应力路径对饱和软黏土割线模量的影响     

谷川  王军  张婷婷  蔡袁强 《岩土力学》2013,34(12):3394-3402

在基坑、隧道开挖等过程中,不同部位的土体会经历不同的应力路径,在不同的应力路径下,土体可能表现出截然不同的静力学特性。同时,在工程实际中,土体的工作应变经常处于小应变范围,而在小应变情况下,土体的静力特性表现出更强的非线性和应力路径依赖性。基于广泛分布于东部地区,并且表现出诸多不良工程特性的软黏土,进行一系列不排水和排水条件下的应力路径静力试验,以研究应力路径对饱和软黏土静力特性,尤其是小应变情况下割线模量的影响。试验结果表明,不管在不排水还是在排水条件下,应力路径都对饱和软黏土的静强度产生巨大的影响,表现为围压增加的加载应力路径增大了静强度,而围压减小的卸载应力路径降低了静强度。同时,应力路径对割线弹性模量产生了更大的影响,围压增加的加载应力路径降低了割线模量,而围压减小的卸载应力路径增大了割线模量。应力路径对割线模量的影响在小应变时表现的更加明显,而这种影响主要原因是应力路径方向改变造成的土体各向异性。  相似文献   

Model and parameter uncertainty in IDF relationships under climate change     

《Advances in water resources》2015

Quantifying distributional behavior of extreme events is crucial in hydrologic designs. Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) relationships are used extensively in engineering especially in urban hydrology, to obtain return level of extreme rainfall event for a specified return period and duration. Major sources of uncertainty in the IDF relationships are due to insufficient quantity and quality of data leading to parameter uncertainty due to the distribution fitted to the data and uncertainty as a result of using multiple GCMs. It is important to study these uncertainties and propagate them to future for accurate assessment of return levels for future. The objective of this study is to quantify the uncertainties arising from parameters of the distribution fitted to data and the multiple GCM models using Bayesian approach. Posterior distribution of parameters is obtained from Bayes rule and the parameters are transformed to obtain return levels for a specified return period. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method using Metropolis Hastings algorithm is used to obtain the posterior distribution of parameters. Twenty six CMIP5 GCMs along with four RCP scenarios are considered for studying the effects of climate change and to obtain projected IDF relationships for the case study of Bangalore city in India. GCM uncertainty due to the use of multiple GCMs is treated using Reliability Ensemble Averaging (REA) technique along with the parameter uncertainty. Scale invariance theory is employed for obtaining short duration return levels from daily data. It is observed that the uncertainty in short duration rainfall return levels is high when compared to the longer durations. Further it is observed that parameter uncertainty is large compared to the model uncertainty.  相似文献   

THE INFLUENCE OF SLOPE AND RAIN INTENSITY ON RUNOFF AND INFILTRATION / L'influence de l'inclinaison de terrain et de l'intensité de pluie sur l'écoulement et l'infiltration     

S. H. NASSIF  E. M. WILSON 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):539-553

Abstract

The design and construction of a special-purpose laboratory catchment and rainfall simulator is described. The equipment consists of a soil catchment area that can be inclined at various angles. Additional instrumentation then measures the flow of water across the surface of, and through, the soil bed. Precipitation is provided by a unit that simulates rainfall at particular rates with uniform distribution.

The equipment was used to examine infiltration, runoff and other hydrological properties of a number of soils under different rainfall intensities and with different catchment slopes. Correlations were obtained for these variables.  相似文献   

Mineralization and fluid evolution of the Jiyuan polymetallic Cu–Ag–Pb–Zn–Au deposit,eastern Tianshan,NW China     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(7):816-832

