It is essential to acquire sound speed profiles (SSPs) in high-precision spatiotemporal resolution for undersea acoustic activities. However, conventional observation methods cannot obtain high-resolution SSPs. Besides, SSPs are complex and changeable in time and space, especially in coastal areas. We proposed a new space-time multigrid three-dimensional variational method with weak constraint term (referred to as STC-MG3DVar) to construct high-precision spatiotemporal resolution SSPs in coastal areas, in which sound velocity is defined as the analytical variable, and the Chen-Millero sound velocity empirical formula is introduced as a weak constraint term into the cost function of the STC-MG3DVar. The spatiotemporal correlation of sound velocity observations is taken into account in the STC-MG3DVar method, and the multi-scale information of sound velocity observations from long waves to short waves can be successively extracted. The weak constraint term can optimize sound velocity by the physical relationship between sound velocity and temperature-salinity to obtain more reasonable and accurate SSPs. To verify the accuracy of the STC-MG3DVar, SSPs observations and CTD observations (temperature observations, salinity observations) are obtained from field experiments in the northern coastal area of the Shandong Peninsula. The average root mean square error (RMSE) of the STC-MG3DVar-constructed SSPs is 0.132 m/s, and the STC-MG3DVar method can improve the SSPs construction accuracy over the space-time multigrid 3DVar without weak constraint term (ST-MG3DVar) by 10.14% and over the spatial multigrid 3DVar with weak constraint term (SC-MG3DVar) by 44.19%. With the advantage of the constraint term and the spatiotemporal correlation information, the proposed STC-MG3DVar method works better than the ST-MG3DVar and the SC-MG3DVar in constructing high-precision spatiotemporal resolution SSPs.
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为了发展一套全球多源海冰密集度逐日融合资料,以欧洲气象卫星应用组织（EUMETSAT）海洋海冰应用中心（OSI SAF）海冰密集度数据、中国国家卫星气象中心（NSMC）的MWRI和VIRR全球海冰密集度数据、美国国家冰雪数据中心（NSIDC）的NISE海冰密集度数据、美国国家冰中心（NIC）的IMS北半球海冰数据为观测数据源,以ERA-Interim模式数据为背景场,采用以下方案开展融合试验。首先,对各数据源资料进行质量控制;其次,以OSI SAF海冰密集度数据为基准,采用概率密度函数（PDF）匹配方法订正其他卫星资料的系统误差;然后,根据订正后的误差生成超级观测场;最后,利用STMAS方法将超级观测场和作为背景场的ERA-Interim海冰密集度数据进行融合,生成全球逐日0.25°分辨率海冰密集度融合试验数据。通过与国际广泛使用的OISST、OSTIA海冰密集度数据对比,评估融合试验产品的质量。结果表明:融合方案中的PDF方法通过调整非基准资料的概率密度分布,实现非基准资料和基准资料概率密度分布一致,从而使3种海冰密集度卫星资料系统误差均显著减小;STMAS方法能够将超级观测场和背景场进行有效融合,生成融合试验产品;风云卫星数据的使用提高了融合数据生产的自主可控能力;同时,融合方案考虑了卫星数据源的时效性、获取的稳定性等因素。融合产品与OISST和OSTIA海冰密集度数据的空间分布在南、北极均高度吻合,相关系数均超过0.985,与OISST和OSTIA的偏差分别为?1.170%和0.276%,融合试验产品整体偏差介于两种资料之间,反映了试验产品系统误差较小的良好特性。可见,融合方案能够满足实时业务需要,融合试验产品具有较高的质量。 相似文献
