基于MODIS数据的广州市光化学污染预警等级研究     

夏丽华  王德辉  王芳 《国土资源遥感》2006,17(4):73-76

 分析MODIS数据反演的大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）与大气环境污染的关系，结果表明： 当空气没有污染时，AOD＜0.3； 轻度污染时，0.3＜AOD＜1.0； 污染严重时，AOD＞1.0。在分析AOD与地面大气污染关系的基础上，结合空气污染指数，将城市光化学污染预警等级分为无、微弱、较弱、较强和强5级，并结合广州市实例进行了验证分析，为进一步建设城市光化学污染预警系统提供基础。  相似文献   

珠江三角洲大气灰霾导致能见度下降问题研究   总被引：153，自引：6，他引：153  

吴兑  毕雪岩  邓雪娇  李菲  谭浩波  廖国莲  黄健 《气象学报》2006,64(4):510-517

大气气溶胶的气候效应和环境效应研究是当今国际科技界的热门话题。近年来珠江三角洲地区的气溶胶污染日趋严重,一年四季长期稳定存在气溶胶云,重污染区偏于珠江口以西的珠江三角洲西侧。灰霾天气主要出现在10月至次年4月。大气灰霾导致能见度恶化。自20世纪80年代初开始,该地区的能见度急剧恶化,灰霾天气显著增加,其中有3次大的波动,分别代表与珠江三角洲经济发展相伴随的气溶胶污染、硫酸盐加气溶胶污染、光化学过程的细粒子加硫酸盐加气溶胶的复合污染时期。雾和轻雾造成的低能见度的长期变化趋势,没有由于人类活动影响或经济发展影响带来的趋势性变化,其波动主要反映了气候波动固有的年际和年代际变化。珠江三角洲能见度的恶化主要与细粒子关系比较大,PM10有一半月均值超过国家二级标准的日均值浓度限值(150μg/m3),而PM2.5月均值全部超过美国国家标准的日均值浓度限值(65μg/m3),尤其是10月至次年1月的月均值浓度几乎超过标准限值的1倍,细粒子浓度甚高。另外PM2.5占PM10的比重非常高(58%—77%),尤其是旱季比雨季更高。与15a前的资料相比较,细粒子在气溶胶中的比重有明显增加,因而在目前珠江三角洲的气溶胶污染中,主要是细粒子的污染。  相似文献   

Size distributions of aerosol number concentrations and water-soluble constituents in Toyama, Japan: A comparison of the measurements during Asian dust period with non-dust period     

Koichi Watanabe  Hisashi Kasuga  Yuko Yamada  Tomonori Kawakami 《Atmospheric Research》2006,82(3-4):719

Size-separated aerosol number concentrations and water-soluble constituents were measured in Toyama, the Hokuriku district, near the coast of the Japan Sea, during the spring and summer in 2003. The number concentrations of coarse particles were significantly high in April, which was due to Asian dust events called Kosa in Japanese. Particulate nssCa²⁺, which is mostly present in the coarse-mode particles, was significantly high in April. On the other hand, the concentrations of NH₄⁺ and nssSO₄²⁻, which mainly exist as the accumulation-mode particles were not high in April. The mass-size distributions of water-soluble constituents were compared with the size-separated number concentrations of particles. Backward trajectory analysis was also employed to examine the transport process of the air mass in Toyama.  相似文献   

Measurements of gas and aerosol for two weeks in northern China during the winter–spring period of 2000, 2001 and 2002     

Akinori Takami  Wei Wang  Dagang Tang  Shiro Hatakeyama 《Atmospheric Research》2006,82(3-4):688

Intensive measurements of gas and aerosol for 2 weeks were carried out at Qingdao (gas and aerosol in 2000, 2001 and 2002), Fenghuangshan (gas and aerosol in 2000 and 2001), and Dalian (aerosol in 2002) in the winter–spring period. High SO₂ episodes were observed on 18 January 2000 at both Qingdao and Fenghuangshan. According to back trajectory calculations and analysis of gaseous species, high SO₂ episodes were caused by local pollution and transport.Nitrate, sulfate and ammonium were the major species in PM_2.5. Mass fractions of NO₃⁻, nss-SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺ at Qingdao in 2002 were 10%, 12% and 5.5% for PM_2.5, respectively, which were higher than that of nss-Ca²⁺ (1%). Chemical compositions observed at Dalian and Fenghuangshan were similar to those at Qingdao. The mass ratio of nss-SO₄²⁻/SO₂ at Qingdao in winter was low (< 1.2), indicating that sulfate was probably produced by the slow oxidation of SO₂ in the gas phase and/or was transported from outside of Qingdao in winter. The equivalent ratio of NH₄⁺ to nss-SO₄²⁻ was 1.39, suggesting that ammonium sulfate was one of the major chemical compositions in PM_2.5. The NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ ratio at Qingdao was higher than that at remote places in East Asia. Gas and aerosol data obtained at Fenghuangshan were similar to data at Qingdao, suggesting that emissions from small cities may have a great influence on pollution in northern China.  相似文献   

On the characterization of aerosols using the Ångström exponent in the Athens area   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