The newly discovered Jiyuan Cu–Ag–(Pb–Zn–Au) deposit is located in the southern section of the eastern Tianshan orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China. It is the first documented deposit in the large Aqikekuduke Ag–Cu–Au belt in the eastern Tianshan orogen. Detailed field observations, parageneses, and fluid inclusion studies suggest an epithermal ore genesis for the main Cu–Ag mineralization, accompanied by a complicated hydrothermal alteration history most likely associated with the multi-stage tectonic evolution of the eastern Tianshan. The Jiyuan Cu–Ag ore bodies are located along the EW-striking, south-dipping Aqikekuduke fault and are hosted by Precambrian marble and intercalated siliceous rocks. Early-stage skarn alteration occurred along the contact zone between the marble layers and Early Carboniferous diorite–granodiorite and monzogranite intrusions; the skarns are characterized by diopside–tremolite–andradite–pyrite–(magnetite) assemblages. Local REE-enriched synchysite–rutile–arsenopyrite–(clinochlorite–microcline–albite) assemblages are related to K–Na alteration associated with the monzogranite intrusions and formed under conditions of high temperature (310°C) and high salinity (19.9 wt.% NaCl). Subsequent hydrothermal alteration produced a series of quartz and calcite veins that precipitated from medium- to low-temperature saline fluids. These include early ‘smoky’ quartz veins (190°C; 3.0 wt.% NaCl) that are commonly barren, coarse-grained Cu–Ag mineralized quartz veins (210°C; 2.4 wt.% NaCl), and late-stage unmineralized calcite veins (140°C; 1.1 wt.% NaCl). Tremolite and Ca-rich scapolite veins formed at an interval between early and mineralized quartz veins, indicating a high-temperature, high-salinity (>500°C; 9.5 wt.% NaCl) Ca alteration stage. Fluid mixing may have played an important role during Cu–Ag mineralization and an external low-temperature Ca-rich fluid is inferred to have evolved in the ore-forming system. The Jiyuan auriferous quartz veins possess fluid characteristics distinct from those of the Cu–Ag mineralized quartz veins. CO₂-rich fluid inclusions, fluid boiling, and mixing all demonstrate that these auriferous quartz veins acted as hosts for the orogenic-type gold mineralization, a common feature in the Tianshan orogenic belt.  相似文献   

Calibration of the specific barrier model to Iranian plateau earthquakes and development of physically based attenuation relationships for Iran   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

H. Zafarani  M. Mousavi  As. Noorzad  A. Ansari 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2008,28(7):550-576

Earthquake ground-motion relationships for soil and rock sites in Iran have been developed based on the specific barrier model (SBM) used within the context of the stochastic modeling and calibrated against up-to-date Iranian strong-motion data. A total of 171 strong-motion accelerograms recorded at distances of up to 200 km from 24 earthquakes with moment magnitudes ranging from Mw 5.2 to 7.4 are used to determine the region-specific source parameters of this model. Regression analysis was conducted using the “random effects” methodology that considers both earthquake-to-earthquake (inter-event) variability and within-earthquake (intra-event) variability to effectively handle the problem of weighting observations from different earthquakes. The minimization of the error function in each iteration of the “random effects” procedure was performed using the genetic algorithm method. The residuals are examined against available Iranian strong-motion data to confirm that the model predictions are unbiased and that there are no significant residual trends with distance and magnitude. No evidence of self-similarity breakdown is observed between the source radius and its seismic moment. To verify the robustness of the results, tests were performed to confirm that the results are unchanged if the number of observations is changed by removing different randomly selected datasets from the original database. Stochastic simulations, using the derived SBM, are then performed to predict peak ground-motion and response spectra parameters for a wide range of magnitudes and distances. The stochastic SBM predictions agree well with the new empirical regression equations proposed for Iran, Europe and Middle East in the magnitude–distance ranges well represented by the data. It has been shown that the SBM of this study provides unbiased ground-motion estimates over the entire frequency range of most engineering interests (1–10 Hz) for the Iranian earthquakes. Our results are also important for the assessment of hazards in other seismically active environments in the Middle East and Mediterranean regions.  相似文献   

Transformation relationship among different magnetic minerals within loess-paleosol sediments of the Chinese Loess Plateau     

QiaoQin Xie  TianHu Chen  XiaoChun Xu  ChengSong Qing  HuiFang Xu  YuBing Sun  JunFeng Ji 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2009,52(3):313-322

The dominant magnetic minerals and carriers of magnetic signals within the Chinese Loess Plateau are magnetite, maghemite, hematite, and goethite. In this study, we investigated the provenance and evolution of magnetic minerals during loess pedogenesis, using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical and electron microscopy, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Our results reveal that single- and multiphase mineral assemblages among magnetic minerals in the loess-paleosol sequence have been formed. Partial oxidation of coarse eolian magnetite has occurred in the desert source area and the oxidation degree is enhanced after deposition of the dust upon the Chinese Loess Plateau. This mode of origin resulted in a microtexture consisting of an inner magnetite core surrounded by a hematite rim, and strongly affected the magnetic characteristics of the loess. Goethite coexists with hematite in the loess and paleosol, and nanometer-scale hematite is formed upon goethite rims via dehydration. Our study provides direct mineralogical evidence of the magnetic record and paleoclimatic implications of the loess-paleosol sequence of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40772032 and 40573054) and National Basic Research Program (Grant No. 2007CB815603)  相似文献   

