形成更加陡峭的地形;2.在北川-映秀断裂上盘附近地区,在构造和气候作用下侵蚀、搬运作用强烈,山体将被快速剥蚀削低,但在河谷两岸也会形成更加陡峭的地形。  相似文献   

乌江以红军两次成功渡江摆脱敌军围追堵截开辟胜利道路而成为靓丽的地名     

明东远 《中国地名》2012,(8):6-6

水流湍急英勇战士勇敢强渡水面滩多英雄勇士勇猛抢渡水域谷狭英武奇士勇往飞渡乌江,又称黔江,中国贵州省第一大河,长江上游右岸支流。发源于贵州省威宁县香炉山花鱼洞,流经黔北及渝东南,在重庆市涪陵区注入长江,干流全长1037公里。乌江水系呈  相似文献   

用于区域陆面过程模拟的土壤特征参数的空间插值方法研究     

缪驰远  刘宝元  戴永久  刘洪鹄 《气候与环境研究》2008,13(6):708-716

用于气候模型的陆地过程模型包括陆地水文过程模型和地球生物化学过程模型等,它们需要网格化的土壤物理和化学属性资料。目前,用于该类模型的土壤资料基本上是来源于20世纪70年代联合国粮农组织的1：5000000土壤图和4300多个土壤剖面的属件资料,其中所用的中国地区的土壤剖面资料不足200个。这些资料显然不能很好地表达中国区域土壤的空间分异性。早在20世纪80年代中国就开展了大规模全国范围的土壤普查,积累了数以万计土壤剖面的属性资料,但都是纸质数据。根据需要,作者已数字化近10000个中国土壤剖面的属性数据。为了模型的应用,需要对属性数据进行空间网格化处理。但土壤具有高度的空间分异性,为了使网格数据具有好的空间代表性,需要对空间插值方法进行研究。利用空间插值的方法对土壤要素的空间变异的研究,已有大量工作,但所研究区域范围较小,要素单一。作者基于1：1000000土壤地图,利用反距离权重空间插值法,对中国土壤属性进行了空间插值,最终结果表明：对于土壤中砂粒含量、粘粒含量、有机质值以及全氮含量的插值计算,基于相邻剖面反距离权重法的空间插值效果要优于同一土属下土种的空间插值;而对于粉粒含量、全磷含量和pH值的插值计算,利用同一土属下土种的空间插值效果则更优;对于土壤全钾含量的插值结果,两种方法相差不大。  相似文献   

Improving multimodel weather forecast of monsoon rain over China using FSU superensemble   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

T. N. KRISHNAMURTI  A. D. SAGADEVAN  A. CHAKRABORTY  A. K. MISHRA  A. SIMON 《大气科学进展》2009,26(5):813-839

In this paper we present the current capabilities for numerical weather prediction of precipitation over China using a suite of ten multimodels and our superensemble based forecasts. Our suite of models includes the operational suite selected by NCARs TIGGE archives for the THORPEX Program. These are: ECMWF, UKMO, JMA, NCEP, CMA, CMC, BOM, MF, KMA and the CPTEC models. The superensemble strategy includes a training and a forecasts phase, for these the periods chosen for this study include the months February through September for the years 2007 and 2008. This paper addresses precipitation forecasts for the medium range i.e. Days 1 to 3 and extending out to Day 10 of forecasts using this suite of global models. For training and forecasts validations we have made use of an advanced TRMM satellite based rainfall product. We make use of standard metrics for forecast validations that include the RMS errors, spatial correlations and the equitable threat scores. The results of skill forecasts of precipitation clearly demonstrate that it is possible to obtain higher skills for precipitation forecasts for Days 1 through 3 of forecasts from the use of the multimodel superensemble as compared to the best model of this suite. Between Days 4 to 10 it is possible to have very high skills from the multimodel superensemble for the RMS error of precipitation. Those skills are shown for a global belt and especially over China. Phenomenologically this product was also found very useful for precipitation forecasts for the Onset of the South China Sea monsoon, the life cycle of the mei-yu rains and post typhoon landfall heavy rains and flood events. The higher skills of the multimodel superensemble make it a very useful product for such real time events.  相似文献