中国矮曲林的分布特征及生态意义     

姚永慧  张百平  赵超 《地理科学进展》2017,36(4):491-499

矮曲林是山地森林带在严酷的自然环境影响下发展演化而成的特殊植物群落,对中国山地植被和垂直带的研究具有重要的地理和生态意义。本文选择20世纪30年代以来在国内外文献中发表的52个矮曲林数据,结合Worldclim气候数据等,对中国矮曲林的类型和分布及其相应的气候条件进行了研究。结果表明：①中国的矮曲林主要包括山顶苔藓矮曲林、寒温性偃松矮曲林和岳桦矮曲林3类;其中,山顶苔藓矮曲林主要分布于秦巴山区以南的山地,而偃松矮曲林和岳桦矮曲林主要分布于东北地区。②山顶苔藓矮曲林主要由亚热带、热带地区的常绿阔叶林在山顶或山脊受山顶效应等的影响演化而来;而寒温性矮曲林主要由寒温性针叶林或针阔混交林在山顶或山脊条件下长期演化而来。山顶苔藓矮曲林自东向西随地势升高,其分布的海拔高度也逐渐升高;寒温性偃松矮曲林和岳桦矮曲林分布高度自南向北逐渐降低。③矮曲林分布在气候林线以下的山地,其气候条件足以支撑山地森林的发育,但由于山顶效应的存在(如强风、气候干冷或湿冷及土壤贫瘠等),只能发育矮曲林而非垂直地带性的山地森林。④中国东南部的很多山地高度小于3000 m,山顶效应明显,矮曲林广泛发育,造成了假林线的普遍存在。  相似文献   

Application of a nondestructive method to evaluate the active layer in a cold region     

Won-Taek Hong  Jong-Sub Lee 《寒旱区科学》2017,9(3):213-220

To provide a safe transportation system in an extremely cold region,evaluation needs to be conducted of the thickness and the volumetric water content of the active layer,as they significantly affect frost heave.The objective of this study was to evaluate the dielectric constant(κ)of the active layer using ground-penetrating radar(GPR)and a dynamic cone penetrometer(DCP);this evaluation was then used to estimate the thickness and the volumetric water content of the active layer.A field located in midwest Alaska was selected as the study site.A GPR survey and two DCP tests were conducted on the surface of the ground,and the ground temperature was measured.From the GPR survey,travel times of the electromagnetic wave in the active layer were obtained.In addition,the thickness of the active layer was determined by using the dynamic cone penetration index(DCPI)and ground temperature.By using the travel time and travel distance of the electromagnetic wave in the active layer,dielectric constants were calculated as 26.3 and 26.4 for two DCP points.From the mean dielectric constant,the volumetric water content was estimated to be 40%~43%,and the thickness of the active layer was evaluated along the GPR survey line.The spatial-scaled GPR image showed that the thickness of the active layer varied from 520 mm to 700 mm due to the presence of a puddle,which accelerated the heat exchange.The results show that evaluation of the dielectric constant using the GPR survey and the DCP test can be effectively used to estimate the thickness and the volumetric water content of the active layer.  相似文献   

中国戈壁综合自然区划研究   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

申元村  王秀红  程维明  吴金凤  卢琦  冯益明 《地理科学进展》2016,35(1):57-66

中国戈壁广泛分布于北方的干旱与极干旱区域,直至目前尚未系统地开展戈壁分区研究。本文在综合分析戈壁特征与形成发生机制关系后认为,我国戈壁的最主要特征是地表砾质覆盖;表层具孔状漆漠结皮,其下具棕红色紧实层及石膏层;植物覆盖度极低,生长旱生极旱生灌木—半灌木。戈壁形成发生的区域仅限于干燥度4以上的干旱、极干旱区域。根据戈壁特征及发生条件的区域分异,选取干温指标、区域地质地貌建造指标、地表物质成因形态指标,将中国戈壁分布区划分为温性干旱极干旱戈壁区、暖性干旱极干旱戈壁区和青藏高原北部亚寒干旱极干旱戈壁区3个一级区(区),其下按区域地质地貌建造特征划分出9个二级区(地区),再按戈壁地表物质成因与形态差异划分出19个三级区(亚地区)。还可根据土壤和植被的地域分异进一步划分出若干个四级区(小区)。  相似文献   

基于NDVI时间序列影像的张掖市农作物种植结构提取   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