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Ju Tingting Wu Bingui Zhang Hongsheng Wang Zhaoyu Liu Jingle 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2022,183(3):469-493
Boundary-Layer Meteorology - The precise cause of PM2.5 (fine particular matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm) explosive growth and the contribution of intermittent turbulence... 相似文献
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Based on the daily OISST V2 with 0.25o horizontal resolutions, we study the variations of sea surface temperature (SST) extremes in the China Seas for different segments of the period 1982-2013. The two segments include the warming acceleration period from 1982 to 1997 and hiatus period from 1998 to 2013 when the global surface mean temperature (GSMT) was not significantly warming as expected during the past decades, or even cooling in some areas. First, we construct the regional average time series over the entire China Seas (15o–45oN, 105o–130oE) for these SST extremes. During the hiatus period, the regionally averaged 10th, 1th and 0.1th percentile of SSTs in each year decreased significantly by 0.40°C, 0.56°C and 0.58°C per decade, respectively. The regionally averaged 90th, 99th and 99.9th percentile of SSTs in each year decreased slightly or insignificantly. Our work confirmed that the regional hiatus was primarily reflected by wintertime cold extremes. Spatially, the trends of cold extremes in different intensity were non-uniformly distributed. Cold extremes in the near-shore areas are much more sensitivity to the global warming hiatus. Hot extremes trends exhibited non-significant tendency in the China Seas during the hiatus period. In word, the variations of the SST extremes in the two periods were non-uniform spatially and asymmetric seasonally. It is unexpected that the hot and cold extremes of each year in 1998–2013 were still higher than those extremes in 1982–1997. It is obvious that relative to the warming acceleration period, hot extremes are far more likely to occur in the recent hiatus as a result of a 0.3°C warmer shift in the mean temperature distribution. Moreover, hot extremes in the China Seas will be sustained or amplified with the end of warming hiatus and the continuous anthropogenic warming. 相似文献
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Empirical orthogonal function(EOF) analysis was applied to a 50-year long time series of monthly mean positions of the Kuroshio path south of Japan from a regional reanalysis. Three leading EOF modes characterize the contributions from three typical paths of the Kuroshio meander: the typical large meander path, the offshore nonlarge meander path, and the nearshore non-large meander path, respectively. Accordingly, the spatial variation characteristics of oceanic anomaly fields can be depicted by... 相似文献
