The existing empirical models do not consider the influence of material composition of landslide deposits on the peak breach flow due to the uncertainty in the material composition and the randomness of its distribution. In this study, based on the statistical analyses and case comparison, the factors influencing the peak breach flow were comprehensively investigated. The highlight is the material composition-based classification of landslide deposits of 86 landslide cases with detailed grain-size distribution information. In order to consider the geometric morphology of landslide dams and the potential energy of dammed lakes, as well as the material composition of landslide deposits in an empirical model, a multiple regression method was applied on a database, which comprises of 44 documented landslide dam breach cases. A new empirical model for predicting the peak breach flow of landslide dams was developed. Furthermore, for the same 44 documented landslide dam failures, the predicted peak breach flow obtained by using the existing empirical models for embankment and landslide dams and that obtained by using the newly developed model were compared. The comparison of the root mean square error (Erms) and the multiple coefficient of determination (R2) for each empirical model verifies the accuracy and rationality of the new empirical model. Furthermore, for fair validation, several landslide dam breach cases that occurred in recent years in China and have reliable measured data were also used in another comparison. The results show that the new empirical model can reasonably predict the peak breach flow, and exhibits the best performance among all the existing empirical models for embankment and landslide dam breaching.
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分析了鸡毛菜、易曲凹顶藻热带变种、三叉仙菜、海萝和多管藻(1979—1989分别采自广东山东和海南省)未碱处理与碱处理的多糖产率、凝胶强度、粘度、凝固点、融点、硫酸酯和3,6-内醚-半乳糖含量,同时用红外光谱和~(13)C-核磁共振波谱测定了它们的组成和结构。结果表明它们都具有琼胶的基本结构,鸡毛菜是制造琼胶的很好原料,易曲凹顶藻热带变种也可用于制造琼胶,三叉仙菜是制造低凝固点琼胶的原料。此外还发现海萝和多管藻也有一些凝固性。 相似文献
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华夏地块与扬子地块的拼合时限与方式长期存在争议。本文对出露于浙江诸暨一带的原"陈蔡岩群"进行了详细的露头尺度解剖。野外地质调查表明,原"陈蔡岩群"主要由不同性质的外来岩块与基质组成。其中：代表外来岩块的大理岩及斜长角闪岩的变质年龄分别为（424.7±2.9）和（420.6±1.8）Ma,成岩年龄分别为（479.2±9.5）~（424.7±2.9）Ma和（507.7±7.8）~（420.6±1.8）Ma,斜长角闪岩原岩为具OIB（洋岛玄武岩）特征的碱性玄武岩,大理岩的原岩为海相碳酸盐岩,二者共同构成了洋岛海山组合。代表原地岩块的变长石石英砂岩主要物源区为3 620~1 530 Ma形成于活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧环境下的古老地壳物质;与之构造混杂接触的斜长角闪岩变质年龄为（438.0±2.5）Ma,其原岩分别为形成于消减带岛弧环境的岛弧拉斑玄武岩、形成于俯冲环境下的富Nb玄武岩和洋岛海山环境下的具OIB特征的碱性玄武岩类。代表基质的含榴黑云斜长片麻岩LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测试结果表明,其变质年龄为（441.0±3.0）Ma,碎屑206Pb/238U年龄多数为840~780 Ma,反映其物源主要来自于新元古代,且最年轻的沉积年龄限定在598 Ma,说明片麻岩原岩可能为早古生代沉积地层。陈蔡地区该套岩石组合的发现表明,原"陈蔡岩群"的构造属性应为早古生代俯冲增生杂岩。结合测区及龙游地区新发现的加里东期麻粒岩和退变榴闪岩,提出扬子与华夏两大地块碰撞于445~420 Ma。 相似文献
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Post-collisional magmatism contains important clues for understanding the reworking and growth of continental crust, as well as lithospheric delamination and orogenic collapse. Early Devonian magmatism has been identified in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt (NQOB). This paper reports an integrated study of petrology, whole-rock geochemistry, Sm-Nd isotope and zircon U-Pb dating, as well as Lu-Hf isotopic data, for two Early Devonian intrusive plutons. The Yongchang and Chijin granites yield zircon U-Pb ages of 394–407 Ma and 414 Ma, respectively. Both of them are characterized by weakly peraluminous to metaluminous without typical aluminium-rich minerals, LREE-enriched patterns with negative Eu anomalies and a negative correlation between P2O5 and SiO2 contents, consistent with geochemical features of I-type granitoids. Zircons from the studied granites display negative to weak positive εHf(t) values (?5.7 to 2.1), which agree well with those of negative εNd(t) values (?6.4 to ?2.9) for the whole-rock samples, indicating that they were derived from the partial melting of Mesoproterozoic crust. Furthermore, low Sr/Y ratios (1.13–21.28) and high zircon saturation temperatures (745°C to 839°C, with the majority being >800°C) demonstrated a relatively shallow depth level below the garnet stability field and an additional heat source. Taken together, the Early Devonian granitic magmatism could have been produced by the partial melting of ancient crustal materials heated by mantle-derived magmas at