Evaluating the S-isotope fractionation associated with Phanerozoic pyrite burial     

Nanping Wu  Harald Strauss  Donald E. Canfield 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(7):2053-1124

This study examines the sulfur isotope record of seawater sulfate proxies using δ³⁴S and Δ³³S to place constraints on the average global fractionation (Δ³⁴S_py) associated with pyrite formation and burial and the exponent λ that relates variations of the ³⁴S/³²S to variations of the ³³S/³²S. The results presented here use an analysis of the sulfur isotope record from seawater sulfate proxies and sedimentary sulfide to extract this quantity as the arithmetic difference between δ³⁴S of seawater sulfate and contemporaneous sulfide. It also uses an independent method that draws on inferences about the Δ³³S evolution of seawater sulfate to evaluate this further. These two methods yield similar results suggesting that Δ³⁴S_py and λ changed over the course of the Phanerozoic from slightly lower values of Δ³⁴S_py (lower values of λ) in the early Phanerozoic (Cambrian-Permian) to higher values of Δ³⁴S_py (higher values of λ) starting in the Triassic. This change of Δ³⁴S_py and the exponent λ is interpreted to reflect a change in the proportion of sulfide that was reoxidized and processed by bacterial disproportionation on a global scale. The revised record of Δ³⁴S_py also yields model pyrite burial curves making them more closely resemble model evolution curves for other element systems and global sea level curves. It is suggested that possible links to sea level may occur via changes in the area of submerged continental shelves which would provide additional loci for pyrite burial.The slightly different constraints used by the two approaches to calculate this fractionation may allow for additional information to be obtained about the sulfur cycle with future studies. For instance, the correspondence of these results suggests that the inferred variation of ³⁴S/³²S of pyrite is real, and that there is no significant missing sink of fractionated sulfur at the resolution of the present study (such as might be associated with organic sulfur). Burial of organic sulfur may, however, have been important at some times in the Phanerozoic and shorter timescale deviations between results provided by these methods may be observed with higher resolution sampling. If observed, this would suggest either that the record for pyrite (or less likely sulfate) is biased, or that another sink (possibly as organic sulfur) was important during these times in the Phanerozoic.  相似文献   

The 2dF–SDSS LRG and QSO (2SLAQ) Survey: the z < 2.1 quasar luminosity function from 5645 quasars to g= 21.85     

Gordon T. Richards  Scott M. Croom  Scott F. Anderson  Joss Bland-Hawthorn  Brian J. Boyle  Roberto De Propris  Michael J. Drinkwater  Xiaohui Fan  James E. Gunn  &#;eljko Ivezi&#;  Sebastian Jester  Jon Loveday  Avery Meiksin  Lance Miller  Adam Myers  Robert C. Nichol  Phil J. Outram  Kevin A. Pimbblet  Isaac G. Roseboom  Nic Ross  Donald P. Schneider  Tom Shanks  Robert G. Sharp  Chris Stoughton  Michael A. Strauss  Alexander S. Szalay  Daniel E. Vanden Berk  Donald G. York 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,360(3):839-852

  相似文献   

U‐Pb zircon dating of metaigneous rocks from the Nordbreen Nappe of Svalbard’s Ny‐Friesland suggests their affinity to Northeast Greenland     

Jakub Bazarnik  Jaros&#x;aw Majka  William C. McClelland  Justin V. Strauss  Karolina Komi&#x;ska  Karsten Piepjohn  Synnve Elvevold  Zbigniew Czupyt  Tom&#x; Miku&#x; 《地学学报》2019,31(6):518-526

SIMS U‐Pb zircon dating of metaigneous rocks of the Nordbreen Nappe from the West Ny‐Friesland terrane (Eastern Basement Province of Svalbard) yields crystallization ages of 1,761 ± 4 Ma for a felsic metatuff and 1,373 ± 4 Ma for a metagabbro dyke. The Palaeoproterozoic age of the metatuff is similar to previously obtained ages for various felsic rocks from the study area, whereas the Mesoproterozoic age of the metagabbro has not been thus far documented on Svalbard. However, a similar age pattern has been reported from Northeast Greenland. Therefore, we conclude that the West Ny‐Friesland terrane can be correlated with age equivalent units of Northeast Greenland. We also explore similarities and dissimilarities between the study area and other terranes of Svalbard and speculate on regional‐scale correlations. Together, the presented new ages provide critical piercing points in palaeogeographic reconstructions of the relatively poorly understood circum‐Arctic region.  相似文献   

Spatial analysis of cohabiting tertiary students’ housing location in Ibadan,Nigeria     

Oluwasinaayomi Faith Kasim  Olayide Josiah Omirin  Daniel Izuchukwu Okoro 《GeoJournal》2018,83(1):137-151

