An Individual Rural Geography     

Angel Paniagua 《The Professional geographer》2016,68(3):511-518

To date, only limited research has focused on the individual in rural geography compared to the importance given to the rural community. With the sociocultural turn and moral positions in rural geography, however, the individual is acquiring more relevance but encapsulated in analytical traditions of locality community and of marginal situations and people. This article synthesizes the most significant works about the individual, especially within rural geography, and its key dimensions are identified: citizenship (political and normative dimension), emotional aspects (the extraordinary moments in peoples' lives), everyday life (the relationship between the individual and the rural place), and difference and otherness (between and within others). To develop an individual rural geography, these four dimensions, which reflect different aspects of the rural individual, must be used in a complementary manner. The relevance of each dimension suggests different types of individualities in rural areas. Ultimately, this article proposes a “new humanism” in contrast with antihumanistic poststructural approaches.  相似文献   

Distribution and feeding modes of macrobenthos within three oceanographic feature areas of the KwaZulu-Natal Bight,South Africa     

CB Untiedt 《African Journal of Marine Science》2016,38(1):S91-S104

The composition and distribution of macrobenthic communities was investigated in three areas in the KwaZulu- Natal Bight, a section of shelf off the east coast of South Africa. Areas were pre-selected on the basis of three known oceanographic features, posited to deliver land- or Agulhas Current-derived nutrients onto the shelf and to drive ecosystem functioning in this region. Replicate sediment samples were collected with a 0.2 m² van Veen grab, during two surveys (A, B) corresponding with normal periods of high and low rainfall, respectively. A subset of the full station array was selected across the shelf in an arrangement of increasing depths (inner-, mid- and outer shelf) through each feature area to investigate the spatial distribution and feeding modes of macrobenthic taxa. The two periods showed some differences in abundance and numbers of macrobenthic taxa, but were not statistically different. Total macrobenthic abundance from Survey A was 20 215 individuals from 642 taxa, decreasing to 18 000 individuals from 503 taxa during Survey B. Polychaeta and Crustacea were the dominant taxa sampled; abundance of the latter was attributed largely to a proliferation of Paguristes sp.1 at inner-shelf samples in the midbight (Thukela) region during Survey B. Similarity classification distinguished seven sample groups reflecting differences in feature areas and shelf positions under investigation. The Thukela River midshelf community supported the highest macrobenthic abundance, while the midshelf off the southern bight (Durban region) was most species rich. Findings were attributed to the habitat complexity of the midshelf which includes a palaeo-dune cordon at the 60 m isobath. Functionally, the community was dominated by interface- and deposit-feeding fauna, emphasising the importance of trophic plasticity in an environmentally variable and heterogeneous shelf environment.  相似文献   

长江口邻近海域夏季大型底栖生物群落特征     

杨梅  李新正  王洪法  张宝琳 《海洋科学集刊》2016,51(51):269-278

本文根据2014年6月长江口邻近海域大型底栖生物的调查资料, 采用优势度指数, 物种多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数, Bray-Curtis相似性聚类和非参数多维标度排序(nMDS)标序方法, 分析了长江口邻近海域夏季大型底栖生物的群落特征。本次调查共采集大型底栖生物135种, 其中多毛类66种, 甲壳动物33种, 棘皮动物14种, 软体动物13种, 其他类群9种。调查海域的大型底栖生物平均丰度为122.2ind/m₂,平均生物量为7.8g/ m₂。丰度、生物量和多样性指数在不同海区间的空间差异均不显著。大型底栖生物在20%的相似性水平上可以划分为8个群组,各站位间相似性水平较低。ABC曲线表明,伴随海岸带开发及人类活动的持续影响, 长江口邻近海域底栖生境的稳定性受到轻微扰动, 建议继续开展长期连续的监测, 为研究长江口海域环境变化和大型底栖生物群落演替提供基础资料。  相似文献   

