Building comparable global change vulnerability assessments: The vulnerability scoping diagram   总被引：29，自引：1，他引：29  

Colin Polsky  Rob Neff  Brent Yarnal 《Global Environmental Change》2007,17(3-4):472-485

Advancing vulnerability science depends in part on identifying common themes from multiple, independent vulnerability assessments. Such insights are difficult to produce when the assessments use dissimilar, often qualitative, measures. The Vulnerability Scoping Diagram is presented to facilitate the comparison of assessments with dissimilar measures. The diagram is illustrated with recent research on drought vulnerabilities, showing that common insights into vulnerability may emerge if independent research teams use a common structure for organizing information about exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity—even if the underlying measures differ between assessments. Broadly adopting this technique, which is grounded in the “Eight Steps” methodological protocol [Schröter, D., Polsky, C., Patt, A., 2005. Assessing vulnerabilities to the effects of global change: an eight step approach. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 10(4), 573–595], will enable a vulnerability meta-analysis, the lessons from which may permit places to identify helpful adaptation or mitigation options without first having to conduct their own vulnerability assessments.  相似文献   

Petrogenesis of late stage magmatism at Hold with Hope, East Greenland     

Rob M. Ellam  Brian G. J. Upton  J. Godfrey Fitton 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,133(1-2):51-59

The Myggbukta caldera complex and a swarm of basic dykes constitute the latest Tertiary magmatism in the Hold with Hope region, East Greenland. The Sr and Nd isotope ratios of these rocks show coherent variations which extend to high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd values and require a contribution from continental lithosphere. Broad correlations with major element differentiation indices suggest that the continental component was incorporated during magmatic differentiation thereby favouring a crustal contamination process. Trace element concentrations are strongly correlated with isotopic compositions but display ranges for many incompatible elements which extend beyond likely crustal contaminant compositions. This is readily modelled by AFC processes in which the dominant cause of trace element enrichment is the concentration effect of fractional crystallisation rather than the composition of the contaminant. The simplest such models still require unrealistically high degrees of fractional crystallisation to explain the ten-fold enrichment of some trace elements. This can be overcome if the primary magmas entering the crust already had highly variable trace element compositions. Such variability is readily achieved if melts from different parts of the melting column escape without thorough homogenization. An AFC model which incorporates variability in parental magma composition is then able to simulate the range of compositions observed at Hold with Hope. This carries the implication that the variations observed are more readily attributed to changes in uncontaminated parental magma than to variations in the composition or amount of contaminant. Received: 5 March 1998 / Accepted: 16 June 1998  相似文献   

The Mars oxidant experiment (MOx) for Mars '96     

McKay CP  Grunthaner FJ  Lane AL  Herring M  Bartman RK  Ksendzov A  Manning CM  Lamb JL  Williams RM  Ricco AJ  Butler MA  Murray BC  Quinn RC  Zent AP  Klein HP  Levin GV 《Planetary and Space Science》1998,46(6-7):769-777

The MOx instrument was developed to characterize the reactive nature of the martian soil. The objectives of MOx were: (1) to measure the rate of degradation of organics in the martian environment; (2) to determine if the reactions seen by the Viking biology experiments were caused by a soil oxidant and measure the reactivity of the soil and atmosphere: (3) to monitor the degradation, when exposed to the martian environment, of materials of potential use in future missions; and, finally, (4) to develop technologies and approaches that can be part of future soil analysis instrumentation. The basic approach taken in the MOx instrument was to place a variety of materials composed as thin films in contact with the soil and monitor the physical and chemical changes that result. The optical reflectance of the thin films was the primary sensing-mode. Thin films of organic materials, metals, and semiconductors were prepared. Laboratory simulations demonstrated the response of thin films to active oxidants.  相似文献   

Climatic variation and changes in the wind and ocean circulation: The Little Ice Age in the northeast Atlantic     

Hubert H. Lamb 《Quaternary Research》1979,11(1):1-20

Variations must take place in the ocean circulation when the general wind circulation varies. There are hints even within recent years that the variations in the ocean between Iceland and Scotland and Norway can be big: The area has been regarded as the main path of the warm, saline North Atlantic Drift water heading towards the Arctic; but, when the polar water occasionally intrudes from the north, sea-surface temperature is liable to fall by 3 to 5°C and presumably by more than this when, as in 1888, the ice advanced to near the Faeroe Islands. The long series of sea-surface temperature observations at that point, starting in 1867, and earlier observations covering the area in 1789, are studied. Various kinds of proxy data—notably the CLIMAP Atlantic ocean-bed core analysis results for the last Ice Age climax and cod fishery and sea-ice reports from the Little Ice Age in the 17th century ad—are then used to indicate the variability in this part of the ocean on longer time scales. The reconstruction of the situation between ad 1675 and 1705 resulting from this study suggests a probable mean departure of the sea surface temperature from modern values between the Faeroes and southeast Iceland amounting to about ?5°C; and at the climax in 1695 the polar water seems to have spread all around Iceland, across the entire surface of the Norwegian Sea to Norway, and south to near Shetland. Support for this diagnosis is found in a considerable variety of reports of environmental conditions existing at the time in Scotland, south Norway and elsewhere. The enhanced thermal gradient between approximately latitudes 55 and 65°N during the Little Ice Age, which this result indicates, offers an explanation for the occurrence in that period of a number of windstorms which changed the coasts in various places and seem to have surpassed in intensity the worst experienced in the region in more recent times.  相似文献   