Cohabitation, as a form of sexual relationship, is becoming popular among tertiary students in developing countries. This is largely due to emergence of sexual liberalization that projects premarital sex as acceptable societal norm. The paper analyses the spatial pattern of cohabitation in communities abutting tertiary institutions in Ibadan, Nigeria. Snowball sampling technique was used to identify cohabiters at Agbowo and Apete and the Coordinates of their residence were taken using Global Positioning System. Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA) was adopted for spatial analysis. Spatial pattern of cohabitation at Agbowo (NNA value 1.072615) shows a random pattern. The pattern at Apete (NNA value 0.802374) displays a cluster pattern. Finding identifies, ownership, use and types of building; inadequate on-campus accommodation; peer pressure and poverty as cohabitation causal factors influencing the observed spatial patterns. Therefore, parents and guardians should adopt high-investment strategy in safeguarding the welfare and wellbeing of their wards.  相似文献   

The 2dF-SDSS LRG and QSO Survey: the spectroscopic QSO catalogue     

Scott M. Croom  Gordon T. Richards  Tom Shanks  Brian J. Boyle  Robert G. Sharp  Joss Bland-Hawthorn  Terry Bridges  Robert J. Brunner  Russell Cannon  Daniel Carson  Kuenley Chiu  Matthew Colless  Warrick Couch  Roberto De Propris  Michael J. Drinkwater  Alastair Edge  Stephen Fine  Jon Loveday  Lance Miller  Adam D. Myers  Robert C. Nichol  Phil Outram  Kevin Pimbblet  Isaac Roseboom  Nicholas Ross  Donald P. Schneider  Allyn Smith  Chris Stoughton  Michael A. Strauss  David Wake 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,392(1):19-44

We present the final spectroscopic QSO catalogue from the 2dF-SDSS LRG (luminous red galaxy) and QSO (2SLAQ) survey. This is a deep,  18 < g < 21.85  (extinction corrected), sample aimed at probing in detail the faint end of the broad line active galactic nuclei luminosity distribution at   z ≲ 2.6  . The candidate QSOs were selected from SDSS photometry and observed spectroscopically with the 2dF spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. This sample covers an area of 191.9 deg² and contains new spectra of 16 326 objects, of which 8764 are QSOs and 7623 are newly discovered [the remainder were previously identified by the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey (2QZ) and SDSS]. The full QSO sample (including objects previously observed in the SDSS and 2QZ surveys) contains 12 702 QSOs. The new 2SLAQ spectroscopic data set also contains 2343 Galactic stars, including 362 white dwarfs, and 2924 narrow emission-line galaxies with a median redshift of   z = 0.22  .
We present detailed completeness estimates for the survey, based on modelling of QSO colours, including host-galaxy contributions. This calculation shows that at   g ≃ 21.85  QSO colours are significantly affected by the presence of a host galaxy up to redshift   z ∼ 1  in the SDSS ugriz bands. In particular, we see a significant reddening of the objects in   g − i   towards the fainter g -band magnitudes. This reddening is consistent with the QSO host galaxies being dominated by a stellar population of age at least 2–3 Gyr.
The full catalogue, including completeness estimates, is available on-line at http://www.2slaq.info/ .  相似文献   

The role of supergene sulphuric acid during weathering in small river catchments in low mountain ranges of Central Europe: Implications for calculating the atmospheric CO₂ budget     

H. Meyer  H. Strauss  R. Hetzel 《Chemical Geology》2009,268(1-2):41-51

The geochemistry of dissolved and suspended loads in river catchments of two low mountain ranges in Central Europe allows comparison of pertinent chemical weathering rates. Distinct differences in lithology, i.e. granites prevailing in the Black Forest compared to Palaeozoic sediments in the Rhenish Massif, provide the possibility to examine the influence of lithology on weathering. Here we determine the origin of river water using the stable isotope ratio δ¹⁸O_H2O and we quantify the geogenic proportions of sulphate from stable isotope ratios δ³⁴S_SO4 and δ¹⁸O_SO4. Particularly in catchments with abundant pyrite, determination of the geogenic amount of sulphate is important, since oxidation of pyrite leads to acidity, which increases weathering. Our results show that spatially averaged silicate weathering rates are higher for the river catchments Acher and Gutach in the Black Forest (10–12 t/km²/yr) compared to the river catchments of the Möhne dam and the Aabach dam in the Rhenish Massif (2–6 t/km²/yr). Correspondingly, the CO₂ consumption by silicate weathering in the Black Forest (334–395 × 10³ mol/km²/yr) is more than twice as high as in the Rhenish Massif (28–151 × 10³ mol/km²/yr). These higher rates for watersheds of the Black Forest are likely due to steeper slopes leading to higher mechanical erosion with respective higher amounts of fresh unweathered rock particulates and due to the fact that the sediments in the Rhenish Massif have already passed through at least one erosion cycle. Carbonate weathering rates vary between 12 and 38 t/km²/yr in the catchments of the Rhenish Massif. The contribution of sulphuric acid to the silicate weathering is higher in the catchments of the Rhenish Massif (9–16%) than in the catchments of the Black Forest (5–7%) due to abundant pyrite in the sediments of the Rhenish Massif. Three times higher long-term erosion rates derived from cosmogenic nuclides compared to short-term erosion rates derived from river loads in Central Europe point to three times higher CO₂ consumption during the past 10³ to 10⁴ years.  相似文献   

