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11.
Seismic reflection profiles from three different surveys of the Cascadia forearc are interpreted using P wave velocities and relocated hypocentres, which were both derived from the first arrival travel time inversion of wide-angle seismic data and local earthquakes. The subduction decollement, which is characterized beneath the continental shelf by a reflection of 0.5 s duration, can be traced landward into a large duplex structure in the lower forearc crust near southern Vancouver Island. Beneath Vancouver Island, the roof thrust of the duplex is revealed by a 5–12 km thick zone, identified previously as the E reflectors, and the floor thrust is defined by a short duration reflection from a < 2-km-thick interface at the top of the subducting plate. We show that another zone of reflectors exists east of Vancouver Island that is approximately 8 km thick, and identified as the D reflectors. These overlie the E reflectors; together the two zones define the landward part of the duplex. The combined zones reach depths as great as 50 km. The duplex structure extends for more than 120 km perpendicular to the margin, has an along-strike extent of 80 km, and at depths between 30 km and 50 km the duplex structure correlates with a region of anomalously deep seismicity, where velocities are less than 7000 m s− 1. We suggest that these relatively low velocities indicate the presence of either crustal rocks from the oceanic plate that have been underplated to the continent or crustal rocks from the forearc that have been transported downward by subduction erosion. The absence of seismicity from within the E reflectors implies that they are significantly weaker than the overlying crust, and the reflectors may be a zone of active ductile shear. In contrast, seismicity in parts of the D reflectors can be interpreted to mean that ductile shearing no longer occurs in the landward part of the duplex. Merging of the D and E reflectors at 42–46 km depth creates reflectivity in the uppermost mantle with a vertical thickness of at least 15 km. We suggest that pervasive reflectivity in the upper mantle elsewhere beneath Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia arises from similar shear zones. 相似文献
12.
记载了早中生代壳幔演化的赤峰-凌源地质走廊 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
本文从内蒙赤峰至辽西凌源南北近200km的地质走廊中,选择早中生代(237～206 Ma)形成不同深度、不同产状的8种火成岩作为研究对象,探讨早中生代华北克拉通北缘的地质演化.这8种岩石包括:火山岩、岩墙群和闪长岩、碱性花岗岩、碱性杂岩、镁铁质麻粒岩、堆晶岩及其捕获的地幔岩包体.研究表明,在底侵作用的背景下,华北早中生代发生了强烈的壳幔相互作用和岩石圈地幔富集过程,伴随早中生代大陆地壳的增生和深部结构的调整,地表相应出现快速的差异抬升和剥蚀. 相似文献
13.
东天山哈尔里克山区二叠纪高钾钙碱性花岗岩成因及地质意义 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
本文从岩石学、地球化学和同位素等方面讨论东天山克拉麦里-哈尔里克岛弧东段八大石和小铺东两个岩体的特征和成因。八大石岩体和小铺东岩体主要为二长花岗岩,SiO2含量分别为61.92%~74.40%和69.17%~74.92%,K2O+Na2O的含量分别为6.50%~8.32%和7.74%~8.14%,绝大部分岩石具有高钾钙碱性花岗岩特征;∑REE分别为105×10-6~210×10-6和100×10-6~172×10-6,(La/Yb)CN分别为4.1~8.9和9.1~15.3,配分模式右倾,δEu分别为0.40~0.93和0.59~0.80,为中-低负异常;两个岩体均富Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素和Th、U、Hf、Zr等高场强元素,而贫Ta、Nb、Sr、Ti等。通过LA-ICP-MS分析得到八大石岩体中锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为298±2Ma,表明岩体形成于早二叠纪,计算得到八大石和小铺东岩体的模式年龄tDM分别为944Ma和648Ma;八大石和小铺东岩体的εNd(t)u分别为+3.06和+4.47,(87Sr/86Sr) i分别为0.70475和0.70384,表现出高εNd(t)u 低(87Sr/86Sr) i。综上所述,认为哈尔里克高钾钙碱性花岗岩可能为碰撞后挤压-伸展转折阶段的产物,主要由来自新生地壳的中钾钙碱性岩浆经过结晶分异作用而成。 相似文献
14.
