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51.
M.J. Walter A. Kubo T. Yoshino J. Brodholt Y. Ohishi 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2004,222(2):501-516
We have investigated the effect of Al3+ on the room-temperature compressibility of perovskite for stoichiometric compositions along the MgSiO3-AlO1.5 join with up to 25 mol% AlO1.5. Aluminous Mg-perovskite was synthesized from glass starting materials, and was observed to remain a stable phase in the range of ∼30-100 GPa at temperatures of ∼2000 to 2600 K. Lattice parameters for orthorhombic (Pbnm) perovskite were determined using in situ X-ray diffraction at SPring8, Japan. Addition of Al3+ into the perovskite structure increases orthorhombic distortion and unit cell volume at ambient conditions (V0). Compression causes anisotropic decreases in axial length, with the a axis more compressive than the b and c axes by about 25% and 3%, respectively. The magnitude of orthorhombic distortion increases with pressure, but aluminous perovskite remains stable to pressures of at least 100 GPa. Our results show that substitution of Al3+ causes a mild increase in compressibility, with the bulk modulus (K0) decreasing at a rate of −67±35 GPa/XAl. This decrease in K0 is consistent with recent theoretical calculations if essentially all Al3+ substitutes equally into the six- and eight-fold sites by charge-coupled substitution with Mg2+ and Si4+. In contrast, the large increase in compressibility reported in some studies with addition of even minor amounts of Al is consistent with substitution of Al3+ into six-fold sites via an oxygen-vacancy forming substitution reaction. Schematic phase relations within the ternary MgSiO3-AlO1.5-SiO2 indicate that a stability field of ternary defect Mg-perovskite should be stable at uppermost lower mantle conditions. Extension of phase relations into the quaternary MgSiO3-AlO1.5-FeO1.5-SiO2 based on recent experimental results indicates the existence of a complex polyhedral volume of Mg-perovskite solid solutions comprised of a mixture of charge-coupled and oxygen-vacancy Al3+ and Fe3+ substitutions. Primitive mantle with about 5 mol% AlO1.5 and an Fe3+/(Fe3++Fe2+) ratio of ∼0.5 is expected to be comprised of ferropericlase coexisiting with Mg-perovskite that has a considerable component of Al3+ and Fe3+ defect substitutions at conditions of the uppermost lower mantle. Increased pressure may favor charge-coupled substitution reactions over vacancy forming reactions, such that a region could exist in the lower mantle with a gradient in substitution mechanisms. In this case, we expect the physical and transport properties of Mg-perovskite to change with depth, with a softer, probably more hydrated, defect dominated Mg-perovskite at the top of the lower mantle, grading into a stiffer, dehydrated, charge-coupled substitution dominated Mg-perovskite at greater depth. 相似文献
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With annealing temperature kept at 1573 K, the effects of annealing time on stability of the intrinsic defects in epitaxial unintentionally doped 4H-SiC prepared by low pressure chemical vapour deposition have been studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) and low temperature photoluminescence. This paper reports the results shown that annealing time has an important effect on the intrinsic defects in unintentionally doped 4H-SiC when annealing temperature kept at 1573 K. When the annealing time is less than 30 min, the intensity of ESR and photoluminescence is increasing with annealing time prolonged, and reaches the maximum when annealing time is 30 min. Then the intensity of ESR and photoluminescence is rapidly decreased with the longer annealing time, and much less than that of as-grown 4H-SiC when annealing time is 60 min, which should be related with the interaction among the intrinsic defects during the annealing process. 相似文献
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The incorporation and diffusion of hydrogen in San Carlos olivine (Fo90) single crystals were studied by performing experiments under hydrothermal conditions. The experiments were carried out either at 1.5 GPa, 1,000°C for 1.5 h in a piston cylinder apparatus or at 0.2 GPa, 900°C for 1 or 20 h in a cold-seal vessel. The oxygen fugacity was buffered using Ni–NiO, and the silica activity was buffered by adding San Carlos orthopyroxene powders. Polarized Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized to quantify the hydroxyl distributions in the samples after the experiments. The resulting infrared spectra reproduce the features of FTIR spectra that are observed in olivine from common mantle peridotite xenoliths. The hydrogen concentration at the edges of the hydrogenated olivine crystals corresponds to concentration levels calculated from published water solubility laws. Hydrogen diffusivities were determined for the three crystallographic axes from profiles of water content as a function of position. The chemical diffusion coefficients are comparable to those previously reported for natural iron-bearing olivine. At high temperature, hydrogenation is dominated by coupled diffusion of protons and octahedrally coordinated metal vacancies
where the vacancy diffusion rate limits the process. From the experimental data, we determined the following diffusion laws (diffusivity in m2 s−1, activation energies in kJ mol−1):
for diffusion along [100] and [010];
for diffusion along [001]. These diffusion rates are fast enough to modify significantly water contents within olivine grains in xenoliths ascending from the mantle. 相似文献
57.