Petroleum surface oil seeps from a Palaeoproterozoic petrified giant oilfield     

Victor A. Melezhik  Anthony E. Fallick  Michail M. Filippov  Aivo Lepland  Dmitry V. Rychanchik  Yuliya E. Deines  Pavel V. Medvedev  Alexander E. Romashkin  Harald Strauss 《地学学报》2009,21(2):119-126

Early Palaeoproterozoic rocks from the Onega Basin in Russian Fennoscandia contain evidence for substantial accumulation and preservation of organic matter (up to 75 wt% total organic carbon) with an estimated original petroleum potential comparable to a modern supergiant oilfield. The basin contains a uniquely preserved petrified oilfield including evidence of oil traps and oil migration pathways. Here, we report the discovery of the surface expression of a migration pathway, along which petroleum was flowing from the sub-surface. This surface oil seep, the first occurrence ever reported from the Palaeoproterozoic, appears as original bitumen clasts redeposited in Palaeoproterozoic lacustrine turbidites. The δ¹³C_org of clastic pyrobitumen ranges between −35.4 and −36.0‰ ( n  = 14), which is within the range of interbed- and vein-trapped fossil oil (−46 and −24‰), suggesting similar source. Biogenic organic matter, whose isotopic composition was modified during thermal maturation, is the likely source for the migrated hydrocarbon.  相似文献   

贵州瓮安生物群和磷矿形成的沉积地球化学研究   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

郭庆军  杨卫东  刘丛强  Harald Strauss  王兴理  赵元龙 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2003,22(3):202-208

运用沉积学和元素地球化学的理论和方法,通过对瓮福磷矿陡山沱组地层古地理背景与沉积环境分析,进一步揭示沉积记录中热水作用的客观存在性。研究认为,上震旦统陡山沱组“瓮安生物群”繁盛及磷块岩富集与海底热水喷流活动存在联系,热水活动在海洋生物的繁盛和海洋磷的运移过程中可能扮演了一个极其重要的角色,在缺氧带和亚氧化带的大量细菌对磷的分解和有影响力的铁—硫酸盐的循环作用下,富集的磷在海底上升洋流作用下,运移到氧化还原界面上富集成矿。  相似文献   

Geology of massive sulphide deposits in the Spanish-Portuguese Pyrite Belt     

Dr. Günter K. Strauss  Dr. Joachim Madel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1974,63(1):191-211

The Spanish-Portuguese Pyrite Belt covers a large area in the SW part of the Iberian Peninsula from Seville to the westcoast of Portugal. Total reserves of aprox. 1.000 million tons of massive sulphide ores have an average content of 46% S, 42% Fe, and 2–4% Cu+Pb+Zn. The stratiform sulphide deposits and accompanying manganese mineralizations are of synsedimentary-exhalative origin. They occur in a Lower Carboniferous, geosynclinal, volcanic-sedimentary rock sequence, strongly folded during the Hercynian Orogeny. A brief outline of the regional geology of this ore province is given, and the geology of three mining districts is described: Lousal (Portugal), La Zarza and Tharsis (Huelva Province, Spain). A close relationship between sulphide and manganese ores with the submarine, acid alkaline volcanism is emphasized. Solfataric activity is responsible for the formation of sulphides in the final stages of volcanic extrusions. The ore concentration in big deposits (ore-lenses with up to 100 million tons of massive sulphides) has been due to inflows of sulphide muds and/or detrital sulphides into newly formed depressions of a contineously changing seafloor topography due to volcano tectonic movements.  相似文献   

Applications of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation Drilling in Ground Water Exploration and Monitoring     

M. Fred Strauss  Steve L. Story  Norman E. Mehlhorn 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1989,9(2):63-71

Dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling uses flush-threaded double-wall drill pipe and high-pressure air to provide continuous return of formation and water samples. Cuttings and formation waters are not contaminated with drilling additives or mixed with other borehole material. Up-hole velocity of about 70 ft/sec provides reliable logging of water, mineral or contaminant-bearing strata. Water samples representative of specific strata may be airlifted or bailed to the surface.
In the percussion hammer system, dual-wall drill pipe is advanced through chiefly unconsolidated material by the percussion action of an above-ground pile hammer. The borehole is drilled and temporarily cased in one pass. Wells or monitoring devices are installed as the drill pipe is hydraulically retracted during construction. A rotary head may be adapted as an option to allow dual-wall rotary drilling into consolidated or crystalline formations through a percussion hammer drill string temporarily left in place as a conductor.
The complex geology and variety of geoenvironmental problems in southern California has provided a testing ground for dual-wall drilling on hazardous material site investigations. Several case histories have demonstrated the capabilities and versatility of this method, including: (1) the installation of 4-inch and 6-inch diameter gasoline monitoring and recovery wells through gravels and cobbles at a filling station where hollow-stem auger drilling failed; (2) the confirmation of a dry borehole initially drilled by direct rotary at a landfill; and (3) multiple installations of monitoring devices through municipal refuse at a city of Los Angeles landfill.  相似文献