程良晓  江涛  谈明洪  肖兴媛 《地理信息世界》2016,(4):37-44

HJ卫星(环境与灾害监测预报小卫星)数据具有较高的时间和空间分辨率,可以有效地进行农作物种类识别,利用其时间序列数据进行作物信息提取具有很大优势。以甘肃省张掖市为研究区,利用2012年4月~2012年10月15个时相的HJ卫星CCD(电荷耦合元件,charge-coupled device)数据,通过分析玉米、油菜、大麦和小麦农作物在整个生长阶段的时间序列NDVI(归一化植被指数,normalized difference vegetation index)变化特点,提取四类农作物NDVI随时间变化的特征曲线,利用决策树分类方法,对2012年张掖市农作物进行分类,并以外业调查得到的实际地面验证点对分类结果进行验证。验证结果表明,可以有效地识别玉米、油菜、大麦和小麦4类农作物,制图精度分别为94.74%、82.35%、78.95%和90%;总体分类精度达到86.43%。而后提取了张掖市2014年农作物种植面积和分布格局,通过对比分析发现,2012~2014年,张掖市玉米、油菜的种植面积有不同程度的增加,大麦和小麦的种植面积各有一定程度的较少。可以为张掖市主要作物的种植结构调整提供科学依据,还可以为黑河流域农作物信息提取研究提供参考。  相似文献   

“灿鸿”台风造成浙江东北部大暴雨成因分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

周福  钱燕珍  方艳莹  顾小丽  王毅 《气象》2016,42(3):305-313

本文利用常规观测和自动站加密资料、卫星云图资料及NCEP再分析资料,分析了2015年7月10—11日1509号台风灿鸿造成其西侧浙江东北部异常强暴雨事件,得到本次大暴雨过程是由于"灿鸿"强度强、范围大、直接影响时间长,长时间东北气流下,在浙东北特殊地形作用下,形成地面辐合带造成的。台风影响前期该区域处在对流不稳定状态,水汽含量丰沛,低层辐合,高层辐散且气温低,有利于上升运动,上层水汽冷凝造成强降雨。暴雨区低层MPV1由负值转变为正值,导致垂直涡度加强,925 hPaθ_(se)的高能区的长期存在,有利于上升气流增强,水汽长时间大量输送有利于台风的发展和维持,也有利于强降雨的形成。这些物理量的变化与雨量增大和减小有6~12 h的提前。呈喇叭口状的杭州湾及南面四明山、狭长东北一西南走向的象山港以及南岸的山脉等地形有迎风坡作用和地形辐合,对东北气流参与造成的降雨有增幅作用。  相似文献   

A Last Glacial Maximum pollen record from Bodmin Moor showing a possible cryptic northern refugium in southwest England     

Ann Kelly  Dan J. Charman  Rewi M. Newnham 《第四纪科学杂志》2010,25(3):296-308

A late Devensian palynological record is presented from Dozmary Pool (Bodmin Moor, southwest England), beyond the southern limit of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) British Ice Sheet. The pollen assemblages indicate predominantly herbaceous tundra–steppe communities but also include elevated levels (typically 10–20%) of conifer tree pollen (Picea, Pinus, Abies) and lower but persistent percentages of broadleaf tree pollen during the LGM. This record is seemingly at odds with the orthodox view of an entirely treeless tundra–steppe environment for this region and elimination of tree species from the British Isles during glacial maxima. Long‐distance pollen transport seems an unlikely explanation for the tree pollen considering distance to the nearest known refugia, except possibly for Pinus. Reworking of the tree pollen, often invoked in these circumstances, remains a possible alternative, especially given the abundance of these trees in the region during early Devensian interstadials. However, this explanation has been challenged by studies reporting plant macrofossil and faunal evidence for survival of temperate biota during glacial maxima and from climate modelling work that suggests some trees could have survived the glacial extremes in areas well beyond the recorded glacial refugia. Assuming reworking was not a major factor, the Dozmary Pool pollen record is consistent with the ‘cryptic northern refugia hypothesis’ that invokes survival of trees in small, scattered populations under locally favourable conditions during glacial maxima. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