Klimatische Tendenzen und Untersuchungen zur allgemeinen Zirkulation     

Dr. H. H. Lamb 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1965,13(4):531-557

Zusammenfassung Einige Beobachtungsdaten aus dem Winter 1962/63 werden sowohl in bezug auf neuere als auch auf langfristige klimatische Tendenzen diskutiert. Der Abkühlung der Weltklimate seit etwa 1940 ist bisher praktisch noch nicht viel Beachtung geschenkt worden, obwohl sie die Häufigkeit strengen Winterwetters beeinflußt hat. Dies ist vielleicht teilweise durch die künstliche Erwärmung der Städte zu erklären, die unter starken niedrig liegenden Temperaturinversionen im Winter am wirksamsten ist. Ferner wird über Untersuchungen der Änderungen der allgemeinen atmosphärischen Zirkulation berichtet. Diese zeigen den Mechanismus auf, durch den aufeinanderfolgende langfristige Klimaänderungen zustandegekommen sind: Die Abkühlung in den Jahren von 1300 bis 1600 und die Erwärmung in den Jahren von 1700 bis etwa 1930 werden mit einer Abschwächung beziehungsweise Verstärkung der Zirkulation bzw. mit entsprechenden Änderungen der Wellenlänge der zirkumpolaren Westdrift und einer Durchdringung der höchsten Breiten durch Warmluftzufuhr und Zyklonenzugbahnen in Verbindung gebracht. Eine Umkehr des Trends kann unter Verwendung dieser Zirkulations-Aspekte bereits früher entdeckt werden — schon 30 oder mehr Jahre früher — als durch Untersuchung der Temperaturen in der Arktis und anderswo, der Ausdehnung der Eisbedeckung usw. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß die Abkühlung und die Zunahme des Eises, die jetzt speziell im europäischen Sektor zu beobachten sind, eine Reaktion darstellen auf die neuere Tendenz zu schwächerer zonaler Zirkulation hin und zu einer Westwärts-Verschiebung des Höhentroges im europäischen Sektor, die eine zunehmende Häufigkeit nördlicher Bodenwinde im Sektor zwischen Grönland und dem Ural begünstigt. Die Eislage in den nördlichen Meeren im Februar 1963 läßt sich nur mit den schlimmsten Jahren des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts vergleichen.

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Summary Some figures for winter 1962/63 are examined in relation to both recent and long-term climatic trends. The cooling of world climates since about 1940 has not yet received much notice from the practical point of view, though it has affected the frequency of difficult winter weather. The oversight is perhaps partly explained by the increasing artificial warmth of the cities, which is most effective under strong low-level temperature inversions in winter. Studies of changes in the general atmospheric circulation are described. These show the mechanism by which successive long-term changes of climate have been achieved—cooling from 1300 to 1600 and warming from 1700 to about 1930—was associated respectively with weakening and strengthening circulation and corresponding changes of (a) wavelength in the circumpolar westerlies (b) penetration of the highest latitudes by advected warm air and depression tracks. Reversal of trend is detected earlier, already 30 years or more ago, in these aspects of the circulation than when one examines temperatures in the Arctic and elsewhere, extent of ice etc. It seems probable that the cooling and increase of ice now to be observed particularly in the European sector are a response to the recent trend towards weaker zonal circulation and a westward shift of the upper trough in the European sector which favours increased frequency of northerly surface winds in the sector between Greenland and the Urals. The ice situation on the northern seas in February 1963 appears fully comparable only with the worst years of the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Résumé On discute ici quelques observations de l'hiver 1962–1963 à la lumière de tendances climatologiques tant récentes qu'à long terme. Jusqu'ici, on n'a pas accordé beaucoup d'attention au refroidissement des climats de notre globe depuis 1930, bien que ce refroidissement ait influencé déjà le nombre des hivers rigoureux. Ce peu d'attention s'explique peutêtre par le chauffage artificiel des villes, chauffage qui est particulièrement efficace au-dessous de fortes inversions thermiques situées en hiver à basse altitude. On rapporte en outre sur des recherches concernant des changements de la circulation atmosphérique générale. Ces changements montrent le mécanisme par lequel les modifications successives du climat à long terme se sont produites. On met le refroidissement des années 1300 à 1600 en relation avec un ralentissement de la circulation et le réchauffement de 1700 à 1930 avec une accélération de cette circulation. On peut faire le même raprochement pour des modifications similaires de la longueur d'ondes du courant circumpolaire d'ouest et la pénétration des afflux d'air chaud et des trajectoires des cyclones aux latitudes les plus grandes. Une inversion de la tendance du climat peut être reconnue bien à l'avance—30 ans et plus—en utilisant ces nouveaux aspects de la circulation, qu'en utilisant les températures de l'arctique et d'ailleurs, l'extension de la calotte glaciaire, ou d'autres critères. Il est probable que le refroidissement et l'augmentation de la glace, visibles actuellement surtout dans le secteur européen, ne sont qu'une réaction aux nouvelles tendances de ralentissement de la circulation zonale et d'un déplacement vers l'ouest du creux dépressionnaire en altitude du secteur européen, ce qui favorise une fréquence accrue des vents du nord au sol entre le Groenland et l'Oural. La position des glaces dans les mers du nord en février 1963 ne peut être comparée qu'aux pires années des 17ème et 18ème siècles.

