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1.
初级生产者藻类对维持生态系统稳定具有重要的意义。2012年底广西龙江重金属Cd~(2+)污染对其下游水体中水生生物造成了严重的彩响,为了解Cd~(2+)对岩溶水体中藻类碳汇效应的影响,针对广西龙江重金属Cd~(2+)污染,文章通过室内封闭培养体系研究了在0、10、20、40μmol/L不同Cd~(2+)浓度胁迫下,小球藻对岩溶水中游离CO_2、HCO_3和Ca~(2+)的利用情况以及体系中pH和生物量的相应变化。结果表明:当Cd~(2+)浓度在0~10μmol/L时,小球藻对岩溶水中Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-的利用基本上没有受到影响;当Cd~(2+)浓度在10~40μmol/L时,对小球藻利用Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-具有一定的抑制作用;当Cd~(2+)浓度高于40μmol/L时,小球藻将不能利用岩溶水中Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-同时pH漂移实验表明:当Cd~(2+)浓度在0~20μmol/L时,小球藻能同时利用岩溶水中游离CO_2和HCO_3~-进行光合作用;Cd~(2+)浓度为10μmol/L时,体系中藻细胞生物量与空白对照组基本相同;当Cd~(2+)浓度在20~40μmol/L时,小球藻只能利用岩溶水中游离CO_2进行光合作用;当Cd~(2+)浓度为20μmol/L时,藻细胞生物量为空白对照组的一半;当Cd~(2+)浓度为40μmol/L时,小球藻生物量仅为20μmol/L时的一半。 相似文献
2.
小型山区河流系统具有流域面积小、响应时间短、人类活动的水化学影响易识别等特点,是研究生物地球化学过程的理想场所.本文以桂林潮田河为例,通过高分辨率监测与高频取样,研究水化学昼夜动态变化,无机碳移除及其生物地球化学控制机理.受水生光合作用与钙沉积作用的控制,河水pH、DO、SpC、HCO–3和Ca2+离子产生显著的昼夜动态变化,这些水化学指标昼夜变幅大小又与河床基质和水生植物类型有关.砾石类河床藻类发育的鸟岭桥河段Ca2+和HCO3-含量白天下降幅度平均值分别为12％和11％,泥质类河床沉水植物发育的两河沟河段为10.6％和8.9％.DO浓度与pH值主要受局地河流内部过程控制,即水生植物或藻类光合作用控制,而电导率受上游传输影响较大,滞后时间与两点之间信号平流传输时间相关.监测河段水体因光合作用产生的钙沉降与溶解无机碳移除量分别为302 kg/d和997 kg/d,即188.75 g/m/d和623.13 g/m/d,是西南亚热带典型地下河出口河流的4～5倍,小型岩溶河流沿流程发生的无机碳向有机碳转化,对水体碳通量而言,是真正意义上的自然碳汇过程. 相似文献
3.
桂林会仙岩溶湿地水化学昼夜动态变化
及其影响因素 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
岩溶区地表河流与岩溶湖水化学的动态变化及水生植物固碳作用的研究,有助于加深对岩溶作用的生物地球化学过程特性,即短时间尺度属性的认识。本文利用自动化高精度在线监测和高密度取样,探讨岩溶湖(地下河水补给)水化学的昼夜动态变化及不同水生植物的影响。受气温和水生植物光合作用的影响,白天水温、pH、溶解氧、无机碳同位素值呈同步上升,而Ca2+、HCO-3含量、电导率下降。沉水植物群落分布区水化学等指标昼夜变幅大于挺水植物群落分布区,水温、pH、Ca2+、HCO-3、溶解氧、无机碳同位素值在挺水植物区的昼夜变化幅度分别为442 °C、065、18 mg/L、08 mmol/L、1402 mg/L、-2.27‰(δ13CV-PDB),在沉水植物区则分别上升到632 °C、143、24 mg/L、15 mmol/L、2386 mg/L、-5.03‰(δ13CV-PDB),说明沉水植物区的钙沉降与固碳效率更高。结果可为深入认识岩溶湿地水生生态系统,估算岩溶区水生植物固碳潜力奠定科学基础。 相似文献
4.