铁路路基病害类型、机理及检测与整治技术 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
针对既有铁路的特点,分析了常见铁路路基病害的类型、机理;提出路基病害的检测应运用现代化检测工具,采用原位和区段测试相结合的方法;针对路基病害整治技术的复杂多样,整治具体路基病害的困难性,指出了铁路路基病害智能管理系统能较好地解决此问题。 相似文献
58.
岩石力学试验中试样选择和抗压强度预测方法研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
岩石力学试验是岩石力学的基础,是研究岩石力学与工程的重要手段之一,但岩石力学试验的结果往往要受到很多因素的影响,试验结果的离散是普遍存在的,有时可能会得到完全相反的结论。以超声波传播速度、回弹值与岩石强度之间相互关系为基础,综合两种方法的优点,把超声-回弹综合法应用到岩石试样选择中,在正式试验之前,挑出那些可能会使试验结果很离散的试样,可以提高室内试验的测试准确程度。实践表明,这种综合选样方法具有较好的适用性,对有缺陷的试样有较好的识辨能力,而且方便、快速、对试样没有损伤,同时,超声-回弹综合法可以较好地预测岩石的抗压强度。因此,这种综合方法在岩石试样选择和强度预测中值得借鉴。 相似文献
59.
Ⅱa型钻石的高温高压改色及褪色研究已开展了大量工作,然而对Ⅰa型Cape系列褐色钻石在高温高压处理条件下的行为尚不明确。为解析实验室钻石鉴定工作中遇到的黄色钻石颜色成因问题,本文选取了Ⅰa型Cape系列褐色钻石作为研究对象,进行高温高压改色处理实验,并对处理前后的样品的紫外可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱以及光致发光光谱等谱学特征进行对比分析。结果表明:经高温高压改色处理后,钻石颜色由灰褐色变为褐黄色,钻石的紫外可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱和光致发光光谱也发生了很大改变。经处理的褐色钻石,其紫外可见吸收光谱中除原有的415nm和477nm吸收外,还产生503.2nm吸收,同时550nm至短波的吸收增强,钻石因此由原来的灰褐色变为褐黄色;红外吸收光谱中,1498、1520、1547cm~(-1)三个峰变为一个以1498cm~(-1)为中心的吸收宽峰;光致发光光谱中,产生了明显的H3(503.2nm)以及H2(986.2nm)缺陷。本研究获得的光谱变化特征为准确鉴定高温高压改色处理的Cape型钻石提供了依据,也为更好地理解晶格中氮、氢等相关的格子缺陷在高温高压条件下的变化机理提供了实验数据和分析。 相似文献
60.
采用第一性原理计算模拟Ge纳米晶在中子嬗变掺杂(NTD)后受空位、O和As杂质的影响.结果表明,退火方法引入的O并不能消除纳米晶中的辐照致空位缺陷的影响,而NTD 产生的As掺杂能补偿这些空位缺陷并消除禁带中产生的杂质能级,从而改善半导体掺杂性能.计算还发现,由于较高的电负性,纳米晶中O对Ge原子较强的吸附作用阻止了空位的形成,导致与缺陷相关的非辐射发光中心的浓度减小,发光效率提高,因此中子辐照掺杂前的高温退火处理是非常有必要的.计算较好地解释了已报道的实验结果. 相似文献