全球化背景下的南京港城关联发展效应分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

梁双波  曹有挥  吴威  曹卫东  苑惠丽  李传武 《地理研究》2007,26(3):599-608

运用灰色关联分析法,通过计算港城关联发展的均值关联度,对近10年南京港城关联发展效应进行了定量测度。研究结果表明:南京港城关联发展效应总体上比较显著,但具有明显的阶段性,其中: 1990年到1994年,港城关联发展效应呈弱化状态,1994年到1998年呈强化态势,1998年以后则呈现明显的弱化趋势。城市产业结构的变动、港口功能的演变、周围港口的激烈竞争以及港口管理体制和国际贸易的发展是导致上述动态特征的成因机制。  相似文献   

夏季黄海、东海鞭毛虫的丰度与悬浮颗粒物的关系   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

潘科  黄凌风  郭丰  黄邦钦 《海洋学报》2005,27(6):107-115

对2001年8月黄海中部和南部以及东海北部海洋鞭毛虫的丰度及其与悬浮颗粒物的数量关系进行了研究,发现调查区域内的鞭毛虫丰度为44~12 600个/cm3,它们在悬浮颗粒中所占的比例可达60%以上.悬浮颗粒物的粒径谱可以分为平缓型、驼峰型、浮游生物型和混合型.鞭毛虫丰度的变化与悬浮颗粒物的数量分布具有相似的变化趋势,整体上来说,两者数量的相关性显著,而不同的粒径谱类型中,两者的关系有不同的特点.对两者的数量关系进行了初步的探讨,并为今后海域生态调查中鞭毛虫丰度的快速估计提供一条新的途径.  相似文献   

Magnitude-Intensity Relationships in the Ibero-Magrebhian Region     

C. López Casado  S. Molina  J. J. Giner  J. Delgado 《Natural Hazards》2000,22(3):269-294

In this paper we present magnitude (Ms) – magnitude(mb) and magnitude-intensity relationships which areconsidered the most adequate in the Ibero-Maghrebianregion. This work is based on selected samples ofrecently revised events with magnitude mb assigned bythe Instituto Geográfico Nacional (I.G.N.) and Msassigned by I.S.C and N.E.I.C., and isoseismal mapsfrom 142 events. Using these data, we have obtainedone magnitude (Ms) – magnitude (mb) relationship, twomagnitude (mb and Ms) assignment relationships viaepicentral intensity (I₀), and ten magnitude (mb andMs) assignments relationships via macroseismicinformation: four using Ambraseys' methodology (1985)and six using the isoseismal area of degree III, IV and VI.According to the obtained results it could be concluded that historical magnitude assignment with lesser uncertainties are those obtained via macroseismic information using magnitude-intensity relationships with Ambraseys' methodology (1985). The magnitude-isoseismal area assignment relationships have, in most cases, great differences depending on the degree of the isoseismal area used. Magnitude assignments via epicentral intensity have the highest uncertainties. Geographic regionalization of the relationshipshas been studied but the highest correlations and statistical significance are obtained when we fit all the Ibero-Maghrebian region data.Finally we have used the results obtained in this workto assign magnitude to some important historicalearthquakes in the Ibero-Maghrebian region: the 1755Lisbon earthquake, the 1680 Málaga earthquake, the1829 Torrevieja earthquake and the 1884 Arenas del Reyearthquake. According to our relationships andmethodology we have assigned an Ms value of 9.3 ±0.6 to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake (its mb magnitudecannot be estimated due to the saturation of the mbscale), an mb value of 6.3 ±0.4 and an Ms valueof 6.9 ± 0.6 to the 1829 Torrevieja earthquake, anmb value of 6.2 ± 0.4 and an Ms value of 6.4 ±0.6 to the 1680 Málaga earthquake and an mb valueof 6.1 ± 0.4 and an Ms value of 6.5 ± 0.6 tothe 1884 Arenas del Rey earthquake.  相似文献   

地理学的特点     

李容全  邱维理 《地理与地理信息科学》2006,22(6):79-82

现代地理学强调过程与演变的研究,在定量研究方面取得了显著的进步。但在热衷于建立各种模型时,地理学的特点或性质却被忽视,这在国内尤其明显。认识地理学的本质特点,对于学习地理学、发展地理学科和从事地理学研究非常重要。地理学的特点可概括为4方面:即地理学是“研究行星地球表面的科学”、“研究关系的科学”、“强调位置的科学”和“考察分布的科学”。这4个方面缺少任何一方,都不能反映有别于其他任何学科的地理学自身的特点。  相似文献