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81.
The responses of hydrological processes and sediment yield to land‐use and climate change in the Be River Catchment,Vietnam
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In this study, we investigated the responses of hydrology and sediment yield with impacts of land‐use and climate change scenarios in the Be River Catchment, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model. The calibration and validation results indicated that the SWAT model is a powerful tool for simulating the impact of environmental change on hydrology and sediment yield in this catchment. The hydrologic and sediment yield responses to land‐use and climate changes were simulated based on the calibrated model. The results indicated that a 16.3% decrease in forest land is likely to increase streamflow (0.2 to 0.4%), sediment load (1.8 to 3.0%), and surface runoff (SURQ) (4.8 to 10.7%) and to decrease groundwater discharge (GW_Q) (3.5 to 7.9%). Climate change in the catchment leads to decreases in streamflow (0.7 to 6.9%) and GW_Q (3.0 to 8.4%), increase in evapotranspiration (0.5 to 2.9%), and changes in SURQ (?5.3 to 2.3%) and sediment load (?5.3 to 4.4%). The combined impacts of land‐use and climate changes decrease streamflow (2.0 to 3.9%) and GW_Q (12.3 to 14.0%), increase evapotranspiration (0.7 to 2.8%), SURQ (8.2 to 12.4%), and sediment load (2.0 to 7.9%). In general, the separate impacts of climate and land‐use changes on streamflow, sediment load, and water balance components are offset each other. However, SURQ and some component of subsurface flow are more sensitive to land‐use change than to climate change. Furthermore, the results emphasized water scarcity during the dry season and increased soil erosion during the wet season. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
82.
Ayako?ShinozakiEmail author Hisako?Hirai Hiroyuki?Kagi Tadashi?Kondo Taku?Okada Daisuke?Nishio-Hamane Shin-ichi?Machida Tetsuo?Irifune Takumi?Kikegawa Takehiko?Yagi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2012,39(2):123-129
High pressure and temperature reactions of a mixture of forsterite and hydrogen molecules have been carried out using a laser
heated diamond anvil cell at 9.8–13.2 GPa and ~1,000 K. In situ X-ray diffraction measurements showed no sign of decomposition
or phase transitions of the forsterite under these experimental conditions, indicating that the olivine structure was maintained
throughout all runs. However, a substantial expansion of the unit cell volume of the forsterite was observed for samples down
to ~3 GPa upon quenching to ambient pressure at room temperature. The Raman spectroscopy measurements under pressure showed
significant shifts of the Raman peaks of the Si–O vibration modes for forsterite and of the intramolecular vibration mode
for H2 molecules toward a lower frequency after heating. Additionally, no OH vibration modes were observed by Raman and FT-IR spectroscopic
measurements. These lines of evidence show that the observed volume expansion in forsterite is not explained by the incorporation
of hydrogen atoms as hydroxyl, but suggest the presence of hydrogen as molecules in the forsterite structure under these high
pressure and temperature conditions. 相似文献
83.
We monitored acoustic emission (AE) events during an in-situ direct shear test on a specimen composed of a slate-dominant alternation of slate and sandstone, measuring 0.5 m long, 0.5 m wide and 0.2 m high. The test was conducted in a survey tunnel for an underground powerhouse in central Japan. The AE epicenters located on a fractured plane are compared with the locations of joints and a loosening seam, the height distribution of the fractured plane, and the horizontal movement of the test block prior to failure. We conclude that an initially intact region of rock bounded by the joints and the seam is fractured, generating the AE. Considering these results in connection with asperity models of seismogenic faulting for a subduction-zone earthquake, the significant contrast of stress conditions derived from the geological inhomogeneity and the uneven fractured plane is analogous to that due to subducted seamounts and horst-graben structures on a subducted oceanic plate. For an inland earthquake, the intact regions on an expected shear plane can be considered to be a portion of the fault asperity that causes strong ground motion, while the weakened portion can be considered to correspond to a region of aseismic creep. Consequently, large-scale inhomogeneous rock fracturing experiments such as the in-situ direct shear test may provide useful insights as analog models of seismogenic faulting. Furthermore, understanding of inhomogeneous rock-mass fracturing obtained from such experiments will not only contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of earthquakes but also provide valuable knowledge for AE monitoring applications in rock engineering, such as the predictions of rockbursts in mines and the monitoring of fractures around large underground chambers. 相似文献
84.