北极斯瓦尔巴特群岛及邻区天然气水合物分解对气候、海洋环境和生物的影响     

聂云峰  于晶  陈宏文  万玲  范广慧  房强  吴怀春 《现代地质》2018,32(5):1012

天然气水合物是一种潜在的巨量能源,但其分解释放的甲烷可能对全球气候与海洋环境产生巨大影响。然而,人们目前对天然气水合物分解产生的环境和生物效应的了解还不够全面。北极地区的斯瓦尔巴特群岛及邻区的海底和冻土层中蕴含大量甲烷,对气候变化十分敏感,是人们研究天然气水合物对气候变化的响应机制和其分解对生态环境影响的绝佳场所。系统总结了斯瓦尔巴特群岛及邻区水合物分解的气候与环境效应,发现目前研究区水合物分解产生的甲烷进入大气的年际通量不大,对全球气候的影响可能有限;水合物分解对海底滑坡起到催化剂的作用,但不是首要因素;海底水合物分解释放的甲烷能打破原有的化学平衡、生产力分布规律与输送机制、生物耦合关系甚至不同栖息地间的连通性,进而影响底栖生物群落。这些认识对研究天然气水合物开采对生态环境可能造成的影响和采取相应防治措施具有一定的借鉴意义。  相似文献   

Late Quaternary chironomid community structure shaped by rate and magnitude of climate change     

Roseanna J. Mayfield  Peter G. Langdon  C. Patrick Doncaster  John A. Dearing  Rong Wang  Gaute Velle  Kimberley L. Davies  Stephen J. Brooks 《第四纪科学杂志》2021,36(3):360-376

Much is known about how climate change impacts ecosystem richness and turnover, but we have less understanding of its influence on ecosystem structures. Here, we use ecological metrics (beta diversity, compositional disorder and network skewness) to quantify the community structural responses of temperature-sensitive chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) during the Late Glacial (14 700–11 700 cal a bp ) and Holocene (11 700 cal a bp to present). Analyses demonstrate high turnover (beta diversity) of chironomid composition across both epochs; however, structural metrics stayed relatively intact. Compositional disorder and skewness show greatest structural change in the Younger Dryas, following the rapid, high-magnitude climate change at the Bølling–Allerød to Younger Dryas transition. There were fewer climate-related structural changes across the early to mid–late Holocene, where climate change was more gradual and lower in magnitude. The reduced impact on structural metrics could be due to greater functional resilience provided by the wider chironomid community, or to the replacement of same functional-type taxa in the network structure. These results provide insight into how future rapid climate change may alter chironomid communities and could suggest that while turnover may remain high under a rapidly warming climate, community structural dynamics retain some resilience.  相似文献   

微生物对地下水中萘的降解特性及动力学研究     

张晟瑀  张朦幻  王利刚  万玉玉 《地学前缘》2021,28(5):146-158

针对我国东北某石油烃污染场地地下水中的萘污染,筛选出了Acinetobacter和Pseudomonas菌属的高效萘降解菌群。该菌群对萘的耐受性较高,且具有良好的乳化性,能够自动调节细胞表面疏水性和自聚集性。不同pH值、萘初始浓度、温度和菌接种量对萘降解效率的影响研究表明:最适菌群生长的pH范围为7.08.0;萘降解效率和速率在1.005.00 mg/L范围内与其初始浓度成正比;在1030 ℃温度范围内均表现出较高的萘降解效率。在此基础上,利用Guass、GuassAmp、LogNomal、Poisson和Pulse数学模型对萘的降解过程进行拟合,其降解速率更符合GuassAmp模型。通过将降解动力学模型中的常数与影响因素相关联,推导出了拟合度较高的多因素影响下的萘降解动力学方程。  相似文献   

Arsenic contamination caused by roxarsone transformation with spatiotemporal variation of microbial community structure in a column experiment          下载免费PDF全文

Liu Ya-ci  Zhang Zhao-ji  Zhao Xin-yi  Wen Meng-tuo  Cao Sheng-wei  Li Ya-song 《地下水科学与工程》2021,9(4):304-316

Arsenic contamination from roxarsone in livestock manure is common, and livestock manure continuously accumulates in the open environment. Evaluations of the environmental processes of As mobilization and transformation are critical for predicting the fate of As compounds after roxarsone degradation. In this study, spatiotemporal variations in As species and microbial community structure were characterized using laboratory column experiments with background soil collected from Yanggu County (northern Shandong Plain, China), a region of intense poultry production. Organic and inorganic arsenic were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-HG-AFS), respectively. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to describe microbial diversity. Results showed that roxarsone was transformed completely within 7 days, and As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) were the major degradation products. The concentration of As(Ⅲ) was much lower than that of As(Ⅴ). The As(Ⅲ) concentration increased significantly after Day 14, whereas the As(Ⅴ) concentration increased significantly after Day 84, indicating that As(Ⅲ) was initially produced. The microbial community structure changed significantly as roxarsone transformed into various As compounds. A critical and dominant bacterial strain, norank_f__Family_XVⅢ, was found to be related to the degradation of roxarsone into As(Ⅲ). This study improves our understanding of the fate of As species released from poultry litter to soil and groundwater, which is a threat to human health and environment.  相似文献   

