可可西里卓乃湖溃决后湖区环境变化及盐湖可能的溃决方式   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

谢昌卫  张钰鑫  刘文惠  吴吉春  杨贵前  王武  刘广岳 《冰川冻土》2020,42(4):1344-1352

2011年9月卓乃湖溃决后引发的区域沙漠化灾害现象对区域生态环境已经造成了一定影响。同时下游的盐湖在接收洪水后水位持续上涨, 对青藏公路工程走廊内管线工程运行安全造成了重大的威胁。本文根据野外考察资料对卓乃湖的溃决过程和溃决后的影响进行了简要分析, 并对下游盐湖可能的溃决方式进行了分析。卓乃湖的溃决是由于湖区降水增多导致湖水外溢, 冲垮湖堤造成的。卓乃湖溃决后出露湖底成为沙尘暴的策源地, 出露湖底和周边草场形成了大面积的沙漠化区域。随着卓乃湖湖水不断排出, 洪水对出水口和下游河道进行着持续的冲蚀作用, 一方面导致湖底出露面积进一步扩大, 湖区沙漠化现象加剧, 另一方面导致下游河道侵蚀加深加宽, 对区域地形破坏进一步加强。对比卓乃湖区地形条件和水平衡特征, 盐湖的溃决方式将与卓乃湖类似, 洪水对下游的破坏作用要大于库赛湖区和海丁诺尔湖区。由于盐湖每年可排出的水量大于卓乃湖区, 当盐湖溃决后, 后期洪水对河道的冲蚀作用要大于卓乃湖区。  相似文献   

1971 - 2017年羌塘国家级自然保护区陆地生态环境变化     

杜军  牛晓俊  袁雷  次旺顿珠 《冰川冻土》2020,42(3):1017-1026

利用羌塘国家级自然保护区边缘5个气象站1971 - 2017年逐月平均气温、 平均最高气温、 平均最低气温、 降水量和逐年最大冻土深度等气象资料, 以及卫星遥感资料, 采用线性回归、 相关系数等方法, 分析了自然保护区气候（气温、 降水等）、 水体（湖泊、 冰川）和植被等生态环境因子的变化。结果表明： 近47年自然保护区年平均气温以0.46 ℃·（10a）^-1的速率显著升高, 明显高于同期全球和亚洲地表温度的升温率。四季平均气温升温率为0.37 ~ 0.55 ℃·（10a）^-1, 升幅在冬季最大、 夏季最小。年降水量呈明显的增加趋势, 增幅为11.0 mm·（10a）^-1, 主要表现在春、 夏两季。近43年（1975 - 2017年）色林错面积呈显著增加趋势, 平均增长率为38.48 km²·a^-1。1973 - 2017年, 普若岗日冰川面积整体上趋于减少, 平均每年减少2.11 km²; 自然保护区年最大冻土深度变化率为-35.7 cm·（10a）^-1。1999 - 2013年保护区NDVI增幅达25.3%, 平均每10年增加0.0184, 植被覆盖度明显增加。总之, 近47年自然保护区表现为气候暖湿化、 冰川退缩、 湖泊扩涨、 冻土退化、 植被覆盖增加的变化特征, 而冰川变化引发的水资源时空分布和水循环过程的变化, 无疑将给高原社会经济发展带来深刻影响。  相似文献   

东平湖二级湖堤级别的探讨          下载免费PDF全文

高峰  李洪书  王永刚  于晓龙 《山东国土资源》2005,21(8):60-61

东平湖是黄河下游的重要分滞洪工程,二级湖堤是东平湖的隔堤,将东平湖滞洪区分隔为新老湖区,2级运用。根据新湖区情况的变化和老湖功能作用的变化,可以看出二级湖堤现堤防级别与东平湖现状及规划不相符,需重新确定,应由4级堤防提高到1级堤防。同时,南水北调远期规划利用东平湖老湖作为调蓄水库,对其二级湖堤功能的变化进行了分析,提高了远期二级湖堤将成为水库围坝,为1级建筑物。  相似文献   