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Hou Guangchao Zhai Jingsheng Shao Qi Zhao Yanling Li Wei Han Guijun Liang Kangzhuang 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2023,41(1):57-71
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在热带气旋的生成过程中,从热带扰动向热带低压增强的过程研究较少,而这一过程必定伴随着中尺度对流系统（MCS）的生成、合并和发展。本文利用FNL分析资料和高分辨率模式对1521号台风“杜鹃”生成前3天进行数值模拟,着重探讨了“杜鹃”生成过程中MCS的发展演变特征。在“杜鹃”生成过程中,对流层上部槽（TUTT）位置偏东,“杜鹃”主要从季风涡旋（MG）的东南侧边缘向西北方向移动,因此,减弱的大尺度垂直风切和MG东南侧的低层辐合都为“杜鹃”的生成提供了有利的动力条件。在“杜鹃”生成前期阶段,新生成更多的MCS有利于在热带扰动阶段“杜鹃”的增强;“杜鹃”生成的中后期阶段,对流爆发,MCS发生合并使得MCS个数减少,MCS结构变得更加紧凑,面积最大的MCS逐渐向热带扰动中心区域收缩,“杜鹃”生成速度加快。对比MCS中的层云降水和对流云降水的特征发现,MCS中层云降水覆盖面积更大;对流云降水的降雨率比层云的降雨率更大,同时变化幅度更明显。层云降水百分比的增加与“杜鹃”增强的过程关系密切,但对流云降水的降雨率增加有利于MCS增强,层云和对流云的共同作用促进了“杜鹃”生成。 相似文献
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利用统计分析结合数值模拟试验的方法,研究1949—2019年6—9月登陆北上后影响环渤海地区的热带气旋（后统称TC）所经下垫面和强度变化的不同特征,及环渤海地区下垫面对TC强度加强的可能影响。结果表明：71年间共有25例TC影响环渤海地区,按照首次登陆点的不同将其分为山东及山东以北登陆（第一类,11个）,以及山东以南登陆（第二类,14个）两类,第一类TC北上时路径所经下垫面为先海洋后陆地,发生变性的几率较小且北上后无加强,第二类路径所经下垫面为先陆地后海洋,移入环渤海区域后发生变性的几率增大且存在强度加强现象,其中加强的TC共5例;对第二类TC中强度加强的个例“温比亚（2018）”TC进行数值模拟试验表明,增加或降低黄渤海的海温时,TC均表现出加强趋势,将黄渤海修改为草地时,TC不再加强,而海陆分布指数的分析表明无论海温如何变化,TC由陆地移入海洋与强度加强趋势之间关系密切。以上表明TC由陆地移入黄渤海是产生强度增强趋势的主要原因。 相似文献
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利用2008?2018年逐小时自动站资料、常规地面高空观测资料、NCEP-FNL资料,统计黄、渤海7级及以上气旋大风过程,围绕气旋加深率和气压梯度讨论气象因子与气旋强度和发展关系,根据Petterssen地面气旋发展公式讨论温度平流、涡度平流和非绝热加热在气旋中的作用。结果表明:(1) 70.5%气旋入海后加强,14.7%成为爆发性气旋,17.6%气旋入海过程强度不变,11.7%气旋入海后减弱。影响黄、渤海的温带气旋过程主要发生在秋季,春冬季次之,夏季一次也没有出现过。入海发展的气旋多位于200 hPa高空急流出口左侧或者分流辐散区,入海减弱的气旋多位于高空急流出口右侧。(2)影响黄、渤海域的气旋有3类:自西北向东南移动的蒙古气旋(17.6%);自西向东移动的黄河气旋(49%);自西南向东北移动的江(黄)淮气旋(33.4%)。江(黄)淮气旋在秋季容易发展为爆发性气旋。黄河气旋和蒙古气旋入海后最大风区域通常出现在气旋的西北象限(或偏西象限),江(黄)淮气旋最大风区域出现在气旋的东南象限。(3)温度平流是气旋入海发展最重要的物理量因子,温度平流对气旋入海发展比对气旋强度更敏感。5次爆发性气旋过程中温度平流和涡度平流均高于其他气旋过程。非绝热加热与气旋强度的相关性较强,与气旋发展相关性弱。(4)江(黄)淮气旋过程中温度平流和非绝热加热较强,黄河气旋过程中涡度平流较强,涡度平流和非绝热加热对蒙古气旋的作用较弱。 相似文献
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基于1982–2019年美国国家海洋和大气管理局最优插值海表温度资料,运用多种统计方法分析了渤、黄海海洋热浪（频次、持续时间、强度）的时空分布特征及与之相关的环流背景。结果表明:（1）海洋热浪具有一定的区域性差异,更强、更持久和更多的海洋热浪多集中在渤海和北黄海海区;（2）近38年来,渤、黄海海洋热浪变化趋势也具有明显的区域性差异,频次、年平均持续时间、年平均平均强度和最大强度总体呈增多、增强趋势,但朝鲜半岛沿岸海域没有显著变化,这与该地区的平均海温变化密切相关;（3）根据日平均海表面温度将海洋热浪分为中等、强、严重和极端4种等级,结果表明,除极端海洋热浪外,其他3种不同等级海洋热浪发生频次和增长趋势均存在显著的地理差异,中等强度海洋热浪在渤、黄海所有区域均频次偏多且有显著的增加趋势,而强和严重海洋热浪主要集中在我国的渤海海域,但渤、黄海区域极端海洋热浪几乎没有发生;（4）就渤、黄海区域平均而言,38年间,共发生83次海洋热浪,平均每年2.2次;海洋热浪具有明显的季节差异,不同等级强度的海洋热浪的多发季节均在夏季;（5）合成分析结果表明,夏季渤、黄海海洋热浪与大气环流密切相关,当从高层到低层贝加尔湖区域上空表现为大范围的相当正压结构的暖性高压异常时,盛行的下沉运动和高空西北气流,带来了晴朗的天气和更多的地面净太阳短波辐射,有利于渤、黄海海洋热浪的形成和维持。 相似文献
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