Long-term effects of a toxic algal bloom on subtidal soft-sediment macroinvertebrate communities in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Kerstin Krger  Jonathan P.A. Gardner  Ashley A. Rowden  Robert G. Wear 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2006,67(4):589-604

The long-term effects (>1 year) of a naturally occurring toxic plankton bloom (Karenia brevisulcata) on subtidal benthic macroinvertebrate communities were investigated in Wellington Harbour, a semi-enclosed temperate embayment in New Zealand. For 3 years communities were sampled at three different sites in the harbour. Analyses revealed that community recovery following the bloom was site-specific. Multivariate analyses indicated that at one site community composition was approaching recovery 3 years post-bloom. At the second site, a sequential recovery process was indicated, whereas at the third site the community composition oscillated from year to year, but did not show any signs of a sequential recovery process. The nature of the hydrodynamic regime was identified as a major factor influencing the observed recovery processes. Communities exposed to an active hydrodynamic regime were less affected by the bloom and differed little in their composition pre- and post-bloom, as they were naturally in a perpetual state of recovery as indicated by a dominance of r-selected species. The community at the hydrodynamically less active site was more affected by the bloom and exhibited temporal differences in composition consistent with successional models. Complete recovery to a pre-disturbance climax community dominated by K-selected species is likely to take 4–5 years, if not interrupted by other disturbances. Given the increased occurrence of harmful algal blooms worldwide, more monitoring and manipulative studies are needed to further evaluate the effects of such disturbances on macrobenthic communities.  相似文献   

渔业社区管理在中国的实施探讨   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

唐建业  黄硕琳 《海洋通报》2006,25(4):63-68

传统的渔业管理强调了政府的直接控制管理,忽视了渔区在其中的作用。渔业社区管理是随着市场经济和政府管理的发展而被作为一种解决传统渔业管理困境的途径提出。为此,首先总结了渔业社区管理的概念,并对目前有关各国的实践进行分类。在此基础上,利用制度经济学的理论分析该管理制度的作用机制及实施条件。然后,分析该管理制度在我国实施的必要性和可行性,渔业社区管理是解决目前我国渔业管理中存在诸多问题的一种合适方案,且当前国家政策和渔区实际也为其提供良好的实施环境。最后,提出从政府管理者和渔民或与渔业相关的利害人两个方面创造实施渔业社区管理的条件。  相似文献   

南极纳尔逊冰川土壤中微生物的群落结构及其代谢特征研究          下载免费PDF全文

范启连  田琛  吕永新  张宇  肖湘 《应用海洋学学报》2023,42(2):187-194

冰川土壤中的微生物是冰冻圈生态系统中的重要组成部分。南极纳尔逊冰川四周环海,临近海洋的物质输送和其他因素扰动改变了近岸土壤中部分理化因子,从而对土壤中的微生物群落产生影响。本研究采集了南极纳尔逊冰川不同近海距离处的土壤样品,并对其进行了细菌和古菌V4区扩增子测序以及宏基因组测序,探讨了不同近海距离的冰川土壤中的微生物群落结构和代谢潜能。物种多样性结果显示,不同位点的土壤微生物群落组成有所差异,但变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门等在冰川土壤样品中普遍存在且相对丰度较高。宏基因组分析结果显示,不同近海距离的冰川土壤微生物群落的功能基因分布不同,且能量代谢和跨膜运输等代谢途径的基因的丰度随着采样位点远离海洋而降低。冰川土壤中碳、氮、硫代谢分别以还原性柠檬酸循环、反硝化、同化硫酸盐还原途径为主,其中反硝化途径基因在所有样品中丰度较高。通过分箱组装获得了含有反硝化功能基因的基因组bin＿71,并重构了其核心的代谢通路。本研究初步揭示了南极纳尔逊冰川土壤中微生物的群落结构及代谢潜能,为后续南极冰川土壤新物种的发现、功能基因的挖掘、以及探究全球气候变暖下海洋对沿海生态系统的影响提供了基础数据。  相似文献