Xenoliths from the upper mantle and lower crust are abundant in Plio–Pleistocene alkali basalts of the Nógrád-Gömör Volcanic Field (NGVF; northern Pannonian Basin, northern Hungary/southern Slovakia), representing a valuable ‘probe’ of lithospheric structures and processes. Ultramafic xenoliths have been divided into two groups: (1) Type-I, composed mostly of olivine with subsidiary orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel, and (2) Type-II, containing mostly Al- and Ti-rich clinopyroxene with subordinate olivine, spinel and plagioclase. Both types often contain amphibole and, to a lesser extent, mica. The refractory character of Type-I xenoliths suggests they represent mantle depleted by prior episodes of partial melting. In contrast, Type-II series (wehrlites, olivine clinopyroxenites, clinopyroxenites and plagioclase-bearing ultramafic lithologies), on the basis of their textural features, thermobarometric histories and major and trace element variation, appear to have formed as magmatic cumulates. Petrologic and geochemical studies of Type-II xenoliths from Nógrád-Gömör suggest they crystallized from basaltic melts emplaced within the lithospheric mantle and lower crust, prior to the onset of Plio–Pleistocene volcanic activity. After their consolidation, metasomatic agents reacted with the anhydrous cumulate phases producing amphiboles and micas at the expense of olivine and clinopyroxene. The metasomatic agents appear to have been adakitic rather than basaltic in composition, possibly linked to a retreating arc–forearc system. Large-scale contamination of the lithospheric mantle can therefore be attributed to fluid and melt fractions related to subduction beneath the outer Carpathian arc. 相似文献
15.
中天山东段澄江期片麻状花岗岩特征和成因——以天湖东岩体为例 总被引：8，自引：8，他引：8
本文以天湖东岩体为例,探讨中天山澄江期片麻状花岗岩的特征及其形成机制。岩相学、岩石化学、稀土元素、微量元素和同位素研究表明,天湖东岩体是岛弧钙碱性火山—沉积岩系经原地改造的产物,其Rb-Sr等时线年龄为707.7±4.9Ma。花岗岩形成作用的动力、热力来源可能与向塔里木大陆俯冲的天山岩石圈的拆沉有关。在造山过程晚期-期后的挤压向拉张转变过程中,拆沉导致的底侵和内侵引发了地壳岩石的脱水和熔融,所产生的熔体-流体上升并将较浅层次的变质岩改造为片麻状花岗岩。变质峰期以后形成的韧性剪切带为熔体-流体的运移提供了通道。 相似文献
16.
东天山黄山-镜儿泉地区二叠纪地质-成矿-热事件:幔源岩浆内侵及其地壳效应 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
东天山黄山-镜儿泉地区位于康古尔弧后盆地闭合带东段,该盆地于石炭纪末因弧-陆碰撞而闭合.二叠纪时本区进入碰撞后伸展阶段,并形成了时代相近的、如下一组地质特征:1)20多个镁铁-超镁铁岩体(其中有一部分产有工业铜镍矿床);2)低压高温变质作用和混合岩化;3)形成深度较浅(8～12 km)的韧性剪切带;4)原地改造型片麻状花岗岩;5)块状过铝花岗岩;6)与过铝花岗岩有关的锂铍伟晶岩矿床.此外,黄山-镜儿泉位于一个被推测为巨大镁铁质岩体的区域布伽重力和航磁高值区的边部.该处在人工地震剖面上表现为一个波速为6.99 km/s的高速层,其厚约22 km.这些特征表明,该区在二叠纪时期是一个热穹窿,其面积约5000～8000 km18,而该热穹窿乃由地壳内部的一个幔源岩浆内侵体所引起.正是这个内侵体在黄山谎儿泉地区造成了地壳岩石的低压高温变质作用、混合岩化和部分熔融.在内侵体热量和流体的影响下,韧性剪切得以在壳内较浅层次发生.与内侵有关的变质-超变质作用所释放出的流体和熔体强烈改造韧性剪切和细粒化的地壳岩石,即形成了片麻状花岗岩.部分熔融所产生的过铝花岗岩形成了以锂、铍等稀有金属为特色的伟晶岩矿床.本区存在同时代的钙碱性-高钾钙碱性花岗岩,表明底侵与内侵曾在这里相伴发生.众多的锾铁-超镁铁岩是底侵和内侵岩浆在地壳浅部的显示.侵入岩的年龄数据似乎表明,本区直接来自幔源岩浆的镁铁-超镁铁岩就位最早,与底侵有关的钙碱性-高钾钙碱性花岗岩次之,而作为内侵产物的过铝花岗岩最晚.过铝花岗岩与镁铁-超镁铁岩之间的时差可能代表了从幔源岩浆结晶到由内侵产生的岩浆结晶之间的时差.康古尔断裂是一条超岩石圈断裂,在碰撞后伸展阶段为幔源岩浆提供了良好的上升通道,因此内侵很容易在此地此时发生.与底侵一样,内侵是壳幔相互作用和地壳垂向增生的重要方式,也是花岗岩浆生成的重要机制.区域重力和航磁异常、人工地震中部地壳高速层、时代相近的地表锾铁-超镁铁岩、低压高温变质岩、混合岩、浅层次韧性剪切带、原地改造成因片麻状花岗岩、异地过铝花岗岩和有关的稀有金属矿床,过铝花岗岩中的幔源岩石包体或幔源流体可以用作为内侵体的识辨标志. 相似文献
17.