地下河出口河流水化学昼夜动态变化——生物地球化学过程的控制 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
昼夜动态变化的研究有助于揭示水体中相对快速的生物地球化学过程,同时也有助于判别影响水化学变化的主导因子。本文选择由地下水补给且富含水生植物的典型河流,开展高分辨率水文地球化学监测和高频率水样取样工作,分析了水化学的昼夜动态变化特征并对比其沿流程的变化,探讨了水化学昼夜循环产生的生物地球化学控制机理。结果表明,河流水化学离子成分多呈现出昼夜动态变化的特点,Ca2+、DIC白天下降幅度达22.4%,昼夜循环主要受水生植物光合作用控制,但不同成分沿流程具有不同的变化规律,存在Ca2+、DIC和营养元素成分的流失。研究河段硝酸盐含量较高(农业活动产生的面源氮补给),沿流程有减小趋势,受生物同化作用控制,白天小幅升高夜间回落的昼夜动态变化,主要受硝化作用过程控制。DOC与TOC含量小时数据呈现快速波动特点,白天上升夜间下降,受生物代谢活动控制,DOC的日变化幅度可相差1倍。岩溶区地表河流水化学昼夜动态变化规律与生物地球化学过程研究,不仅能揭示水化学无机组分昼夜循环的控制因素,也有助于更好理解岩溶作用过程中无机碳与有机碳的快速转换特性,对提高岩溶碳汇的估算精度有重要意义。 相似文献
5.
岩溶区河流水化学昼夜变化与生物地球化学过程 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
河流水化学昼夜动态变化的研究有助于揭示水体中相对快速的生物地球化学过程(河流内过程),同时也有助于判别上游补给区流域过程。已有的研究表明生物过程（光合作用与呼吸作用）、地球化学过程（碳酸盐平衡、碳酸钙沉积）是控制河流pH、SpC、Ca2+和HCO3-含量昼夜变化的主要因素。不同级别、类型及河床微环境均会对水化学昼夜变化产生影响,与气温密切相关的光合作用是产生河水pH值和DO昼夜变化的主控因素。在偏碱性与富含钙离子的岩溶河流,有机体的钙化作用与酸分泌可能对光合作用具有重要作用,从而导致水体中Ca2+和HCO3-出现白天下降-夜间回升的昼夜动态变化,下降幅度达20%~30%。水生植物通过光合作用产生DIC(主要为HCO3-)的原位沉降,是真正意义上的净碳汇。昼夜生物地球化学循环及效应研究有助于全面认识岩溶区碳循环特征及岩溶含水层源汇关系,尤其是岩溶碳汇稳定性与净碳汇估算;同时对长时间尺度河流监测计划的制定具有重要意义。 相似文献
6.
《地球科学进展》2017,(3)
研究非岩溶水和硫酸参与溶蚀对地下河流域岩溶碳汇通量的影响,有助于提高岩石风化碳汇通量估算精度,对于推进地质作用与全球气候变化研究意义重大。选取湘南北江上游武水河流域内4条典型地下河为对象,通过水化学对比分析,揭示硅酸盐岩风化对流域地下水化学的重要影响。运用Galy方法计算流域非岩溶地层中的硅酸盐岩风化消耗大气/土壤CO_2对岩石风化碳汇的重要贡献,并评价了H_2SO_4参与下碳汇通量的扣除比例。结果显示:(1)流域内有非岩溶地层的L01,L02地下河,Na~+,K~+和SiO_2浓度明显高于纯碳酸盐L03和L04地下河,非岩溶地层中的硅酸盐的风化对地下河水中K~+,Na~+,SiO_2浓度有一定贡献;(2)4条地下河的[Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)]/[HCO_3~-]当量比值为1.05~1.15,[Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)]/[HCO_3~-+SO_4~(2-)]的当量比值为0.99~1.08,Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)相对于HCO_3~-过量,过量的Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)与SO_4~(2-)相平衡,证实硫酸参与流域碳酸盐岩的溶蚀;(3)L01和L02地下河岩石风化消耗的CO_2通量中非岩溶地层中的硅酸盐风化消耗所占比例分别为3.36%和2.22%,而L03和L04地下河中硅酸盐风化消耗比例小于0.50%,表明有非岩溶地层存在的地下河流域,其岩石风化消耗的CO_2通量中硅酸盐风化消耗占有一定比例;(4)在考虑硫酸参与碳酸盐岩溶蚀时,4条地下河的碳汇通量分别扣除4.84%,4.52%,6.20%和9.36%。 相似文献
7.
