The Dynamical-microphysical-electrical Processes in Severe Thunderstorms and Lightning Hazards(STORM973)project conducted coordinated comprehensive field observations of thunderstorms in the Beijing metropolitan region(BMR)during the warm season from 2014 to 2018.The aim of the project was to understand how dynamical,microphysical and electrical processes interact in severe thunderstorms in the BMR,and how to assimilate lightning data in numerical weather prediction models to improve severe thunderstorm forecasts.The platforms used in the field campaign included the Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET,consisting of 16 stations),2 X-band dual linear polarimetric Doppler radars,and 4 laser raindrop spectrometers.The collaboration also made use of the China Meteorological Administration’s mesoscale meteorological observation network in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Although diverse thunderstorm types were documented,it was found that squall lines and multicell storms were the two major categories of severe thunderstorms with frequent lightning activity and extreme rainfall or unexpected local short-duration heavy rainfall resulting in inundations in the central urban area,influenced by the terrain and environmental conditions.The flash density maximums were found in eastern Changping District,central and eastern Shunyi District,and the central urban area of Beijing,suggesting that the urban heat island effect has a crucial role in the intensification of thunderstorms over Beijing.In addition,the flash rate associated with super thunderstorms can reach hundreds of flashes per minute in the central city regions.The super(5%of the total),strong(35%),and weak(60%)thunderstorms contributed about 37%,56%,and 7%to the total flashes in the BMR,respectively.Owing to the close connection between lightning activity and the thermodynamic and microphysical characteristics of the thunderstorms,the lightning flash rate can be used as an indicator of severe weather events,such as hail and short-duration heavy rainfall.Lightning data can also be assimilated into numerical weather prediction models to help improve the forecasting of severe convection and precipitation at the cloud-resolved scale,through adjusting or correcting the thermodynamic and microphysical parameters of the model. 相似文献
Water Resources - Lake Water storage can be estimated based on Lake Boundary and lakebed terrain. The boundary of a lake can be extracted from the remote sensing satellite image or the Unmanned... 相似文献
Natural Hazards - Natural hazards, such as high winds, heavy rains and ice melting, can easily trigger the rockfall which usually leads to great personal injuries and property loss; therefore, the... 相似文献
The lack of sufficient direct observation data of typhoon fine structure is the main bottleneck that restricts the further development of typhoon discipline and forecasting. This paper briefly introduced the basic information of the National Key R&D Program of China, entitled “Experiment on Coordinated Observation of Offshore Typhoon in China”, which started in early 2019. Firstly, the importance and necessity of the program around the national needs on typhoon-related disaster reduction and prevention were explained. Then, the coordinated observation difficulties and frontiers in the current typhoon discipline situation from the development and improvement of the physical mechanism and key forecasting technologies were shown. The overview of the direct observation instrument and platform, the field campaign and the parameterization techniques related to physical process in typhoon numerical modeling was provided. Finally, the key scientific and technical issues and main research contents of the program were given. 相似文献
The long-lived debate on the principle of effective stress is rooted in the obscure physical significance of stresses. For the sakes of clarifying stress concepts and establishing a reasonable principle of effective stress, unsaturated soil is divided into six phases and the bearing structure of it, named generalized soil structure, is defined based on considering soil as a special structure. Then the essence of effective stress equation, named stress relation equation, is derived according to analysis of interphase interactions and independent-phase equilibrium. The stress relation equation indicates the corresponding relation between two series of stress variables used in mixed and multiphase continuum models, respectively. Furthermore, a reasonable concept of suction stress is redefined to describe interparticle connection properties. Then, a generalized stress framework is constructed by associating stress relation equation with suction stress. After demonstrating the concept of neutral stress, a generalized principle of effective stress is established and the total soil skeleton stress is searched out, which is the predominant stress controlling the strength and deformation of soil. Finally, the collapse phenomenon is analyzed and the time- and spatial-dependent stress frameworks are developed.