矿物光电子能量在地球早期生命起源与进化中的作用          下载免费PDF全文

鲁安怀  李艳  黎晏彰  丁竑瑞  王长秋 《地质论评》2023,69(1):234-246

地球早期生命起源的第一步是合成简单的有机化合物,但合成有机物所需能量来源问题长期困扰着学术界。早期地球上丰富的硫化物半导体矿物可将太阳光子转化为光电子,提供持续的能量来源。也正是由于矿物光电子能量较高,在非生物途径合成小分子有机物方面具有优势。其中半导体矿物自然硫转化太阳能产生的光电子能量,是目前所发现的最高的矿物光电子能量,不仅能直接还原CO₂分子为甲酸物质,还可催化其他生命基础物质的合成。在全球陆地系统中暴露在阳光下的岩石/土壤表面普遍被一层铁锰氧化物“矿物膜”所覆盖,光照下含半导体矿物水钠锰矿的“矿物膜”产生原位、灵敏、长效的光电流,显示出优异的光电效应。生物光合作用中心Mn₄CaO₅在裂解水产氧过程中产生成分和结构类似水钠锰矿的结构中间体,地球早期“矿物膜”中水钠锰矿可能促进了锰簇Mn₄CaO₅与生物光合作用的起源与进化。早期地球半导体矿物为生命起源基本物质的合成提供直接能量来源,矿物光电子能量在地球早期生命起源与进化中起到了重要作用。  相似文献   

广西桂林漓江典型河段水化学昼夜动态变化 及其对岩溶碳循环的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

章程  肖琼  苗迎  郭永丽  汤庆佳  郝玉培 《地球学报》2018,39(5):613-621

岩溶区河流水化学昼夜动态变化的研究,对年际尺度河流监测计划制定、碳循环研究及其通量估算具有重要作用与意义。本文选择桂江上游漓江典型岩溶河流,开展不同河段水化学高分辨率监测和高频水样取样工作,分析了水化学的昼夜动态变化、沿流程变化及其影响因素,探讨了水化学昼夜循环的生物代谢过程与光合作用机理。结果表明,硅酸盐岩分布河段与碳酸盐岩分布河段水化学存在显著差异,且具有不同的昼夜变化规律。总体上,受补给流域地质背景控制,从北部硅酸盐岩山区到南部峰林平原区,即从上游到下游,水温、pH、SpC、Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~–离子含量逐渐升高,升高幅度分别为3.63℃、1.99、125.23μS/cm、22.42 mg/L、73.32 mg/L。DO、pH、Sp C、Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~–及δ13CDIC等指标昼夜变化主要受水生植物光合作用控制,最大昼夜变幅分别为19.4 mg/L、2.02、56.4μS/cm、12 mg/L、48.8 mg/L、–2.05‰。K+、Na+和NO_3~–离子含量昼夜变化主要受生物代谢过程(同化作用)控制。桂林河段水生植物光合作用消耗水体DIC及伴随的Ca沉降能显著影响水体饱和度和CO_2分压,白天CO_2分压下降,水体处于过饱和状态,对水气界面脱气过程发生具有抑制作用。阳朔河段水体均处于过饱和状态,CO_2分压处于与大气平衡的临界线附近,意味着随着流程的增加,水体产生脱气的可能性在减小,说明秋冬季由岩溶作用溶蚀产生的碳汇是相对稳定的。  相似文献   

