An empirical formula to compute snow cover fraction in GCMs   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

WU Tongwen  WU Guoxiong 《大气科学进展》2004,21(4):529-535

There exists great uncertainty in parameterizing snow cover fraction in most general circulation models (GCMs) using various empirical formulae, which has great influence on the performance of GCMs. This work reviews the commonly used relationships between region-averaged snow depth (or snow water equivalent) and snow cover extent (or fraction) and suggests a new empirical formula to compute snow cover fraction, which only depends on the domain-averaged snow depth, for GCMs with different horizontal resolution. The new empirical formula is deduced based on the 10-yr (1978-1987) 0.5°× 0.5° weekly snow depth data of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) driven from the Nimbus-7 Satellite. Its validation to estimate snow cover for various GCM resolutions was tested using the climatology of NOAA satellite-observed snow cover.  相似文献   

Modeling Arctic Intermediate Water： The effects of Neptune parameterization and horizontal resolution   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

LI Xiang  SU Jie  WANG Zeliang  ZHAO Jinping 《极地研究(英文版)》2013,(2):98-105

  相似文献   

Understanding of the Common Land Model performance for water and energy fluxes in a farmland during the growing season in Korea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Minha Choi  Seung Oh Lee  Hyojung Kwon 《水文研究》2010,24(8):1063-1071

The Common Land Model (CLM) is one of the most widely used land surface models (LSMs) due to the practicality of its simple parameterization scheme and its versatility in embracing a variety of field datasets. The improved assessment of land surface water and energy fluxes using CLM can be an alternative approach for understanding the complex land–atmosphere interactions in data‐limited regions. The understanding of water and energy cycles in a farmland is crucial because it is a dominant land feature in Korea and Asia. However, the applications of CLM to farmland in Korea are in paucity. The simulations of water and energy fluxes by CLM were conducted against those from the tower‐based measurements during the growing season of 2006 at the Haenam site (a farmland site) in Korea without optimization. According to the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme (IGBP) land cover classification, a homogeneous cropland was selected initially for this study. Although the simulated soil moisture had a similar pattern to that of the observed, the former was relatively drier (at 0·1 m³ m^?3) than the latter. The simulated net radiation showed good agreement with the observed, with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 41 W m^?2, whereas relatively large discrepancies between the simulation and observation were found in sensible (RMSE of 66 W m^?2) and latent (RMSE of 60 W m^?2) heat fluxes. On the basis of the sensitivity analysis, soil moisture was more receptive to land cover and soil texture parameterizations when compared to soil temperature and turbulent fluxes. Despite the uncertainty in the predictive capability of CLM employed without optimization, the initial performance of CLM suggests usefulness in a data‐limited heterogeneous farmland in Korea. Further studies are required to identify the controls on water and energy fluxes with an improved parameterization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Catchment storm runoff modelling using the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph     

H. Q. Nguyen  T. H.M. Rientjes 《国际地球制图》2013,28(5):357-375

A lumped empirical model, the Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) rainfall-runoff model, is developed for the Can Le catchment in the upstream region of the Sai Gon river Basin (Vietnam). This model can serve to simulate catchment runoff into the Dau Tieng Reservoir and can be used as a flood forecasting tool for the ungauged Can Le catchment. The GIUH couples geomorphology and hydrology quantitatively. The obtained Unit Hydrograph is based on Horton's morphometric parameters; bifurcation, length and area ratios. A new functionality within the ILWIS GIS-RS package, namely ‘DEM-hydro processing’, is applied to effectively process a Digital Elevation Model to extract these ratios from the drainage network. To supplement the limited field data available, various satellites images have been used such as ASTER, SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) and METEOSAT 5. A short field campaign to collect missing ground data was executed between September and October 2005. The data collected included discharge (and stage – discharge curve), meteorological data, soil, land use information that are used for paramerisation, calibration and validation of the GIUH. The model was successfully applied for the Can Le catchment. Using the Horton's morphometric parameters derived from the DEM with estimated overland and stream flow velocities, the model is easy-to-use.  相似文献   

A New Typhoon Bogus Data Assimilation and its Sampling Method: A Case Study          下载免费PDF全文

WANG Shu-Dong  LIU Juan-Juan  WANG Bin 《大气和海洋科学快报》2011,4(5):276-280

In this study,the authors introduce a new bogus data assimilation method based on the dimension-reduced projection 4-DVar,which can resolve the cost function directly in low-dimensional space.The authors also try a new method to improve the quality of samples,which are the base of dimension-reduced space projection bogus data assimilation (DRP-BDA).By running a number of numerical weather models with different model parameterization combinations on the typhoon Sinlaku,the authors obtained two groups of samples with different spreads and similarities.After DRP-BDA,the results show that,compared with the control runs,the simulated typhoon center pressure can be deepened by more than 20 hPa to 30 hPa and that the intensity can last as long as 60 hours.The mean track error is improved after DRP-BDA,and the structure of the typhoon is also improved.The wind near the typhoon center is enhanced dramatically,while the warm core is moderate.  相似文献   