I. A. Bond N. J. Rattenbury J. Skuljan F. Abe R. J. Dodd J. B. Hearnshaw M. Honda J. Jugaku P. M. Kilmartin A. Marles K. Masuda Y. Matsubara Y. Muraki T. Nakamura G. Nankivell S. Noda C. Noguchi K. Ohnishi M. Reid To. Saito H. Sato M. Sekiguchi D. J. Sullivan T. Sumi M. Takeuti Y. Watase S. Wilkinson R. Yamada T. Yanagisawa P. C. M. Yock 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,333(1):71-83
A search for extrasolar planets was carried out in three gravitational microlensing events of high magnification, MACHO 98–BLG–35 , MACHO 99–LMC–2 and OGLE 00–BUL–12 . Photometry was derived from observational images by the MOA and OGLE groups using an image subtraction technique. For MACHO 98–BLG–35 , additional photometry derived from the MPS and PLANET groups was included. Planetary modelling of the three events was carried out in a supercluster computing environment. The estimated probability for explaining the data on MACHO 98–BLG–35 without a planet is <1 per cent. The best planetary model has a planet of mass ∼(0.4–1.5)× M Earth at a projected radius of either ∼1.5 or ∼2.3 au. We show how multiplanet models can be applied to the data. We calculate exclusion regions for the three events and find that Jupiter-mass planets can be excluded with projected radii from as wide as about 30 au to as close as around 0.5 au for MACHO 98–BLG–35 and OGLE 00–BUL–12 . For MACHO 99–LMC–2 , the exclusion region extends out to around 10 au and constitutes the first limit placed on a planetary companion to an extragalactic star. We derive a particularly high peak magnification of ∼160 for OGLE 00–BUL–12 . We discuss the detectability of planets with masses as low as Mercury in this and similar events. 相似文献
85.
Study of a Bistatic Radar System Using VLBI Technologies for Detecting Space Debris and the Experimental Verification of its Validity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Masanobu Yajima Kazutomo Tsuchikawa Toshiyuki Murakami Kazuyoshi Katsumoto Tadashi Takano 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2007,100(1-2):57-76
Space debris are increasing around the Earth. The observation of space debris is a key issue for the investigation and monitoring
of space environment. But the observation opportunities and the detection ability are limited in existing monostatic radar
systems. This paper proposes a bistatic radar which is composed of a transmitting station and a receiving-only station. A
carrier wave modulated by PN-PSK signals is used in combination with a VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) recorder for
range measurement between space debris and stations. The receiving radio wave is processed on the basis of VLBI techniques.
Accordingly, the system is shown to have significant advantages over a monostatic radar. We actually formed a bistatic radar
system, and observed a satellite in order to experimentally verify the validity. The configuration of the system, data analysis
and the experimental results are described. 相似文献
86.
Jun-ichi Matsuda Kayo Matsubara Christian Koeberl 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1993,28(4):586-589
Abstract— Heavy noble gas concentrations in tektites (splash-form type) are considerably lower than those in impact glasses. This can not be explained only by high formation temperatures for tektites, as might be expected from low concentrations of water and most volatile elements in tektites, and indicates that tektites solidified in an atmosphere with an ambient pressure of much less than 1 atm. The heavy noble gas concentrations may be an indicator of the height to which tektites were carried by the impact before they solidified. 相似文献
87.