亚热带典型岩溶区地表溪流溶解无机碳昼夜变化特征及其影响因素 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
岩溶水体溶解无机碳(DIC)的转化过程是评价岩溶碳汇稳定性及效应的重要指标之一,为了解其在岩溶地下水补给的地表溪流中的变化特征和影响因素,于2013年7月8~14日对广西融安县官村地下河水补给的地表溪流进行7昼夜定位连续监测,利用高分辨率自动监测仪器每15分钟测定pH、溶解氧(DO)、水温(T)、电导率(SpC)等参数,人工每2小时采集水样用于测定常规离子和δ~(13)C_(DIC)等指标。结果表明溪流水体T,pH,DO,SpC,DIC(以HCO_3~-表示),Ca~(2+),δ~(13)C_(DIC),方解石饱和指数(SIc)以及水体二氧化碳分压(pCO_2)等水化学指标均表现出明显的昼夜变化过程。SpC,DIC,Ca~(2+)和pCO_2等指标白天降低,夜间升高;T,pH,DO,δ~(13)C_(DIC)和SIc等指标白天升高,夜间降低。SIc变化范围为0.70~0.89,表明溪流中可能发生了碳酸盐的沉积。通过热力学参数计算表明水温(昼夜变化幅度为5.8℃)对水体pCO_2的昼夜变化影响率为27.48%~54.88%。反映水体水生植物新陈代谢过程(光合作用和呼吸作用过程)的水体DO指标和水体δ~(13)C_(DIC)均在白天上升,夜间下降,而δ~(13)C_(DIC)和水体DIC呈明显负相关关系(R~2=0.71),这也证明溪流水体DIC的变化过程受到水生植物新陈代谢过程的影响,白天水生植物以光合作用为主,消耗DIC,释放O_2,水体δ~(13)C_(DIC)上升;晚上以呼吸作用为主,消耗O_2,释放CO_2,增加DIC,水体δ~(13)C_(DIC)下降,其对水体pCO_2的昼夜变化影响率为45.12%~72.52%。通过研究表明溪流溶解无机碳变化过程受到物理因素(太阳辐射和水温等)和生物作用(呼吸作用和光合作用)的共同影响,这为进一步了解岩溶地下水出露地表后溶解无机碳转化过程及岩溶碳汇稳定性评价提供了依据。 相似文献
8.
桂林漓江水体溶解无机碳迁移与水生光合碳固定研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
河流溶解无机碳含量昼夜变化主要受碳酸盐反向沉积、水生光合利用和脱气作用控制,被水生光合利用的溶解无机碳是岩溶碳汇的组成部分,脱气作用比例的大小是影响碳汇稳定性的决定因素。本文以漓江中游省里—冠岩之间15 km长河段为研究对象,开展昼夜高分辨率水化学自动化监测与高频取样,分析水生植物光合作用利用HCO3-1及相关钙沉降过程。结果表明,监测河段水生光合利用的无机碳转化通量为859 kgC?d-1,单位流程光合作用溶解无机碳转化量和钙沉降量分别为2.06 t?（d?km）-1和0.78 t?（d?km）-1。光合作用与钙沉降消耗DIC约占总转化量的70 %,以光合有机碳和CaCO3形式储存于河床,成为岩溶碳汇组成部分。无机碳转化量约占输入DIC总量的6.0 %（其中1.7%以CO2形式返回大气）,说明夏季低水位期间强烈的水生植物光合利用溶解无机碳,可有效遏制白天水气界面CO2脱气过程发生,低脱气比例证实漓江水体的溶解无机碳还是比较稳定的。 相似文献
9.