长白山天池火山千年大喷发期后火山泥石流沉积特征及其源-汇响应关系     

王璞珺  许伟东  陈海潮  衣键  王寒非  唐华风  王文华  武成智 《岩石学报》2020,36(9):2893-2910

源于长白山天池地区的火山泥石流沉积可分为粗碎屑岩块(岩屑)泥石流和细碎屑浮岩泥石流,它们沿二道白河和松花江水系搬运的路径为从距天池火山口40km的三合水电站经过丰满大坝(360km)和吉林市(380km)到小白旗屯(450km),形成广泛的沉积区域。这两类火山泥石流的沉积成因有两种解释:一是形成于千年大喷发同期,是由一次性洪水事件搬运和沉积形成的;二是形成于千年大喷发期后经过多次搬运和沉积的产物。两个模式的共同问题是都没有考虑天池当时是否有水及其蓄水过程。后一模式在某种程度上,还回避了导致岩屑与浮岩两类泥石流频繁互层的沉积物源和水动力条件以及二者的转换机制,而这恰恰是关于泥石流沉积成因的基本要素。通过重新研究火山泥石流经典剖面(位于天池西北57.73km的水田村),作者发现本区火山泥石流沉积存在明显的物源剥蚀区与沉积堆积区的反剖面关系。即无论是粒径32～500mm的粗碎屑还是0.0625～16mm的细碎屑,成分自下而上(或沉积早期到晚期)呈现规律性变化:剖面下部的碎屑成分以浮岩为主(浮岩在物源区位于顶部),向上粗面岩和玄武岩明显增多(在源区它们位于浮岩之下),而沉积序列上部的碎屑成分是在物源区处于较深层位的岩脉辉绿岩和基底流纹岩。整个序列碎屑成分的沉积分异特征明显。沉积构造和岩相组合特征显示,该火山泥石流剖面的下部和上部碎屑粒度细、分选较好、成层性好、水平状层理发育,主要表现为环境较为稳定的以地面径流为主的河流相和末端扇相背景沉积;中部粒度粗、成层性差、主要表现为突发性洪水作用导致的洪积相事件沉积。沉积序列中频繁出现的冲刷面构造指示水流强度曾出现周期性的快速增加。自下而上冲刷面规模由小变大再变小,指示水流强度由弱变强再变弱。为了探讨天池的积水条件和蓄水过程,作者基于达西定律和质量守恒原理,模拟计算降水量、蒸发量、地表径流量、火山机构整体的平均渗透率和天池积水速率之间的关系。结果显示,当天池火山机构平均渗透率高于6m D(毫达西)时,天池地区降水量减蒸发量即使高达2000mm/y,水亦会全部渗流而出,因此天池不存在积水环境。当降水量减蒸发量小于1500mm/y时,则天池火山体平均渗透率需要小于4m D,天池才可能在200年之内集满现今的水量。当天池降水量减蒸发量小于1000mm/y时,天池火山体平均渗透率需要小于2.5m D,天池才可能在200年之内集满现今的水量。将水田村火山泥石流沉积序列与天池蓄水过程计算结果加以对比,我们提出本区火山泥石流沉积序列的另一种成因解释:(1)这是形成于千年大喷发之后的以地面径流或河流为主的背景沉积与洪水导致的突发性事件沉积互层的序列;上部和下部的细碎屑层主要表现为背景沉积,中部的粗碎屑岩块泥石流主要表现为洪流事件沉积。(2)下部的背景沉积可能对应于天池千年大喷发之后的持续积水过程,时间可能不少于200年;而上部的背景沉积则对应于本区的水系和地貌逐渐稳定并接近于现今条件的稳定型河流沉积。结合天池北坡和西坡古老树木年轮指示的沙松冷杉生长年代(公元1749-1768)同时考虑松柏类植物对水系和地貌稳定性较为敏感等因素,推测上部沉积环境趋于稳定的时间应该不晚于公元十八世纪初。  相似文献   

Combining multisource satellite data to estimate storage variation of a lake in the Rift Valley Basin,Ethiopia     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2020

Integration of remote sensing data sets from multiple satellites is tested to simulate water storage variation of Lake Ziway, Ethiopia for the period 2009-2018. Sixty Landsat ETM+/OLI images served to trace temporal variation of lake surface area using a water extraction index. Time series of lake levels were acquired from two altimetry databases that were validated by in-situ lake level measurements. Coinciding pairs of optical satellite based lake surface area and radar altimetry based lake levels were related through regression and served for simulating lake storage variation. Indices for extracting lake surface area from images showed 91–99 % overall accuracy. Lake water levels from the altimetry products well agreed to in-situ lake level measurements with R² = 0.92 and root mean square error of 11.9 cm. Based on this study we conclude that integrating satellite imagery and radar altimetry is a viable approach for frequent and accurate monitoring of lake water volume variation and for long-term change detection. Findings indicate water level reduction (4 cm/annum), surface area shrinkage (0.08km²/annum) and water storage loss (20.4Mm³/annum) of Lake Ziway (2009–2018).  相似文献   

临朐山旺古动物群简介     

吕伟  马学民  王宗花  李俊德 《山东国土资源》2009,25(8):63-67

山旺国家自然保护区于1980年国务院批准公布,面积1．2km2,位于临朐县城东22km处,该区为玛珥湖,蕴藏古生物化石丰富,种类繁多,目前已发现10多个门类700多种,形成于新近纪中新世,距今约1800万年。  相似文献   

Community structure of epibenthic meiofauna in the St. Lucia Estuarine Lake (South Africa) during a drought phase     

