Long-wave radiative analysis of cloudy scattering atmospheres using a net exchange formulation     

V. Eymet  J. L. Dufresne  P. Ricchiazzi  R. Fournier  S. Blanco 《Atmospheric Research》2004,72(1-4):239

The Net Exchange Formulation (NEF) is an alternative to the usual radiative transfer equation. It was proposed in 1967 by Green [Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 93 (1967) 371] for atmospheric sciences and by Hottel [H.C. Hottel, A.F. Sarofim. Radiative Transfer McGraw Hill, New York, 1967] for engineering sciences. Until now, the NEF has been used only in a very few cases for atmospheric studies. Recently we have developed a long-wave radiative code based on this formulation for a GCM of the Mars planet. Here, we will present results for the Earth atmosphere, obtained with a Monte Carlo Method based on the NEF. In this method, fluxes are not addressed any more. The basic variables are the net exchange rates (NER) between each pair of atmospheric layer (i, j), i.e. the radiative power emitted by i and absorbed by j minus the radiative power emitted by j and absorbed by i. The graphical representation of the NER matrix highlights the radiative exchanges that dominate the radiative budget of the atmosphere and allows one to have a very good insight of the radiative exchanges. Results will be presented for clear sky atmospheres with Mid-Latitude Summer and Sub-Arctic Winter temperature profiles, and for the same atmospheres with three different types of clouds. The effect of scattering on long-wave radiative exchanges will also be analysed.  相似文献   

地球物理衍射CT技术     

季颖  陈顒  顾本立 《CT理论与应用研究》1993,(1)

本文讨论了2.5维问题,同时模拟研究了实测试验中遇到的几个问题,如散射场的提取,探头的方向性问题等,最后,根据实测数据进行了成功的反演。  相似文献   

Inverse kinematic problem for a random gradient medium in geometric optics approximation     

N. V. Petersen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1990,132(1-2):417-437

Scattering at random inhomogeneities in a gradient medium results in systematic deviations of the rays and travel times of refracted body waves from those corresponding to the deterministic velocity component. The character of the difference depends on the parameters of the deterministic and random velocity component. However, at great distances to the source, independently of the velocity parameters (weakly or strongly inhomogeneous medium), the most probable depth of the ray turning point is smaller than that corresponding to the deterministic velocity component, the most probable travel times also being lower. The relative uncertainty in the deterministic velocity component, derived from the mean travel times using methods developed for laterally homogeneous media (for instance, the Herglotz-Wiechert method), is systematic in character, but does not exceed the contrast of velocity inhomogeneities by magnitude. The gradient of the deterministic velocity component has a significant effect on the travel-time fluctuations. The variance at great distances to the source is mainly controlled by shallow inhomogeneities. The travel-time flucutations are studied only for weakly inhomogeneous media.  相似文献   

Comment on “Glory phenomenon informs of presence and phase state of liquid water in cold clouds” by Anatoly N. Nevzorov     

Bernhard Mayer  Claudia Emde 《Atmospheric Research》2007,84(4):410-419

In a recent publication “Glory phenomenon informs of presence and phase state of liquid water in cold clouds” Nevzorov [Nevzorov, A., 2006. Glory phenomenon informs of presence and phase state of liquid water in cold clouds. Atmospheric Research 82, 367–378] claims that “the convincing evidence has been provided that this sort of glory forms as a first-order bow from spherical particles with a refractive index of 1.81–1.82 and diameter over 20 μm”. This is a highly unusual finding because the refractive index of liquid water and ice is between 1.30 and 1.35 in the visible spectral range. The author concludes that “once more corroboration is gained […] of droplets of liquid water in specific phase state referred to amorphous water, or A-water”. Here we show that the phenomena described by the author are easily explained assuming liquid water with a refractive index of 1.33 and a realistic droplet size distribution with an effective radius of around 10 μm. We conclude that this type of observations does not corroborate the existence of amorphous water in the atmosphere. In a recent publication we showed how to quantitatively derive cloud optical thickness, effective droplet radius, and even the width of the size distribution from observations of the glory [Mayer, B., Schröder, M., Preusker, R., Schüller, L., 2004. Remote sensing of water cloud droplet size distributions using the backscatter glory: a case study. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4, 1255–1263].  相似文献   

Molar Masses and Radii of Humic Substances Measured by Light Scattering     

D. B. Wagoner  R. F. Christman 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1998,26(3):191-195

A bulk aquatic natural organic material (NOM) was characterized by high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), UV-Vis, and refractive index detection. This technique was used to measure the molar mass and radius of the natural organic matter in solution. Results indicate that the NOM aggregates to a large extent at the concentrations used in this study (5... 15 mg mL^–1). The solution conditions of pH and ionic strength were also shown to affect the measured size of NOM. The number and type of HPSEC columns also influenced these measurements. The importance of using multiple detectors was illustrated by peaks that were not detected by all the detectors. While these data are preliminary and have large errors associated with them, it is nevertheless an indication that HPSEC-MALLS can be used to investigate the effects of solution conditions and aggregation on the size of humic substances in solution.  相似文献   