不同氮浓度下盐胁迫对坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)生长和光合作用的影响     

吴海一  丁刚  徐智广 《海洋与湖沼》2015,46(5):1210-1217

为了探讨在不同氮浓度条件下盐度胁迫对坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)生长和光合生理的影响,设置高(500μmol/L)、低(50μmol/L)2个氮浓度和15、30和45三个盐度水平,将坛紫菜叶状体在不同的氮和盐度条件下适应培养7d后,测定藻体的生长、色素含量、光合放氧和快速光反应曲线等生理指标。结果显示:在低氮条件下,坛紫菜的生长速率随盐度增加而递减;在高氮下,30盐度水平培养的藻体具有最大生长速率。低氮条件下,叶绿素a(Chl a)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、藻红蛋白(PE)和藻蓝蛋白(PC)的含量在盐度15中较高,而在盐度30和45之间没有显著差异;高氮条件下,盐度对藻体Chl a和Car的含量没有显著影响,但相对于盐度30的处理,盐度15和45都显著降低了PE和PC的含量,虽然这两种色素含量在两个盐度处理间没有显著差异。不同的氮和盐度处理对藻体的光合放氧速率几乎没有影响,除了高氮条件下,单位湿重的放氧速率在盐度30中较低而单位Chl a的放氧速率在盐度45中稍高。从快速光反应曲线的结果看出,盐度虽然对光饱和点(Ik)、电子传递效率(α)和最大相对电子传递速率(r ETRmax)没有显著影响,但高盐胁迫显著提高了光抑制项的值(a)。综上所述,高盐度胁迫能够抑制坛紫菜的生长和光合作用,氮的浓度对这种抑制作用没有显著影响;低盐度胁迫对藻体的生长和光合没有抑制,甚至在低氮条件下表现出对生长的促进。这些结果为坛紫菜的栽培和对富营养化海水的修复提供了一定的理论参考。  相似文献   

Cyanobacteria in New Zealand inland waters: Experimental studies   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Anthony B. Viner 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):503-507

A small volume of experimental work with cyanobacteria in New Zealand has been produced through the last two decades. Except for some studies with geothermal organisms biased to New Zealand conditions, most work has followed the world‐wide trends in cyanobacterial research. There has been some emphasis on N₂‐fixing species, but symbiotic relationships, metabolic kinetics, nutrient and other environmental factors promoting ecological dominance, and toxicity have been investigated.  相似文献   

CO₂升高和阳光紫外辐射对坛紫菜生长和光合特性的耦合效应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐军田  高坤山 《海洋学报》2013,35(5):184-190

大气CO₂持续升高,导致溶入海水中的CO₂增多,海水表层的H+浓度增加,从而引起海洋酸化。为了探讨近岸定生大型海藻对这种环境变化的响应,本文选择经济海藻坛紫菜为实验材料,研究海洋酸化与紫外辐射对藻体生长以及光合特性的影响。实验分两个CO₂处理,分别为正常空气水平(390 ppmv)和高CO₂水平(800 ppmv); 三种辐射处理,分别为全波长辐射(PAB)、滤除紫外线B(PA)和仅接受可见光处理(PAR)。研究结果表明,CO₂培养下的坛紫菜,在仅有可见光(P)或者同时有紫外线A(PA)存在的情况下,显著促进藻体的生长;但在全波长辐射处理下(PAB),这种作用不明显。高CO₂降低了藻体在P和PA处理下的光合作用速率,但对PAB处理作用不显著。高CO₂处理下的藻体,UV-B显著降低了全波长辐射下藻体紫外吸收物质的含量,但在正常CO₂水平下,紫外辐射的作用不显著。这表明高CO₂导致的生长优势被紫外辐射的负面效应所抵消,在全球变化的过程中,紫外辐射的进一步加强在海洋酸化的背景下甚至有可能降低坛紫菜的产量。  相似文献   

多环芳烃在赤潮微藻光合作用中所起作用的研究     

唐学玺  王明  张珺  张焕新  张智鹏  刘骋跃 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2014,44(10):80-85

采用实验生态学的方法,研究了3种多环芳烃-菲、芘和蒽对3种赤潮微藻-赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻光合速率的影响。结果表明:较低浓度的菲、芘和蒽处理使3种赤潮微藻的光合速率有所提高,而较高浓度处理则降低了藻细胞的光合速率。3种多环芳烃-菲、芘和蒽胁迫对赤潮异弯藻光合速率的96h·EC50分别为0.089、0.110和0.124mg·L-1,对中肋骨条藻的96h半抑制剂量分别为0.103、0.127和0.138mg·L-1,对亚历山大藻的96h半抑制剂量分别为0.116、0.131和0.141mg·L-1,说明3种多环芳烃对赤潮微藻均表现出一定的毒性效应,其中菲的毒性作用最强。UV-B辐射(0.3J·m-2的辐射剂量)和多环芳烃的联合作用一方面增强了菲、芘和蒽对3种赤潮微藻光合效率的抑制作用,导致光合速率明显降低,另一方面在一定程度上改变了3种多环芳烃毒性作用的强弱,使芘的毒性作用变得最强。  相似文献   

Impacts of reduced wind speed on physiology and ecosystem carbon flux of a semi-arid steppe ecosystem     

