大孔径闪烁仪观测数据的处理方法研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

白洁  刘绍民  丁晓萍  卢俐 《地球科学进展》2010,25(11):1148-1165

大孔径闪烁仪可以获取公里级尺度的显热/潜热通量,其观测数据在农林业、水文、气象等领域的研究中具有越来越重要的作用.以海河流域2008年密云站和馆陶站大孔径闪烁仪的观测数据为例,讨论了数据筛选与处理方法,以及大气不稳定状态下不同处理方法对显热通量造成的影响.结果表明:空气折射指数结构参数应结合电压信号的方差进行计算、采用逐日的日平均波文比系数进行湿度订正、结合空间权重函数计算有效高度、选取Andreas(1988)稳定度函数计算显热通量等是可信的.通过对不同插补方法的比较可知,采用非线性回归方法和以零值替代的方法对不稳定状态和稳定状态下30 min缺失的显热通量进行插补,采用动态线性回归方法对日显热通量的缺失进行插补是可行的.为了解决由于冬天净辐射和显热通量较小,造成能量平衡方程余项法计算的蒸散量产生较大误差的问题,可采用根据大孔径闪烁仪与涡动相关仪观测的日蒸散量建立的关系式进行估算.基于上述方法的研究,形成了一套较为完整的大孔径闪烁仪观测数据的处理流程,保证了在不同下垫面、不同的天气状况条件下都能获取质量可靠、数据连续的大孔径闪烁仪观测的显热/潜热通量.  相似文献   

Variability Of The Stable And Unstable Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Height And Its Scales Over A Boreal Forest   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

S. M. Joffre  M. Kangas  M. Heikinheimo  S. A. Kitaigorodskii 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,99(3):429-450

Radiosondes releases during the NOPEX-WINTEX experiment carried out in late winter in Northern Finland were analysed for the determination of the height h of the atmospheric boundary layer. We investigate various possible scaling approaches, based on length scales using micrometeorological turbulence surface measurements and the background atmospheric stratification above h. Under stable conditions, the three previously observed turbulence regimes delineated by values of z/L (L is the Obukhov length) appears as a blueprint for understanding the departures found for the suitability of the Ekman scaling based on L_E = u_/f (u is the friction velocity and f the Coriolis parameter). The length scale L_N = u_/N (where N is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency) appears to be a useful scale under most stable conditions, especially in association with L. Under unstable conditions, shear production of turbulence is still significant, so that the three scales L, L_N and L_E are again relevant and the dimensionless ratios _N = L_N/L and L_N/L_E = N/f describe well the WINTEX data. Furthermore, in the classical scaling framework, the unstable domain may also be divided into three regimes as reflected by the dependence ofu_/f on instability (z/L).  相似文献   

Nonuniform Distribution Of High-Frequency Turbulence In The Unstable Boundary Layer     

Nobuyuki Kinoshita 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,106(1):61-91

Turbulent flow data of wind velocity and temperature in the unstably stratifiedatmospheric boundary layer, derived from steel tower observations in the field and wind-tunnel experiments were used to study the relationship between the plumes and the small-scale eddies in the inertial subrange. Flow visualisation experiments in the wind tunnel were also conducted to observe the structure of the flow in the plumes, and time series data were analysed by using wavelet transforms. The results show that variances of velocity and temperature due to the small-scale eddies are large in the plumes and small outside of the plumes, and that the momentum and heat fluxes due to the small-scale eddies follow the same tendency as found in the variances. The ratios of the variances caused by the small-scale eddies in the plumes to the whole of the variances caused by the small-scale eddies in and out the plumes increase with non-dimensional height -z/L in which L is the local Obukhov length. Similar ratios of the fluxes caused by the small-scale eddies also show the same tendency. These ratios can be expressed as functions of -z/L for results based on field observationand the wind tunnel experiments. This relation hardly changes even if the wavelet function is changed. The flow visualisation experiments show that the plumes have a complicated structure in which mushroom type flows are stacked on top of each other. This characteristic structure seems to increase the energy of the small-scale eddies in the plumes.  相似文献   