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Pleistocene sediments,soils and landscape evolution at Stebbing,Essex     

Colin A. Whiteman  Rob A. Kemp 《第四纪科学杂志》1990,5(2):145-161

Pleistocene sediments and soils exposed at Stebbing in central Essex, England are described, analysed and interpreted. The sand and gravel units above Eocene London Clay and Upper Pliocene Red Crag are shown to be a high level member of the Kesgrave Formation, with a surface immediately beneath that of the Westland Green Gravels, which are tentatively assigned to the Pre-Pastonian ‘a’ Stage of the British Quaternary succession. The rubified, argillic soil developed in the surface of these fluvial deposits is a composite of the Valley Farm and Barham Soils and displays micromorphological evidence of several phases of clay illuviation, gleying and clay coating disruption. Originally truncated and buried beneath Anglian gelifluction deposits, cover sand and till, the soil has been exhumed in most places by subsequent erosion. The full succession, however, is preserved within large gulls that formed by periglacial cambering prior to this erosion. More recent loess incorporation and pedogenesis have modified the exhumed soil and the materials within the gulls.  相似文献   

Does upward seepage of river water and storm water runoff determine water quality of urban drainage systems in lowland areas? A case study for the Rhine–Meuse delta     

Kim Vermonden  Marion A. A. Hermus  Marije van Weperen  Rob S. E. W. Leuven  Gerard van der Velde  Alfons J. P. Smolders  Jan G. M. Roelofs  A. Jan Hendriks 《水文研究》2009,23(21):3110-3120

The water quality of urban drainage ditches in lowlands in the Rhine‐Meuse delta was analysed with principal component analysis (PCA) during a dry period and a rain storm, and related to the seepage of polluted river water and effective impervious area (EIA). This was done in order to test the hypothesis that seepage of river water and storm water runoff from impervious areas strongly determine the water quality of urban drainage systems along large lowland rivers. Our analysis revealed that upward seepage of groundwater originating from rivers Rhine and Meuse was positively correlated with nitrate, potassium, sodium and chloride and negatively correlated with alkalinity, calcium, magnesium and iron. EIA was correlated with very few environmental variables (i.e. phosphate, pH and iron in the dry period and iron during the rain storm). Nickel and zinc concentrations generally exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC), while lead and phosphorus concentrations were just above the nutrient standards and MAC in a few locations during the rain storm. To optimize water quality in urban water systems, attention should be paid to all sources of pollution and not only to EIA. The impact of local groundwater seepage originating from large rivers in lowlands on the chemistry of urban water systems is often underestimated and should be taken into account when assessing water quality and improving water quality status. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Some things old, some things new: The spatial representations and politics of change of the peak oil relocalisation movement   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ian Bailey  Rob Hopkins  Geoff Wilson 《Geoforum》2010,41(4):595-605

Despite continued uncertainty about the physical realities and political, economic and social implications of peak oil, combined concerns about oil scarcity, climate change and globalisation has spawned an energetic relocalisation movement dedicated to achieving a comprehensive reduction in oil dependency through community-scale initiatives. This paper uses a discourse approach to examine the emergence, geographical spread and practices of the Transition Network, a UK-originated relocalisation movement now involving 186 local initiatives in the UK and other countries. We trace the movement’s drawing upon, and innovation from, discourses and techniques used by other grassroots environmental movements to promote a spatial representation of peak oil as an inevitable and geographically undiscriminating problem, and its use of addiction metaphors and participatory techniques to promote personal and community-scale energy descent initiatives as a viable and necessary alternative to globalisation. We also analyse the spatial representations and techniques used in the Network’s “rhizomic” spread across multiple localities around the world and embedding in communities where relocalisation initiatives are established. We conclude by examining the future challenges these spatial constructions of peak oil pose for the relocalisation movement.  相似文献   

Erratum: Discriminant analysis for estimation of groundwater age from hydrochemistry and well construction: application to New Zealand aquifers     

Christopher J. Daughney  Uwe Morgenstern  Rob van der Raaij  Robert R. Reeves 《Hydrogeology Journal》2010,18(2):541-541

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Sustainable coastal management and climate adaptation: global lessons from regional approaches in Australia     

Rob Brander 《The Australian geographer》2014,45(2):246-248

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