DongYan Jin  Qiong Gao  YaLin Wang  Li Xu 《寒旱区科学》2014,6(6):0556-0565

Decreasing wind speed is one aspect of global climate change as well as global warming, and has become a new research orientation in recent decades. The decrease is especially evident in places with frequent perennially high wind speeds. We simulated decreased wind speed by using a steel-sheet wind shield in a temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia to examine the changes in physical environmental variables, as well as their impacts on the photosynthesis of grass leaves and net ecosystem exchange （NEE）. We then used models to calculate the variation of boundary layer conductance （BLC） and its impact on leaf photosynthesis, and this allowed us to separate the direct effects of wind speed reduction on leaf photo- synthesis （BLC） from the indirect ones （via soil moisture balance）. The results showed that reduced wind speed primarily resulted in higher moisture and temperature in soil, and indirectly affected net assimilation and water use efficiency of the prevalent bunch grass Stipa krylovii. Moreover, the wind-sheltered plant community had a stronger ability to sequester carbon than did the wind-exposed community during the growing season.  相似文献   

环境污染对成都市古树名木的危害及防治对策研究     

袁东升  钱妙芬 《成都信息工程学院学报》2005,20(3):336-340

对成都市的主要古树名木被环境污染物质危害的现状进行实地调查，从受害症状入手，对受害机理作分析。并提出保护古树名木的具体措施。此工作对本市治理污染及合理绿化将有意义。  相似文献   

SIMPLE SIMULATION OF THE ANNUAL VARIATION OF THE SPECIFIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS RATE IN JIAOZHOU BAY     

任玲张曼平  陆贤昆冯士笮 Uwe.H.Brockmann 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2001,19(1):63-72

A simple diagnostic simulation of the annual cycling of the surface specific photosynthesis rate (SPR) in Jiaazhou Bay is described in this paper. Light intensity, temperature and nutrients(nitrate ammonia, phosphate) were considered as main factors controlling photosynthesis of phytoplankton and were introduced into the model by different function equations. The simulated variation ofspecific photosynthesis rate coincided with the measured data. Analysis of the effect of every factor onphotosynthesis indicated that the variation of photosynthesis rate was controlled by all these three factors,while temperature showed good correlation with SPR as measurement showed. This diagnostic simulationyielded the values of some parameter relating with the photosynthesis in Jiaozhou Bay.  相似文献   

Seasonal variation of carbon exchange of typical forest ecosystems along the eastern forest transect in China     

《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,(Z2)

The long-term and continuous carbon fluxes of Changbaishan temperate mixed forest (CBS), Qianyanzhou subtropical evergreen coniferous forest (QYZ), Dinghushan subtropical evergreen mixed forest (DHS) and Xishuangbana tropical rainforest (XSBN) have been measured with eddy covariance techniques. In 2003, different responses of carbon exchange to the environment appeared across the four ecosystems. At CBS, the carbon exchange was mainly determined by radiation and temperature. 0℃and 10℃were two important temperature thresholds; the former determined the length of the growing season and the latter affected the magnitude of carbon exchange. The maximum net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CBS occurred in early summer because maximum ecosystem photosynthesis (GPP) occurred earlier than maximum ecosystem respiration (Rθ). During summer, QYZ experienced severe drought and NEE decreased significantly mainly as a result of the depression of GPP. At DHS and XSBN, NEE was higher in the drought season than the wet season, especially the conversion between carbon sink and source occurring during the transition season at XSBN. During the wet season, increased fog and humid weather resulted from the plentiful rainfall, the ecosystem GPP was dispressed. The Q10 and annual respiration of XSBN were the highest among the four ecosystems, while the average daily respiration of CBS during the growing season was the highest. Annual NEE of CBS, QYZ, DHS and XSBN were 181.5, 360.9, 536.2 and -320.0 g·C·m-2·a-1, respectively. From CBS to DHS, the temperature and precipitation increased with the decrease in latitude. The ratio of WEE/Rθincreased with latitude, while Rθ/Gpp, ecosystem light use efficiency (LUE), precipitation use efficiency and average daily GPP decreased gradually. However, XSBN usually escaped such latitude trend probably because of the influence of the south-west monsoon climate which does not affect the other ecosystems. Long-term measurement and more research were necessary to understand the adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change and to evaluate the ecosystem carbon balance due to the complexity of structure and function of forest ecosystems.  相似文献