A model of channel response in disturbed alluvial channels   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Andrew Simon 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1989,14(1):11-26

Dredging and straightening of alluvial channels between 1959 and 1978 in West Tennessee caused a series of morphologic changes along modified reaches and tributary streams. Degradation occurred for 10 to 15 years at sites upstream of the area of maximum disturbance and lowered bed-levels by as much as 6·1 m. Following degradation, reaches upstream of the area of maximum disturbance experienced a secondary aggradation phase in response to excessive incision and gradient reduction. Aggradation downstream of the area of maximum disturbance reached 0·12 m per year with the greatest rates occurring near the stream mouths. The adjustment of channel geometry and phases of channel evolution are characterized by six process-oriented stages of morphologic development—premodified, constructed, degradation, threshold, aggradation, and restabilization. Down-cutting and toe removal during the degradation stage causes bank failure by mass wasting when the critical height and angle of the bank material is exceeded (threshold stage). Channel widening continues through the aggradation stage as the ‘slough line’ develops as an initial site of lower-bank stability. The bank profile develops three dynamic elements (1) vertical face (70° to 90°), (2) upper bank (25° to 50°), and (3) slough line (20° to 25°). Alternate channel bars form during the restabilization stage and represent incipient meandering of the channel.  相似文献   

Effects of Topographical Slope Angle and Atmospheric Stratification on Surface-Layer Turbulence     

Moon-Soo Park  Soon-Ung Park 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,118(3):613-633

The effect of topographical slope angle and atmospheric stratification on turbulence intensities in the unstably stratified surface layer have been parameterized using observations obtained from a three-dimensional sonic anemometer installed at 8 m height above the ground at the Seoul National University (SNU) campus site in Korea for the years 1999–2001. Winds obtained from the sonic anemometer are analyzed according to the mean wind direction, since the topographical slope angle changes significantly along the azimuthal direction. The effects of the topographical slope angle and atmospheric stratification on surface-layer turbulence intensity are examined with these data. It is found that both the friction velocity and the variance for each component of wind normalized by the mean wind speed decrease with increase of the topographical slope angle, having a maximum decreasing rate at very unstable stratification. The decreasing rate of the normalized friction velocity (u _* /U) is found to be much larger than that of the turbulence intensity of each wind component due to the reduction of wind shear with increase in slope angle under unstable stratification. The decreasing rate of the w component of turbulence intensity (σ _w /U) is the smallest over the downslope surface whereas that of the u component (σ _u /U) has a minimum over the upslope surface. Consequently, σ _w /u _* has a maximum increasing rate with increase in slope angle for the downslope wind, whereas σ _u /u _* has its maximum for the upslope wind. The sloping terrain is found to reduce both the friction velocity and turbulence intensity compared with those on a flat surface. However, the reduction of the friction velocity over the sloping terrain is larger than that of the turbulence intensity, thereby enhancing the turbulence intensity normalized by the friction velocity over sloping terrain compared with that over a flat surface.  相似文献   

武汉区域分县可能最大降水预报研究     

崔讲学  王仁乔  王丽  金琪  李银娥 《湖北气象》2007,26(4):295-300

针对强降水过程预报,介绍了一种包含大尺度降水、不稳定能量释放、地形影响作用等因子的可能最大降水预报模型的建立方案。方案利用历史强降水过程资料和精细的地形资料,从暴雨的基本成因出发,构造了多个影响因子,分别设计了不稳定降水方程和地形影响降水方程。通过2007汛期业务试运行表明,同其它模式相比,该模型对暴雨有较强的预报能力,为防汛抗灾提供了可靠的气象决策依据,最大可能降低了暴雨洪涝灾害造成的损失。  相似文献   

Slow gas expansion in saturated natural porous media by gas injection and partitioning with non-aqueous phase liquids     

Kevin G. Mumford  Sarah E. Dickson  James E. Smith 《Advances in water resources》2009