Alternative measures of dispersion applied to flow in a convoluted channel     

Monica Moroni  Natalie Kleinfelter-Domelle  John H. Cushman 《Advances in water resources》2009

Steady flow in a convoluted channel is studied via Particle Tracking Velocimetry. The channel is constructed from a sequence of closed parallel cylindrical tubes welded together in plane which are then sliced down the lateral mid-plane and the lower complex is laterally shifted relative to the upper complex. Flow is induced in the lateral direction normal to the axis of the tubes. The a-time, T_a, finite-size Lyapunov exponent, λ_a, and the real-space self- and distinct-part of the intermediate scattering functions, G_s and G_d, and the pair density function, G_p, are computed from the data. Particle trajectories, velocity maps and streamlines show the channel has two prominent recirculation zones and a main flow region. The first passage time probability density function of tagged particles past a plane transverse to the mean flow illustrates how particles are delayed by recirculation zones. The delay caused by fluid element folding is manifested in single particle statistics such as the first passage time and the slowing increase in horizontal evolution of G_s. G_p describes initial particle distribution and allows areas in the flow domain trapping particles to be identified and visualized. G_d shows the evolution of the average separation of pairs of particles and when examined in a recirculation zone, it evolves little because of fluid element rotation. λ_a gives information on what transpires at a fixed scale and provides an estimate of the rate at which particles initially separated by a distance x separate to a distance ax as opposed to G_d which allows one to view changes over time. At small separations, λ_1.3 approaches a constant and for intermediate separations it scales as x^−0.8.  相似文献   

一种海面微波散射模式的迭代解   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张瑰  邓冰 《海洋预报》2004,21(3):64-69

采用随机粗糙面上部分覆盖球形气泡的海面微波散射模式,将非均质大气中的光散射的辐射传输理论推广到此模式中去,得到了辐射强度满足的积分方程关系式。  相似文献   

半空间饱和介质内圆形洞室对平面P1波的散射   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

徐平  铁瑛  夏唐代 《地震工程学报》2008,30(4):369-375

考虑土颗粒和孔隙流体的压缩性以及孔隙流体与土骨架之间的粘性耦合作用,采用修正的Biot模型,假定半空间表面不透水,得到了平面P1波(快压缩波)在半空间表面的反射P1波、P2波(慢压缩波)和SV波(剪切波)的幅值.采用大圆弧假定将半空间内圆形洞室的散射问题转化为大圆弧和圆形洞室的多重散射问题,运用波函数展开法将入射波、反射波以及半空间表面和洞室的散射波的势函数展开成Fourier-Bessel函数的无穷级数形式,由Graf加法定理得到同一坐标系下的势函数的表达式,根据半空间表面和洞室完全自由的边界条件得到了待定复系数的理论解.通过数值计算,着重分析了平面P1波垂直向上入射时无量纲入射频率和洞室埋藏深度等对洞室的动应力集中因子和半空间表面的归一化水平和竖向位移的影响.  相似文献   

Dragged surge motion of tension leg platforms and strained elastic tethers     

Hsien Hua Lee  Pei-Wen Wang  Chung-Pan Lee 《Ocean Engineering》1999,26(6):145

This paper presents an analytical solution for the dynamic behavior of both the platform and tethers in the tension leg platform system when the platform system is subjected to the wave-induced surge motion and the flow-induced drag motion. Along with the analysis the coupling problem of a two dimensional tension leg platform interacting with a monochromatic linear wave train in an inviscid and incompressible fluid is being considered. The scattering problem and radiation problem are first solved independently and then combined together to resolve for all unknowns. The dynamic behavior of the platform and tethers was further solved based on these solutions. The material property and the dimensional effect for the tether incorporated in the tension leg platform system are both taken into account in the analytical analysis. Corresponding to the variation of material properties and tether dimensions, it was found that the dynamic behavior of both the tether of tension leg platform and the platform itself is closely related to the material property and the dimension of the tether.  相似文献   

Weighted residual method for diffraction of plane P-waves in a 2-D elastic half-space III: on an almost circular arbitrary-shaped alluvial valley          下载免费PDF全文

Heather P. Brandow  Vincent Lee 《地震科学（英文版）》2018,31(1):19-34

Scattering and diffraction of elastic in-plane P- and SV-waves by a surface topography such as an elastic canyon at the surface of a half-space is a classical problem which has been studied by earthquake engineers and strong motion seismologists for over forty years. The case of out-of-plane SH-waves on the same elastic canyon that is semicircular in shape on the half-space surface is the first such problem that was solved by analytic closed-form solutions over forty years ago by Trifunac. The corresponding case of in-plane P- and SV-waves on the same circular canyon is a much more complicated problem because the in-plane P- and SV- scattered waves have different wave speeds and together they must have zero normal and shear stresses at the half-space surface. It is not until recently in 2014 that analytic solution for such problem is found by Lee and Liu. This paper uses their technique of defining these stress-free scattered waves, which Brandow and Lee previously used to solve the problem of the scattering and diffraction of these in-plane waves on an almost-circular surface canyon that is arbitrary in shape, to the study of the scattering and diffraction of these in-plane waves on an almost circular arbitrary-shaped alluvial valley.  相似文献