北京地区城市热岛强度长期变化特征及气候学影响机制     

黄群芳  陆玉麒 《地理科学》2018,38(10):1715-1723

选择北京地区为研究区,基于1967~2016年城市站（北京站）和城郊农村站（密云站）的长期气象观测数据,研究平均气温、最高气温、最低气温对应的城市热岛强度长期变化特征及其气候学影响机制。研究发现,过去50 a平均气温和最低气温对应的城市热岛强度显著增加,增温率分别为0.29℃/10a和0.45℃/10a,而最高气温对应的城市热岛强度则没有明显变化趋势;统计分析显示过去50 a北京地区相对湿度、风速和日照时数显著降低以及气温显著上升有利于城市热岛的形成,强化城市热岛强度;未来全球变暖和快速城市化背景下北京地区城市热岛效应将进一步加剧,形成更频繁和持续时间更长的夏季城市高温热浪,严重危及城市居民生产生活和生命健康。  相似文献   

Land cover in Norway based on an area frame survey of vegetation types     

Anders Bryn  Geir-Harald Strand  Michael Angeloff  Yngve Rekdal 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2018,72(3):131-145

The Norwegian area frame survey of land cover and outfield land resources (AR18X18), completed in 2014, provided unbiased statistics of land cover in Norway. The article reports the new statistics, discusses implications of the data set, and provides potential value in terms of research, management, and monitoring. A gridded sampling design for 1081 primary statistical units of 0.9 km² at 18?km intervals was implemented in the survey. The plots were mapped in situ, aided by aerial photos, and all areas were coded following a vegetation type system. The results provide new insights into the cover and distribution of vegetation and land cover types. The statistic for mire and wetlands, which previously covered 5.8%, has since been corrected to 8.9%. The survey results can be used for environmental and agricultural management, and the data can be stratified for regional analyses. The survey data can also serve as training data for remote sensing and distribution modelling. Finally, the survey data can be used to calibrate vegetation perturbations in climate change research that focuses on atmospheric–vegetation feedback. The survey documented novel land cover statistics and revealed that the national cover of wetlands had previously been underestimated.  相似文献   

Mangrove forest dynamics in Tanintharyi,Myanmar from 1989–2014, and the role of future economic and political developments     

《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2018,39(2):224-243

Mangrove forests in Southeast Asia provide many ecosystem services, though are experiencing extensive deforestation, especially in Myanmar. Recent political and economic reforms in Myanmar are projected to further increase development pressures on natural resources. Mangrove forests in the southern state of Tanintharyi have largely been spared clearance because of poor infrastructure and a volatile security situation, though this may change with plans for economic expansion. We quantified land cover dynamics and proximate drivers of mangrove deforestation in Tanintharyi between 1989 and 2014 using a remote sensing approach over five time intervals. Tanintharyi experienced low mangrove cover loss overall, as compared with other regions of Myanmar, with 3.2 per cent being deforested over 25 years. However, this statistic hides large site‐specific losses and gains, which varied significantly within the study area. Myeik district lost 210 km² of mangrove over 25 years, but also gained 132 km². Dawei and Kawthung had minimal net loss of mangroves because of extensive mangrove regeneration. This historical mangrove baseline is essential for supporting environmentally‐conscious development in Myanmar's southernmost state.  相似文献   

A discrete global grid system for earth system modeling     

Bingxian Lin  Depeng Xu  A-Xing Zhu  Guonian Lu 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(4):711-737

To support Earth system modeling, we propose a discrete global grid system that expresses multi-resolution spatial data. Specifically, a unified coding model that expresses a grid of nodes, edges, and cells is constructed for a triangular discrete global grid system. To fulfill the requirements of practical applications, we design a code-based topological query method for this grid system and an algorithm to transform between grid codes and geographic coordinates. We evaluate the Global Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (Global-FVCOM) on the triangular discrete global grid system in the proposed uniform coding model. The ocean tidal waves simulated by the Global-FVCOM running on the coded grid are then compared with results obtained using a traditional irregular spherical grid system, and the results display comparable accuracy. The uniform coding model proposed in this paper provides a triangular discrete global grid system that can represent multi-resolution spatial data and can be used in Earth system models. This unified coding model can also be applied to the geographic coordinate system made up of latitudes and longitudes, as well as diamond and hexagonal grids.  相似文献   