high-temperature and low-pressure conditions during post-collisional extensional collapse. The data obtained in this study, when viewed in conjunction with previous studies, provides more information about the tectonic processes that followed the closure of the North Qilian Ocean. The tectonic transition from continental collision to post-collisional delamination could be constrained to ~430 Ma, which is provided by the sudden decrease of Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios and an increase in zircon εHf(t) values for granitoids. A two-stage tectonic evolution model from continental collision to post-collisional extensional collapse for the NQOB includes (a) continental collision and crustal thickening during ca. 455–430 Ma, characterized by granulite-facies metamorphism and widespread low-Mg adakitic magmatism; (b) post-collisional delamination of thickened continental crust and extensional collapse of orogen during ca. 430–390 Ma, provided by coeval high-Mg adakitic magmatism, A-type granites and I-type granitoids with low Sr-Y ratios. 相似文献
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重非水相液体(dense nonaqueous phase liquid,DNAPL)污染土壤和地下水的问题已引起广泛关注,研究其在不同粒径多孔介质及其界面的运移特征形态是确定污染区域、修复治理土壤和地下水环境的前提。文章通过室内试验研究多孔介质界面对DNAPL运移与分布特性的影响。首先在二维砂槽上进行DNAPL污染物的入渗试验,试验过程中用数码相机拍照,将DNAPL扩散过程以图像的形式记录下来;然后用AutoCAD对图片进行处理,绘制出DNAPL迁移过程的锋面变化图。结果表明:DNAPL入渗过程中,迁移主要受到重力作用与毛细作用的控制,毛细作用力随着介质粒径的增大逐层减小,重力作用逐渐起主导作用使污染物入渗速度逐层增大;介质结构影响DNAPL的迁移形态,介质粒径逐层增大,DNAPL污染物的渗流面与指进扩散宽度逐层减小,扩散方式由面状变为指状;在不同粒径介质界面介质结构发生突变时,DNAPL迁移锋面线曲率也相应变大,此时DNAPL的迁移呈现“凸”型特征,另外,不同的界面横向扩散的滞留宽度不同,随着介质粒径的增大,界面的横向扩散宽度相对变短。 相似文献
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作为中亚造山带的重要组成,阿拉善地块北缘已成为研究古亚洲洋构造演化历史的关键地区。本次工作对阿拉善地块北大山地区两类辉长岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得成岩年龄分别为293±2Ma和267±2Ma,为早、中二叠世。早二叠世辉长岩为堆晶岩,呈亚碱性,拉斑玄武质,高Mg#值(64)、Eu显著正异常、极低的REE、富集大离子亲石元素(Ba、K、Sr),亏损高场强元素(Th、Nb、Ta、Hf、Zr),锆石的εHf(t)平均值为0.91,以上特征显示其岩浆源区为受俯冲板片混染或交代的岩石圈地幔,形成于俯冲相关的挤压环境;中二叠世辉长岩呈碱性、富集大离子亲石元素(Ba、K)和稀土元素,但Nb、Ta等高场强元素亏损不明显,锆石的εHf(t)平均值为3.5,显示其岩浆源区为受陆壳混染的亏损地幔,形成于大陆板内拉张环境。综合本文及前人研究成果,认为阿拉善地块北缘存在一条西起龙首山,东到狼山的晚古生代(328~262 Ma)超基性—基性岩浆带,其形成与古亚洲洋的俯冲—闭合—造山后伸展过程相关。在晚石炭世—早二叠世晚期,阿拉善地块北缘为大洋俯冲环境,到早二叠世晚期—中二叠世进入大陆板内拉张环境,限定了古亚洲洋在阿拉善地块北缘的最终闭合时代为早二叠世晚期—中二叠世。 相似文献
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蛇绿岩在不同演化阶段自身形成的花岗质岩石和侵入到蛇绿岩中的花岗质岩石对于蛇绿岩的精确定年具有重要意义,是揭示洋壳俯冲时限的有力证据。对北阿尔金红柳沟—拉配泉蛇绿岩中斜长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩的锆石U-Pb及Lu-Hf同位素分析表明,红柳沟斜长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果分别为(501±3)Ma和(496±2)Ma,表明北阿尔金洋的俯冲时限可能开始于中寒武世或更早。斜长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩的锆石εHf(t)值均为正值,结果分别为1.6~5.6和3.3~6.9,反映其源区均为亏损型地幔。全岩地球化学分析结果表明,斜长花岗岩具有高Si O2、高Sr、低Y和相应的高Sr/Y等类似于埃达克质岩石的特征,可能来自热的洋壳俯冲到石榴角闪岩相条件下变基性岩发生小比例部分熔融形成,且其形成深度应该在40~50 km;花岗闪长岩属于高钾钙碱性系列岩石,可能代表了岛弧环境下下地壳基性岩石部分熔融的产物。年代学分析表明,北阿尔金洋可能存在南北双向俯冲,并且北阿尔金洋向北俯冲可能略早于向南俯冲。北阿尔金和北祁连的俯冲时限对比研究表明,北阿尔金早古生代缝合带是北祁连早古生代缝合带的西延部分。 相似文献
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Since the 1980s, Sargassum fusiforme has been cultivated in Zhejiang, South China, and nowadays it becomes one of the important commercial seaweeds in China. With traditions of eating habits in the East Asian countries, this brown alga is used as food, because it contained functional oligo/polysaccharides and chemical components, and was regarded playing roles in antioxidant activities and regulating immunology. Through over 15 years' selection, breeding and cultivation, we obtained three strains with good traits and testified their characters during the production, which included the cultivars with high yield and other two good characters, either all the selected strains were applied in the Sargassum production. To avoid confusion during the selection and nursery, it was preferred to establish one fingerprint for distinguishing the Sargassum cultivars from different strains. Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) methods were adopted to analyze the genetic diversities of the selected S. fusiforme strains. With that, one fingerprint with RAPD markers was constructed, and one sequence characterized amplified region(SCAR) marker to S.fusiforme was obtained. It is indicated that the applied fingerprint could be valid in S. fusiforme genetic and germplasm justification, and will be positive to molecular marker assistance in its selection and cultivation. 相似文献
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