Assessment of agricultural drought during crop-growing season in the Sudano–Sahelian region of Cameroon     

Njouenwet  Ibrahim  Vondou  Derbetini Appolinaire  Fita Dassou  Elisabeth  Ayugi  Brian Odhiambo  Nouayou  Robert 《Natural Hazards》2021,106(1):561-577

Natural Hazards - Drought is a recurrent phenomenon in the Sudano–Sahelian region of Cameroon. However, it has received very little attention, especially, on its impacts on the growing season...  相似文献   

Red Sea faulting and salt diapirism as a potential geotechnical hazard in Jazan,southwest Saudi Arabia: inferences from gravity data     

Ibrahim  Elkhedr  Mogren  Saad  Qaysi  Saleh  Abdelrahman  Kamal  Ghrefat  Habes  Zaidi  Faisal  Hakami  Ahmed 《Natural Hazards》2021,108(3):2613-2628

Natural Hazards - The main objective of this study is to detect the subsurface extension of salt diapirs and structural deformations in the city of Jazan and its suburbs using gravity data. Salt...  相似文献   

Damage Estimation in Masonry Buildings Based on Excavation-Induced Ground Movements     

Naeimifar  Ibrahim  Yasrobi  Shahaboddin  Golshani  Ali Akbar  Joneidi  Mehdi 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2021,39(6):4265-4285

Excavation-induced ground movements and the resulting damages to adjacent structures and facilities is a source of concern for excavation projects in urban areas. The concern will be even higher if the adjacent structure is old or has low strength parameters like masonry building. Frame distortion and crack generation are predictors of building damage resulted from excavation-induced ground movements, which pose challenges to projects involving excavations. This study is aimed to investigate the relation between excavation-induced ground movements and damage probability of buildings in excavation affected distance. The main focus of this paper is on masonry buildings and excavations stabilized using soil nail wall method. To achieve this purpose, 21 masonry buildings adjacent to 12 excavation projects were studied. Parametric studies were performed by developing 3D FE models of brick walls and excavations stabilized using soil nail wall. Finally, probability evaluations were conducted to analyze the outputs obtained from case studies. Based on the obtained results, simple charts were established to estimate the damage of masonry structures in excavation affected distance with two key parameters including “Displacement Ratio” and “Normalized Distance”. The results also highlight the effects of building distance from excavation wall on its damage probability.

  相似文献   

A Major Geoeffective CME from NOAA 12371: Initiation,CME–CME Interactions,and Interplanetary Consequences     

Bhuwan Joshi  M. Syed Ibrahim  A. Shanmugaraju  D. Chakrabarty 《Solar physics》2018,293(7):107

In this article, we present a multi-wavelength and multi-instrument investigation of a halo coronal mass ejection (CME) from active region NOAA 12371 on 21 June 2015 that led to a major geomagnetic storm of minimum \(\mathrm{Dst} = -204\) nT. The observations from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory in the hot EUV channel of 94 Å confirm the CME to be associated with a coronal sigmoid that displayed an intense emission (\(T \sim6\) MK) from its core before the onset of the eruption. Multi-wavelength observations of the source active region suggest tether-cutting reconnection to be the primary triggering mechanism of the flux rope eruption. Interestingly, the flux rope eruption exhibited a two-phase evolution during which the “standard” large-scale flare reconnection process originated two composite M-class flares. The eruption of the flux rope is followed by the coronagraphic observation of a fast, halo CME with linear projected speed of 1366 km?s^?1. The dynamic radio spectrum in the decameter-hectometer frequency range reveals multiple continuum-like enhancements in type II radio emission which imply the interaction of the CME with other preceding slow speed CMEs in the corona within \(\approx10\)?–?\(90~\mbox{R} _{\odot}\). The scenario of CME–CME interaction in the corona and interplanetary medium is further confirmed by the height–time plots of the CMEs occurring during 19?–?21 June. In situ measurements of solar wind magnetic field and plasma parameters at 1 AU exhibit two distinct magnetic clouds, separated by a magnetic hole. Synthesis of near-Sun observations, interplanetary radio emissions, and in situ measurements at 1 AU reveal complex processes of CME–CME interactions right from the source active region to the corona and interplanetary medium that have played a crucial role towards the large enhancement of the geoeffectiveness of the halo CME on 21 June 2015.  相似文献   

Some phenomenological aspects of carbonate geochemistry. The control effect of transition metals — Reply     

Dr. Ibrahim A. Mirsal  Prof. Dr. Heinrich Zankl 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1988,77(2):613-615

  相似文献   

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan     

Fouad N. Ibrahim Dr. 《GeoJournal》1988,17(1):133-141

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.  相似文献   

The role of rural-rural migration as a survival strategy in the Sahelian zone of the Sudan —     

Prof. Dr. Fouad N. Ibrahim  Prof. Dr. Helmut Ruppert 《GeoJournal》1991,25(1):31-38

Taking the example of Burush, N Darfur, Sudan, the authors analyse the role of migration as a survival strategy in the desertification-stricken Sahelian zone. It is being argued that the rual-rual migration plays a greater role than the rual-urban migration among the Berti ethnic group of northern Darfur. Their high mobility within their own area is part of their traditional economic pattern for coping with aridity and high rainfall variability  相似文献   

Early Proterozoic,basaltic andesite tuff-breaccia: downslope,subaqueous mass transport of phreatomagmatically-generated tephra     

MB Dolozi  LD Ayres 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1991,53(6):477-495