The partitioning of volatile non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) compounds to a discontinuous gas phase can result in the expansion of that gas phase, and the resulting gas flow can significantly affect the mass transfer from NAPL source zones. This recently reported gas flow generated by the spontaneous expansion of a discontinuous gas phase has not been extensively characterized in the literature. This study measured the expansion rate of a single gas cluster in a 1.1 mm sand above a pool of trans-1,2-dichloroethene (tDCE) in small-scale flow cell experiments. To characterize the gas flow, gas injection experiments in three sizes of sand were conducted at very slow injection rates typical of gas flow rates produced by gas expansion due to NAPL partitioning. Gas cluster spontaneous expansion rates above a tDCE pool were found to be 0.34 ± 0.02 and 0.29 ± 0.01 mL/day in duplicate experiments, which is sufficiently slow to result in discontinuous gas flow in porous media with a grain size diameter greater than 0.02 mm. Measured capillary pressures during gas injection showed patterns consistent with discontinuous gas flow, and identified multiple fragmentation events and expansion by coalescence with trapped clusters. The combination of pressure data and light transmission images were used to identify fragmentation and obtain direct measurements of the critical cluster length (i.e. the length at which withdrawal of the gas phase from a pore space occurs) in quasi-two-dimensional porous media for the first time. The measured critical cluster lengths were 1.4–3.6, 3.2–6.0 and 2.8–6.5 cm in 1.1, 0.7 and 0.5 mm sands, respectively. These values agreed well with estimates of the critical cluster length made using previously reported equations, and parameters derived from the medium’s capillary pressure-saturation relationship.  相似文献   

2005年8月13日抚顺地区大暴雨天气过程诊断分析   总被引：4，自引：5，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

吴春英  侯波  刘飞  肇振国  王阳 《气象与环境学报》2006,22(3):11-15

利用天气图等实况资料,针对2005年8月13日抚顺大暴雨天气过程,从环流形势特征、不稳定能量、水汽和动力条件等方面入手,寻找形成强降水的物理背景,并对云团演变过程、数值预报产品应用和特殊地形对降水的影响进行分析,探讨降水过程的天气系统演变特征及发生、发展的物理机制,以提高对此类型暴雨天气的认识和预报能力。结果表明:西风槽东移、热带风暴北移,促使副热带高压北上,建立了低空急流;低空急流为大暴雨输送大量水汽和不稳定能量;切变线东南移,携带冷空气与副热带高压边缘不稳定能量在抚顺交汇,对流云团得到强烈发展,触发了副热带高压边缘不稳定能量的释放,因此形成了大暴雨天气;地形辐合抬升,对降水起到了增强作用。  相似文献   

2008年6月广西持续性暴雨的诊断与数值模拟   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  

陈业国  农孟松 《气象科学》2010,30(2):250-255

用NCEP/NCAR全球逐日再分析格点资料和广西区域日降水资料,对2008年6月12—13日发生在广西的持续性暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,并利用中尺度数值模式WRF进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:暴雨过程的水汽来源主要为孟加拉湾南部和南海北部;在强降水期间,暴雨区上空低层为较强的大气层结不稳定区,中高层为大气层结相对稳定区,不稳定能量与降水强度有着很好的对应关系;西南急流作为对流系统上升的触发机制,为广西持续性暴雨过程的发生和发展提供了水汽条件和动力条件。WRF模式成功模拟出本次暴雨过程的大尺度环流形势的演变及中尺度降雨分布,本次暴雨与850hPa上一个β中尺度低涡的生成和强烈发展直接关联。  相似文献   

青海省刚察县地质灾害特征及防治对策     

马涛  祁生伟  王静慧 《高原地震》2011,23(4):65-67

刚察县地质灾害主要分布在县域中部的大通山区,灾害类型以泥石流及不稳定斜坡为主,地质灾害已成为影响山区经济发展、威胁少数民族生命财产安全的重要因素。在刚察县地质灾害现状调查的基础上,分析了地质灾害的成因和分布特点,并针对灾种类型提出了相应的防治对策。  相似文献