为探讨坡心地下河系统内地表和地下水体的水化学离子特征、来源及其控制因素,无机碳来源及其稳定性。运用水化学计量法和同位素法对采自坡心地下河流域的38个采样点的水化学和碳稳定同位素样品数据进行分析。结果表明,地下河干流沿程受到局部岩性和支流稀释作用的影响明显,各水化学离子均有所变化。化学离子比例分析发现:大气降水对部分泉水的Cl~-和Na~+影响较大;碳酸盐岩溶解类型主要以灰岩溶解为主,地表水和地下河天窗的Mg~(2+)/Ca~(2+)摩尔比值与HCO_3~-呈负相关,说明在宏观上灰岩溶解程度越强烈,HCO_3~-值就越高,并且H_2SO_4和HNO_3积极参与流域内碳酸盐岩风化。硅酸盐岩的风化对地表和地下水体的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+有一定的贡献。此外,人为采矿活动和农业活动对SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-的产生有较大的影响。质量平衡正推模型结果显示:受到区域岩性和水文条件的影响,地表和地下河天窗水体主要受碳酸盐岩溶解影响,硅酸盐岩溶解和大气输入也有一定的贡献,三大来源的相对比例在空间上变化较大。水体内的可溶性无机碳(DIC)主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解和土壤内CO_2的贡献。地表水和地下水的DIC浓度和δ~(13)C_(DIC)值差别较大,DIC值与δ~(13)C_(DIC)呈反相关关系,这说明来自土壤CO_2贡献的DIC越多,其对碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解能力越强。根据本研究区的数据与前人在西江干流的上、中、下游进行对比,结果表明碳酸盐岩风化产生的DIC可以被西江干流的水生植物利用,从而形成稳定的碳汇。 相似文献
10.
碳酸盐岩风化作用(即岩溶作用)能够吸收大气二氧化碳(CO_2),形成溶解无机碳(DIC,dissolved inorganic carbon),被认为是一种重要的陆地碳汇,其在全球碳收支平衡和未来陆地增汇中可能会有重要贡献。然而,目前对岩溶碳汇的稳定性还存在争议,一些学者认为岩溶地下水出露地表后会发生CO_2脱气,对岩溶碳汇通量估算带来不确定性。本文以广西桂林长流水表层岩溶泉补给的溪流(约2.7km长)为例,利用水化学和同位素质谱仪测试技术,研究了溪水水化学指标和溶解无机碳同位素(δ~(13)C_(DIC))沿流程变化,探讨了溪流CO_2脱气过程、通量及其影响因素,以更好地了解岩溶碳汇的稳定性。结果表明:从泉口向下游,在陡坡地段(C1～C14段,长约270m,坡度约10°),溪水pH值、方解石饱和指数和δ~(13)C_(DIC)沿流程分别升高了0.9、0.9和1.8‰,而CO_2分压、电导率、Ca~(2+)浓度和DIC浓度分别下降了85%、34μS/cm、0.2mmol/L和0.7mmol/L,说明溪水发生了显著的CO_2脱气,并伴随碳酸钙沉淀。而在平缓地段(C18～C26段,长约2.1km,坡度1°),溪水各水化学指标和δ~(13)C_(DIC)变化较小,指示CO_2脱气作用较弱。这些发现表明溪流CO_2脱气受到了地形决定的水动力条件控制。另外,在下游渠段,受支流汇入影响,溪水pH值和方解石饱和指数有所降低,在一定程度上抑制了CO_2脱气。溪流CO_2脱气能够抵消部分岩溶作用固定的大气CO_2量,但是在长流水这一高地势、低流量且有碳酸钙沉积的环境下,其抵消的量也仅占29%。对于在低缓地区受流量很大的岩溶泉/地下河补给的河流,其CO_2脱气作用对岩溶碳汇的影响有限,加之受可能增强的水生光合生物固碳效应影响,岩溶碳汇应具有很高的稳定性。 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
14.
15.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
16.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
17.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
18.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献
19.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
20.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献