D. Pillay  R. Perissinotto 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009

The St. Lucia Estuary is Africa's largest estuarine system. It is a major component of the iSimangaliso (formerly Greater St. Lucia) Wetland Park, which was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999. The system has been severely affected by drought conditions which have culminated in the mouth of the system being cut off from the Indian Ocean since June 2002, for a period of almost five years. This study aimed to document the dynamics of meiofauna of the system during a drought phase, since (1) the effects of droughts on estuaries are poorly documented and understood and (2) because studies of meiofauna have never been undertaken in this system before. Meiofauna samples as well as physico-chemical data were collected at representative sites in February, April, August and October 2005. The drought had a major effect on the estuary, resulting in the development of hypersaline conditions (maximum 126 at Hells Gate), and to the complete evaporation of pelagic habitats, especially in the northern regions. The meiofauna of the St. Lucia Estuary was statistically separated into two distinct spatial clusters under drought conditions. The first cluster comprised sites in the Narrows and the southern region of South Lake, while the second comprised sites in the northern regions of South Lake and False Bay. Meiofauna of cluster 1, which was least affected by the drought, comprised nematodes, polychaetes, copepods, amphipods and ostracods, all of which accounted for 97% of meiofauna in this cluster. Cluster 2 on the other hand, which was more severely affected by the drought, was dominated by nematodes and copepods, which cumulatively contributed 97% to meiofauna in this group. Taxonomic richness and diversity of meiofauna were positively correlated with water depth, while abundance was inversely correlated with water temperature. The major effects of low water levels on the meiofauna of the system occurred through a negative impact on diversity and taxonomic richness, resulting in assemblages dominated by taxa most physiologically suited to such conditions. Secondly, at the peak of the drought, there was discontinuous water flow in the St. Lucia Estuary, resulting in parts of the northern and southern regions of the system being fragmented. This could have prevented the spread of meiofaunal taxa between the different basins of the system, and also explains the spatial separation of meiofauna into distinct clusters within the estuary.  相似文献   

抚仙湖水温跃层研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

付朝晖 《海洋湖沼通报》2015,(1):9-12

通过自动监测数据(2012-2013),研究了抚仙湖水温跃层的统计规律,给出了温跃层的出现、发展和消失的统计结果,水温跃层一般出现在5月~12月,并且随着时间推移而逐渐下移。与此同时,还分析了温跃层的层次和震动特性,水温跃层一般在40m之上,极少会出现在40m以下,并且会在凌晨出现双层现象,但是不能持久存在,很快就会恢复成单层,在白天温跃层保持单跃层并且比较稳定。该结果有利于提高对于抚仙湖的水体特征认识,加快综合利用湖泊资源的进程。  相似文献   

应用时间序列分析法对太湖叶绿素-a含量的动态研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

龚绍琦  黄家柱  李云梅  黎刚 《海洋与湖沼》2008,39(6):591-598

叶绿素-α是湖泊浮游植物现存量的重要指标,其含量能反映水中浮游植物的丰度和变化规律。研究叶绿素含量的动态变化,可以有效防止、监控湖泊富营养化的发生。以太湖为研究对象,根据其营养水平进行分区,使得不同区域内叶绿素的浓度不同,而同一区域内浓度大体一致,然后利用地理信息系统技术对每个区域内未采样点的叶绿素浓度进行插值,取区域内所有栅格的平均值作为其最终浓度。应用时间序列分析方法对太湖1998-2004年每月的叶绿素含量进行动态模拟,建立各湖区的预测模型。结果表明,中营养区I符合MA（1）模型,轻富营养区Ⅱ和中富营养区Ⅲ符合AR（1）模型,富营养区Ⅳ符合MA（5）模型,重富营养区V符合AR（6）模型。由此预测出2005年各湖区总叶绿素的含量,经前10个月实测数据的验证说明,所建模型在一定程度上能反映太湖各区域叶绿素浓度的变化。  相似文献   

The benthic macrofauna of the St. Lucia Estuary during the 2005 drought year     

D. Pillay  R. Perissinotto 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008

The St. Lucia Estuary is the largest estuarine system in Africa. The estuary is part of the Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, which has been declared a World Heritage Site. This ecosystem has been subjected to severe drought conditions over the last four to five years, resulting in its mouth being closed off from the ocean in June 2002 for a period of over four years. The main aim of this study was to document the effects of the prevailing drought on the macrofauna of the system, since the last work on this benthic component had been undertaken over a decade ago, during a normal-to-wet phase. Macrofauna samples together with physico-chemical data were collected at representative sites in the Narrows, and the South and North lakes in February, April, August and October 2005. The drought exerted a strong influence on the system, leading to hypersaline conditions developing in its northern regions (maximum of 126 at Hell's Gate), and to the loss of aquatic habitat. Ordinations and clustering indicated that the macrofauna of the system could generally be separated into three clusters viz. (1) the Narrows and the southern portion of South Lake, (2) the northern half of South Lake, and (3) the North Lake–False Bay complex. Multivariate correlations indicated weak relationships between macrofaunal community structure and physico-chemical parameters. The distinction in macrofaunal assemblages between these clusters was probably caused by these habitats being physically separated at the peak of the drought, with no water flow between them, thereby preventing exchange of planktonic larvae and retarding colonisation of habitats. There was a northward decline in taxonomic richness and diversity of macrofauna in the system, which correlated positively with water depth and negatively with the biomass of microphytobenthos. It is evident that the drought structured macrofauna communities primarily through its effects on water depth and habitat fragmentation. The results of this investigation provide valuable information regarding the effects of droughts on estuarine–lake systems and the possible mechanisms by which they occur.  相似文献