D.G. Kaskaoutis  H.D Kambezidis  A.D. Adamopoulos  P.A. Kassomenos 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2006,68(18):2147-2163

Ground-based spectroradiometric measurements were taken in the atmosphere of Athens during May 1995 in order to investigate various atmospheric conditions. This study focuses on the Ångström exponent α, which is the slope of the logarithm of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) versus the logarithm of the wavelength, lnλ, and is commonly used to characterize the wavelength dependence of AOD and to provide some basic information on the aerosol size distribution. Using the Volz method, Ångström exponent values, α, were derived in five narrow spectral bands, 340–380, 380–440, 440–500, 500–670 and 670–870 nm. Also using both Volz and least-squares fit methods α values were derived for the whole spectrum 340-870 nm.The results show that α depends strongly on the wavelength interval used due to the curvature of the lnAOD versus lnλ line. Using the spectral dependence of the Ångström exponent and the relationship between α computed in different spectral bands with AOD, an attempt to investigate on the aerosol types is made. The results obtained are rather contradictory and the determination of a dominant aerosol type in the Athens area is not clear. Nevertheless, in the most cases the anthropogenic aerosols seem to be the dominant type with rather significant contributions of coarse-mode particles due to particle growing or due to mixing processes with other aerosol types.  相似文献   

Isolating and identifying atmospheric ice-nucleating aerosols: a new technique     

S. M. Kreidenweis  Y. Chen  D. C. Rogers  P. J. DeMott 《Atmospheric Research》1998,46(3-4)

Laboratory studies examined two key aspects of the performance of a continuous-flow diffusion chamber (CFD) instrument that detects ice nuclei (IN) concentrations in air samples: separating IN from non-IN, and collecting IN aerosols to determine chemical composition. In the first study, submicron AgI IN particles were mixed in a sample stream with submicron non-IN salt particles, and the sample stream was processed in the CFD at −19°C and 23% supersaturation with respect to ice. Examination of the residual particles from crystals nucleated in the CFD confirmed that only AgI particles served as IN in the mixed stream. The second study applied this technique to separate and analyze IN and non-IN particles in a natural air sample. Energy-dispersive X-ray analyses (EDS) of the elemental composition of selected particles from the IN and non-IN fractions in ambient air showed chemical differences: Si and Ca were present in both, but S, Fe and K were also detected in the non-IN fraction.  相似文献   

我国地面太阳辐射量的时空变化研究   总被引：30，自引：1，他引：30  

查良松 《地理科学》1996,16(3):232-237

在分析我国到达地面太阳辐射量（１９５７￣１９９２年）时空变化分布规律基础上，阐述了火山爆发产生的气溶胶和城市发展带来的人工气溶胶对太阳辐射量变化的影响，以及大气中气溶胶增加和地面太阳总辐射量的减少在环境研究中的问题。  相似文献   

青藏高原五道梁低层大气气溶胶来源的初步分析：Ⅱ.源地和输送     

沈志宝  张小曳 《高原气象》1997,16(4):345-352

基于对五道梁大气气溶胶来源的分析结果和青藏高原及其附近地区环流和天气特征，根据各源气溶胶的浓度变化与单站气象要素变化的关系，讨论了气溶胶的源区和输送。五道梁有两个稳定的污染排放源，全年均对该地低层大气有影响。  相似文献   

四川西昌螺髻山全新世植被与环境变化   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

李旭  刘金陵 《地理学报》1988,(1)

通过对沉积物进行孢粉、植物碎屑、硅藻和矿物等的研究和表土的孢粉分析,发现外来孢粉可以远远多于原地沉积的孢粉。并证明该地区在12400年B.P.时,雪线已经高于3660m,从12000年B.P.开始进入全新世。作者在文献[1]中探讨了我国大气透明度系数的空间分布及其主要影响因子。本文则探讨大气透明度系数的时间变化,特别是它的长期变化及其成因。结果发现:火山爆发可使大气透明度系数明显减小;由于人类活动影响,冬季大气透明度系数P_z、P_d有明显的减小趋势,P_2、F_d与用煤量等污染指标有很好的负相关。文中还对大气可降水含量的气候学推算方法进行了探讨。  相似文献   

The characterization and distribution of aerosol and gaseous species in the winter monsoon over the western pacific ocean     

Ito  T.  Okita  T.  Ikegami  M.  Kanazawa  I. 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1986,4(4):401-411

In order to obtain a better understanding of the behavior of aerosols and SO₂ in the longrange transport through a marine boundary layer, a simple box-model is applied to the evaluation of the residence times of the species from the concentrations of gases and aerosols measured simulataneously on two islands in the West Pacific Ocean in the north-west monsoon. For Aitken and large particles, the residence time is varied from 3.7 to 7.4 days depending on the particle size, and their flux to the sea is equal to or slightly smaller than that of the free atmosphere. The residence time of giant particles is about one day and their flux to the sea is three times larger than that of the free atmosphere. The residence time of SO₂ is 15 hr, and the relative SO₂ mass flows of the deposition to the sea, of the diffusion to the free atmosphere and of the transformation to SO₄ ^2- are approximately 4, 1 and 1, respectively.  相似文献