辽西中生代陆内底侵作用背景下形成的安山岩 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
本文选择了辽西地区中生代230Ma、190Ma、159Ma、123Ma、116Ma等不同时期的安山岩及其所含的辉石,通过岩石学、岩相学、地球化学和同位素的研究,发现它们同时具有壳源和幔源的特征,而且大多数单斜辉石记录了两种或多种熔体的相互作用。据此作者认为安山岩是壳幔岩浆混熔成因的,而如此长期的热演化与大陆内部伸展背景下的底侵作用有关。 相似文献
18.
乌拉特中旗克布岩体的地球化学特征及SHRIMP定年：早二叠世华北克拉通底侵作用的证据 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
乌拉特中旗克布岩体位于内蒙古中西部,属于华北克拉通北缘中段。克布岩体具有埃达克岩的特征:SiO_2= 57.66～66.94%(>56%),Al_2O_3=16.81～18.47%(>15%),MgO=1.33～3.28%(<3%);Y=7.25～13.46×10~(-6) (≤18×10~(-6)),Yb=0.72～1.42×10~(-6)(≤1.9×10~(-6)),Sr=540.4～655×10~(-6)(>400×10~(-6));高场强元素(HFSEs,如Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr)含量低,LRRE富集(La/Yb=12.11～28.56),Eu为弱负异常至正异常(δEu~*=0.95～1.09)。高Sr/Y(48.66～74. 57)、La/Yb以及中等Mg~#(38.72～46.16)、K_2O(1.11～2.17)近似于壳源埃达克岩。克布岩体具有低ε_(Nd)(t)(=-15.1),高(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i(=0.7073),也表明了它们的源岩来自大陆下地壳,明显不同于板片熔融来源的埃达克岩同位素特征,而与中国东部的埃达克质岩近似。与华北克拉通晚侏罗世下地壳拆沉作用形成的埃达克岩相比,克布岩体具有低的过渡金属元素含量。克布岩体可能为玄武质液体底侵,导致变厚的下地壳基底部分熔融而形成。克布岩体中锆石的SHRIMP U-Pb锆石年龄为291±4Ma,表明早二叠世初期华北克拉通下的底侵作用已经存在。 相似文献
19.
福建魁岐晶洞花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学及其地球化学研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
魁岐晶洞花岗岩具有高Si、高碱、低Ca、富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素的地球化学特征,为典型的A型花岗岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年分析显示,魁岐小晶洞花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄在101.7±2Ma和97.3±0.77Ma之间,而大晶洞花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄在93.6±1.5Ma和92.0±1.3Ma之间,表明它们是晚白垩世早期岩浆活动的产物。锆石原位Hf同位素分析显示,大晶洞锆石的εHf(t)分别为+1.45和+1.21,锆石二阶段模式年龄平均值为1064Ma和1078Ma,说明该类岩石是幔源岩浆底侵导致下地壳熔融的结果。以上研究成果表明,魁岐晶洞A型花岗岩形成于库拉板块向欧亚板块俯冲,诱发其上的大陆岩石圈板块伸展的构造环境。因此,其原始岩浆是新元古代下地壳物质部分熔融的产物,并伴有地幔物质的加入。 相似文献
20.
Laurent Gernigon Francis Lucazeau Frederic Brigaud Jean-Claude Ringenbach Sverre Planke Bernard Le Gall 《Tectonophysics》2006,412(3-4):255-278
High P-wave velocities (7.1–7.8 km/s) lower crustal bodies (LCBs) imaged along volcanic margins are commonly interpreted as plume and breakup-related thick mafic underplating. This interpretation is partly challenged in this paper based on new seismic observations and modelling of the outer Vøring Basin (Norway). An exceptional strong amplitude reflection, the T Reflection, is particularly well defined below the North Gjallar Ridge (NGR) between 7and 8 s TWT. The T Reflection is located near the volcanic lava flows emplaced during the NE Atlantic breakup ( 55–54 Ma ago) and coincides with the top of the LCB, forming a mid-crustal dome. Based on structural and temporal relationships, we show that the dome clearly influences the structural development of the NGR and predates the continental breakup at least by 10–15 Ma. Using a thermo-kinematical model, we tried also to investigate and quantify the relationships between the extension, LCB and the magmatic production. Modelling suggests that significant Paleocene–Early Eocene magmatism can be produced without any temperature anomaly in the mantle if differential stretching occurs during the breakup initiation. The conclusion of 2D thermo-kinematical parametric analysis is that the magmatic model predicts, either little extension (β < 2) with no melting or high extension (β > 5) with significant melting along the outer Vøring Basin. We suggest that the continental part of the LCB could not necessarily be breakup-related and so magmatic, as has often been stated previously. It is concluded here that the continental part of the LCB observed beneath the outer Vøring Basin may be partly (or fully) attributed to inherited, high-pressure granulite/eclogite lower crustal rocks. The real amount of mafic material emplaced along the outer Vøring Basin could be 20–40% less than thought. 相似文献