Tadashi Yokoyama Satoru NakashimaTakashi Murakami Lionel MercuryYusuke Kirino 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(8):1524-1534
Pore water in a porous rhyolite, having a porosity of 27% and pore radii ranging from >25 μm to 0.008 μm, was centrifugally extracted stepwise with increasing centrifugal speed to examine the potential variations of the compositions of pore water and their relationships to reaction and transport occurring in the rock. The rock was soaked for from 1 h to 7 days in an aqueous solution prior to centrifugation. To evaluate the effect of adsorption under minimum effect of dissolution, Li+ and Br− were added to the solution as tracer ions. As centrifugal speed increased, water was extracted in order of large to small pores and the thickness of residual water film became thinner. The concentrations of ions dissolving from the rock (Na+, K+, Ca2+, etc.) after 7 days of immersion were relatively constant in pores of 1-10 μm radii and exponentially increased by 3-100 fold with decreasing pore radius to 0.1 μm. These ions are dissolved from the rock and transported toward the exterior of the rock by diffusion. The calculation using a reactive-transport equation showed that the observed concentration changes reflect the change in solute distribution profile with pore size. The concentration of Si after 7 days of immersion was approximately constant or slightly decreased with increasing centrifugal speed, which appears to be controlled by the solubility. The concentration of Li+ decreased with increasing centrifugal speed after 1 h of immersion but the trend changed after 7 days of reaction. Initial behavior of Li+ is explained by adsorption on pore walls, and the change of trend is explained by desorption of that previously adsorbed, slight amounts of dissolution, and inflow from the outside of the rock. The change in concentration of Br− with increasing centrifugal speed was small, probably because Br− was not adsorbed on the surfaces. The sequential centrifugation thus provides information on the solute distribution associated with reaction and transport occurring in rock pores. 相似文献
88.
Tetsuya Tokiwa Kimikazu Tsusaka Makoto Matsubara Taiki Ishikawa Daisuke Ogawa 《地学前缘(英文版)》2013,4(1):105-111
This paper focuses on the formation mechanism of fractures induced by excavation of a gallery in soft sedimentary rocks in the Horonobe area of Japan.Detailed fracture mapping of the gallery indicates that the fractures consist of both pre-existing shear fractures and excavation damaged zone(EDZ) fractures. EDZ fractures correspond to weak planes associated with bedding planes or transgranular cracks.The EDZ fractures terminate against pre-existing shear fractures.Therefore,even for excavations in soft sedimentary rocks,formation of the EDZ fractures are controlled by pre-existing fractures and earlier weak planes. 相似文献
89.
冻结法广泛用于盾构隧道的旁通道施工,但设计上对于冻结引起的作用在隧道上的冻胀力还没有明确取值方法,其主要原因之一是缺乏现场测量数据。以上海长江隧道的旁通道施工为背景工程,采用新型土压力计监测。首先介绍了PAD式土压力计的基本特征和安装方法,然后介绍了自动数据采集和测点设置原则,接着通过实例重点说明电缆保护的重要性和保护措施。上述监测工作保证了全部5个土压力计的正常工作,并获得了有效的实测数据。数据显示,冻结工法造成的最大荷载增量远小于预期值,这主要是由于施工上设置了泄压孔,从而减少了作用在管片上的冻胀力 相似文献
90.
Microbial community respiration and structure of dead zone sediments of Omura Bay, Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Minoru Wada Shotaro Suzuki Tadashi Nara Yu Umezawa Motohiro Shimanaga Kazumi Matsuoka Hideaki Nakata 《Journal of Oceanography》2012,68(6):857-867
Monitoring sediment microbial community metabolism and structure is instrumental to understanding biogeochemical processes in and ecological impacts on bottom environments. The aim of this study was to determine potential community respiration and to reveal community dynamics of the microorganisms in the dead zone sediments of Omura Bay, Japan. The bay is highly enclosed and develops severe hypoxia in the central regions every summer. We collected sediment core samples from the center of the bay during hypoxia, estimated sediment oxygen consumption by using an adapted in vivo electron transport system activity (in vivo ETSA) assay, enumerated abundance of bacteria, and analyzed bacterial community structure by automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis. Higher ETSA and bacterial diversity were found in upper sediments (within 3?cm depth) from the center than the fringe of the bay. Sediment bacterial community structure of the bay center was distinct from that of the fringe. From these results, upper sediment in the dead zone of Omura Bay was characterized by (1) greater community respiration and (2) greater diversity of bacterial components compared with the non-hypoxic sediment of the bay fringe. These characteristics have important implications for understanding the interaction between microbial communities and the development of hypoxia in Omura Bay. 相似文献