极端生物降解沥青中8,14- 开环藿烷系列及其地球化学意义     

包建平  朱翠山  杨茜 《地质学报》2023,97(8):2659-2675

借助色谱- 质谱（GC- MS）和色谱- 质谱- 质谱（GC- MS- MS）分析,对黔南坳陷凯里残余油藏凯棠和洛棉剖面上储层沥青中的烃类组成进行了系统分析,以判断其所遭受生物降解作用的程度,探寻在极端降解原油中是否还存在原生生物标志物,为这类原油的油源研究开拓新的途径和方法。结果表明：凯棠剖面上的储层沥青中尽管仍可检测到较为完整的C19- 30三环萜烷和C27- 35藿烷系列,但C19- 29脱甲基三环萜烷系列和C26- 34 25- 降藿烷系列丰富而完整,甾烷系列中C21- 22低分子量甾烷和重排甾烷优势明显,这一系列特征表明这些沥青遭受了剧烈生物降解作用的改造。但三芳甾类仍保存完好,依据原油生物降解程度的评判标准,判断其生物降解级别介于8~9级之间。洛棉剖面上的储层沥青中藿烷系列基本消失殆尽,三环萜烷系列及其脱甲基产物和25- 降藿烷系列的分布因极端生物降解作用而发生显著变异,某些化合物如C23T、C24T、C23NTE和C28- 29NH成为优势成员;甾烷系列中C21- 22低分子量甾烷占绝对优势,三芳甾类完全消失,据此判断该剖面上沥青的生物降解级别已达到10级或更严重。由于这两个剖面上的沥青遭受了极端生物降解作用的改造,常用的甾、萜类生物标志物完全失去了实用价值。但是,在所分析的这些沥青中都检测到三个系列的C27- 35 8,14- 开环藿烷系列,它们与塔里木盆地塔中地区海相端元油中存在的同类标志物的分布特征相似。正常海相端元油和极端生物降解沥青中同时检测到这三个系列的8,14- 开环藿烷,这一事实表明这类生物标志物在成因上具有原生性,而与生物降解作用无关。此外,在极端生物降解作用沥青中的完好保存,表明它们具有极强的抗生物降解能力,因而它们在此类原油的油源研究中可能具有潜在的实用价值。  相似文献   

A spring and wooded habitat at FLK Zinj and their relevance to origins of human behavior     

Gail M. Ashley  Doris Barboni  Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo  Henry T. Bunn  Audax Z.P. Mabulla  Fernando Diez-Martin  Rebeca Barba  Enrique Baquedano 《Quaternary Research》2010,74(3):304-314

The 1959 discovery of the hominin fossil Zinjanthropus boisei brought the world's attention to the rich records at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Subsequent excavations of archaeological level 22 (FLK Zinj) Bed I uncovered remains of Homo habilis and a high-density collection of fossils and Oldowan stone tools. The occurrence of this unusual collection of bones and tools at this specific location has been controversial for decades. We present paleoecological data that provide new insights into the origin of FLK Zinj. Our recent excavations 200 m north of the site uncovered a 0.5-m-thick tufa mound draped by Tuff IC, in the same stratigraphic horizon as level 22. Stable isotope analyses indicate that the carbonates were deposited by a freshwater spring. Phytolith analysis of the waxy clay under Tuff IC revealed abundant woody dicotyledon and palm phytoliths, indicating that the site was wooded to densely wooded. The time equivalency and close physical proximity of the two environments indicate the two are related. This study has provided the first documented evidence of springs in Bed I and these data have important implications for the interpretation of hominin behavior in meat acquisition and the ongoing debate on scavenging versus hunting.  相似文献   

Application of a statistical water-table model reveals connections between dunes and vegetation at Doñana     

J.C. Muoz-Reinoso  F.J. de Castro 《Journal of Arid Environments》2005,60(4):663-679

We present a simple statistical model of the water-table fluctuations based on a set of multiple regressions for a dune slack of the Doñana National Park, and its utility to understand some ecological processes. The variation in the coefficients of the regressions for different locations allows discrimination between different zones in the dune slack, and explains the spatial pattern of heath vegetation observed in the stabilized sands. Model simulations were compared with an existing sparse data set of water-table levels, and suggests possible mechanisms responsible for the catastrophic pine tree mortality, which happened during the drought of 1979–83.  相似文献   

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF EXTREMELY HEAVY RAIN AND MESO-β SCALE LOW VORTEX IN INVERTED TYPHOON TROUGH^*          下载免费PDF全文

JIANG Yongqiang  WANG Changyu  ZHANG Weihuan  CHEN Zhongyi 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2004,18(2):195-210

Large-scale and mesoscale analyses are made for extremely heavy rain(EHR) and meso-β scale low vortex(MSLV) in Jiading District of Shanghai Municipality during 6-7 July 2001.It is shown that the EHR forms in the situation of northern westerly trough linking together with southern inverted typhoon trough at northwest side of the West Pacific Ocean subtropical high. Numerical simulation is made using a 21-layer improved REM(regional η coordinate model) for this course.The results show that the precipitation forms earlier than MSLV.and the strong convergence in wind velocity mate(WVM) triggers the strong precipitation.The formative reasons of WVM.especially the weak wind velocity center are discussed,and the formative mechanisms of the MSLV and EHR are discussed using high spatial and temporal resolution modeloutput physical fields.The results show that the heavy rain releases latent heat and warms the air column,and enhances the low level positive vorticity that existed before.Then it causes the formation of MSLV.There is a positive feedback mechanism between low vortex and precipitation,so CISK must be an important mechanism.  相似文献