基于土壤植被不同参数化方法的流域蒸散发模拟     

邵薇薇  徐翔宇  杨大文 《水文》2011,31(5):6-14

植被和土壤是水循环中的重要载体,模拟流域水循环时植被和土壤的参数化也显得尤为重要。通过对比流域蒸散发模拟中分布式模型和集总式概念模型的土壤植被参数化方法,计算了潘家口水库流域不同时间尺度上的流域蒸散发,分析了不同时间尺度下流域蒸散发的影响因素。通过分析得出:(1)分布式水文模型中的植被参数化方法包括对植被时空分布与变化的描述,以及与之相关的土壤-植被-大气中水分和能量的传输过程的描述。(2)从GBHM模型与流域水热耦合平衡模型的对比分析可知,在流域尺度上,年实际蒸散发与潜在蒸散发之间呈互补的高度非线性关系;但在山坡和小时时间尺度上,实际蒸散发与潜在蒸散发之间呈正比关系,并可近似为线性正比关系。(3)基于流域水热耦合平衡模型在不同时间尺度的参数化分析可知,考虑植被土壤水分和植被覆盖度能改善对流域蒸散发的年际和季节变化的模拟精度;土壤水分和植被的影响随着时间尺度变小表现得越来越显著。  相似文献   

ENSEMBLE PREDICTION EXPERIMENTS OF TRACKS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES BY USING MULTIPLE CUMULUS PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

郝世峰  崔晓鹏  潘劲松 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2008,14(1):41-44

Ensemble prediction experiments of the tracks of eight tropical cyclones occurring between 2004 -2006 over the western Pacific have been performed by using MM5 with five cumulus parameterizations chemes. The results show that the predictions of the tracks of the tropical cyclones are sensitive to the selection of cumulus parameterization schemes. Each scheme has its own advantage and disadvantage, and the predications without cumulus parameterization schemes are not the worst, sometimes even better than the others. And all of the three ensemble methods improve the predictions of the tracks significantly, among which the ensemble method without parameterization schemes, the Grell, Betts-Miller and Kain-Fritsch schemes are the best.  相似文献   

渤海冰-海洋耦合模式Ⅰ.模式和参数研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

苏洁  吴辉碇  刘钦政  张蕴斐  白珊 《海洋学报》2005,27(1):19-26

在国内外冰-海洋耦合模式研究基础上,根据渤海水文、气象和冰情特点,以国家海洋环境预报中心的渤海海冰预报模式和POM海洋模式为基础,开发了一个冰-海洋耦合模式.在该耦合模式中,冰和海洋之间的动量和热量交换是双向的,冰厚和冰密集度的变化不仅由冰表面和冰底的热收支决定,还由开阔水的表面热收支决定.侧重阐述了耦合模式的动力和热力学过程的耦合,并对模式中一些热力参数进行了讨论.  相似文献   

水文模型与陆面模式耦合研究进展   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  

雍斌  张万昌  刘传胜 《冰川冻土》2006,28(6):961-970

水文模型与陆面模式耦合是目前全球变化研究中的热点问题,如何实现分布式水文模型与陆面过程模式的双向耦合,并将其有机嵌入大气模式中,是未来大气环流模式(GCM)和区域气候模式(RCM)发展和完善的重要目标之一.在简单介绍陆面过程模式和水文模型发展历程的基础上,对水文模型和陆面过程耦合研究的国内外进展进行了综述,指出了模式耦合中存在的共同问题和未来工作的研究要点.最后,探讨了分布式水文模型与陆面模式耦合在全球变化研究框架中的地位与意义,并展望了陆面水文过程发展的主流趋势和研究方向.  相似文献   

Incorporation of Non-Linear Effective Cross-Section Parameterizations into a Fast Photolysis Computation Code (Fast-J)     

Philip J. Cameron-Smith 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2000,37(3):283-297

We have investigated several methods of incorporating laboratorymeasurements of effective cross-sections (quantum yield timesabsorption cross-section) that are non-linear functions oftemperature, pressure, and wavelength, into the Fast-J photolysis codeof Wild et al. (2000). The best method was found to beparameterization of the solar weighted effective cross-section usingthe form of the effective cross-section, with numerical fitting of theparameterization constants. Using this technique on the acetone dataof Gierczak et al. (1998) produces aparameterization which fits all points to within 1%. This methodshould also benefit other photolysis codes with large wavelength bins.  相似文献