At Bear Lake, in the Flin Flon-Snow Lake greenstone belt of Manitoba, 400⁺ m of thick-to very thick-bedded, generally ungraded, basaltic andesite tuff-breccia, breccia, and lapilli-tuff are intercalated with pillowed lava flows in the upper part of an early Proterozoic submarine basaltic andesite shield volcano. The fragmental rocks comprise angular, amygdaloidal blocks and lapilli, many with partial chilled selvages, in a matrix of blocky, non-amygdaloidal to highly amygdaloidal vitric basaltic andesite ash and small lapilli. Minor thin-to medium-bedded, commonly normally graded tuff occurs in the upper part of the sequence. Clasts in fragmental beds consistently have higher amygdule contents than intercalated lava flows. Although similar to pillow-fragment breccias, the Bear Lake fragmental rocks were produced by extended surtseyan-type, phreatomagmatic eruptions, with associated fire fountain activity, at a progressively subsiding, shallow water vent. Periodic tephra slumping generated debris flows that transported particles down the uppe, gentle slope of the volcano to a depositional site at a water depth of less than 1 km. Turbidity currents probably carried much fine tephra to deeper water; tuff was deposited in the preserved section only after explosive volcanism ceased.  相似文献   

Hunger-vulnerable groups within the metropolitan food system of Khartoum     

Fouad N. Ibrahim 《GeoJournal》1994,34(3):257-261

Due to the current civil war and the economic and political deterioration in the Sudan, the majority of the Sudanese are suffering from food shortage. The dislocated southern Sudanese in Khartoum, however, belong to the group most affected. This paper tries to analyse the structure of hunger in the capital city of the Sudan. The formal and informal food supply systems are described. The reasons why the southern Sudanese are specially vulnerable to hunger and the indicators of this vulnerability are discussed.  相似文献   

Some phenomenological aspects of carbonate geochemistry. The control effect of transition metals     

Dr. Ibrahim A. Mirsal  Prof. Dr. Heinrich Zankl 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1985,74(2):367-377

The dualism in carbonate geochemistry — organic or inorganic production — leads to an erroneous definition of the carbonate system. A different formulation of the chemical mechanism is proposed where traces of transition metals together with organic matter in natural environments play a central role in carbonate production. This approach is verified in a series of experiments using natural and artificial sea water and as chelating agents citric, tartaric, malonic, and oxalic acids with five transition metals: Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and Zn. The final product of carbonate precipitation depends on the type of metal acting as a central atom. In the series Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Zn the potential for calcium uptake increases from Ni to Zn, while magnesium uptake increases in the opposit direction from Zn to Ni. Dolomite can precipitate from Mg-rich natural waters by the catalytic effect of Fe(II)-chelates. If the waters containing Fe(II)-chelates are exhausted with respect to magnesium carbonate, they will attack dolomite to form calcite.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Gegensätzlichkeit der Geochemie der Karbonate — organische oder anorganische Produktion — führte zu einer widersprüchlichen Definition des Karbonatsystems. Es wird hier eine abweichende Formulierung der chemischen Mechanismen vorgeschlagen, wobei Spuren von Ubergangsmetallen zusammen mit organischen Substanzen in natürlicher Umgebung eine zentrale Rolle bei der Karbonatproduktion spielen. Dieser Ansatz läßt sich in Experimenten nachweisen, wobei in natürlichem und künstlichem Meereswasser chelatbildende Substanzen wie Zitronensäure, Weinsäure, Apfelsäure und Oxalsäure mit 5 Übergangsmetallen Ni, Co, Fe, Mn und Zn zusammengebracht werden. Das Endprodukt einer Karbonatfällung hängt von dem Metall ab, das als zentrales Atom in den Komplexen wirkt. In der Serie Ni, Co, Fe, Mn und Zn nimmt das Potential zur Kalziumaufnahme von Ni nach Zn zu, während die Magnesiumaufnahme in entgegengesetzter Richtung, nämlich von Zn nach Ni zunimmt. Dolomit kann man aus natürlichen Wässern unter Zuhilfenahme des katalytischen Effekts von Fe(II)-chelaten fällen, während man in eisenchelathaltigen Wässern mit einem Unterschuß an Magnesiumkarbonat den Dolomit in Kalzit umwandeln kann.

---

Résumé En géochimie des carbonates, la dualité — production organique ou inorganique — conduit à une définition erronée du système carbonate. Les auteurs proposent un modèle différent du mécanisme chimique, dans lequel des métaux de transition en traces, ainsi que des substances organiques de l'environnement naturel jouent un rôle prépondérant dans la genèse des carbonates. Cette approche est vérifiée par une série d'expériences dans lesquelles on ajoute à de l'eau de mer naturelle ou artificielle: d'une part 5 métaux de transition: Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Zn; d'autre part des agents chélatants tels que: acide citrique, tartrique, malonique ou oxalique. Le produit final d'une précipitation carbonatée dépend du métal qui constitue l'atome central du complexe. Dans la série Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Zn, le potentiel de fixation du Ca augmente du Ni au Zn, tandis que celui du Mg augmente dans l'autre sens, du Zn au Ni. Il est possible de précipiter de la dolomite dans des eaux naturelles, à l'aide de l'effet catalytique de chelates de Fe¹¹, tandis que si du carbonate de Mg est soustrait à des eaux contenant du chélate de F¹¹, on peut transformer la dolomite en calcite.

---

, — , — , . , . , , , .: , , 5 : Ni, , Fe, Mn Zn. , . Ni, , Fe, Mn Zn Ni Zn, — . , .

  相似文献