三小时负变压异常指数及对强对流天气的预报意义     

肖安  许爱华 《气象学报》2018,76(1):78-91

低层暖平流强迫类强对流发生前,地面经常伴有低于日变化的3 h变压。结合常规地面观测资料,定义低于日变化的3 h变压异常（超过一个标准差定义为异常）指数PCR（Pressure Change Range）,讨论了中国中东部地区3 h变压标准差的气候分布特征;最后以3次强对流天气过程为例说明PCR指数的预报价值和时效。结果表明,与3 h变压均值相比,中国中东部地区的3 h变压标准差的日变化较小,PCR更适合作为变压异常程度的标准。东北、华北、华东-华中区域PCR冬春季节出现站次数偏多,夏秋季节偏少;华南区域除了冬春季外,夏季也偏多,秋季偏少。PCR主要集中在低级别强度上,但PCR级别越高,越有可能出现强对流天气。东北区域出现PCR的首要原因是受东北气旋的影响,且可能有TBB≤-52℃的云系相对应;华北、华东-华中、华南出现PCR的首要原因是冷高压变性或迅速东移,没有TBB≤-52℃的云系相对应;地面倒槽中出现的PCR全部有TBB≤-52℃的云系对应。3次强对流天气过程均发生在地面倒槽中;在发生前3 h左右,地面气压场上有较明显的负PCR中心出现,强对流天气中尺度云团有向负PCR中心移动的趋势。   相似文献   

Assessing the applicability of OpenStreetMap data to assist the validation of land use/land cover maps     

Cidália C. Fonte  Nuno Martinho 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(12):2382-2400

The validation of land use/land cover (LULC) maps is usually performed using a reference database consisting of a sample of points or regions to which the ‘real’ class is assigned. This assignment is usually performed by specialists using photointerpretation (PI) of high-resolution imagery and/or field visits, which are time consuming and expensive processes. The aim of this article is to assess if the data available in the collaborative project OpenStreetMap (OSM) may be used as a source of data to assist the creation of these reference databases, reducing the time spent and costs associated with their generation. For this aim, two case studies were used, where the validation of the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Urban Atlas (UA) was performed. The used methodology requires the harmonization of the data available in OSM with the UA nomenclature, and the subsequent creation of a LULC map from the OSM data. This map was then compared to UA to assess the similarity of the regions mapped in both. To test the usefulness of OSM data to assess the accuracy of UA, a sample of points was created and two reference databases generated, one assigning the data extracted automatically from OSM to the points where these data were available, and PI for the remaining points, and the other using only PI. The accuracy assessment of UA for the two case studies was then made building confusion matrixes and computing accuracy indicators. The results showed that for the two study areas, only low percentages of points had to be photo interpreted in the first reference database (respectively, 12% and 2% for the two study areas), decreasing the work load considerably. The results obtained with both reference databases are comparable for level 1 classes. For level 2 classes, worse results were obtained for some classes, showing that the OSM data used are not enough to create reliable reference data.  相似文献   

顶点P_k覆盖问题的研究综述     

王利民  华景煜 《南京气象学院学报》2017,9(5):455-461

顶点覆盖问题是经典的NP完全问题,在排序、计算机网络等现实生活中有许多的应用.近几年来,许多研究者开始探究它的推广形式——顶点P_k覆盖（VCP_k）问题,即寻找一个顶点子集,从拓扑结构图中删除后使得剩下的顶点导出的子图不包含P_k路,其中P_k是指包含k个顶点的路.本文简单介绍了VCP_k问题的应用背景,归纳了它在近似算法、精确算法、参数化算法3个方面的主要研究进展,并分析了一些主要的方法和技巧.在此基础上,对VCP_k问题及其相关问题的研究前景进行了展望.  相似文献   

不同天气现象下毕节高温特征及预报回归检验分析          下载免费PDF全文

吴姗  姚浪  刘健平  帅龙  聂祥 《中低纬山地气象》2022,46(1):68-72

利用毕节2010-2019年观测资料,分析不同天气现象下日最高气温特征,建立高温模型,并对近5 a 24 h高温进行检验,得出如下结论:(1)毕节高温日变化在夏季最稳定,春季波动最大。气温日较差晴天最大,阴天最小,多云时略大于阴间多云。(2)毕节8~10成云出现频率高达65.7%,夏季晴天频率波动大,春、夏季多云频率较高,且按天气现象分类统计月平均高温时,其峰值均出现在7月。(3) 24 h高温预报准确率月、季变化特征明显,夏季准确率最高,较最低的冬季高出21.4%,在区别天气现象的情况下,阴雨天时预报准确率最高,多云时最低,其中12月多云时最低为25%。(4)回归模型分析发现不同季节同种天气现象24 h高温预报影响因子权重差异明显,日照时数和平均本站气压对模型影响程度较高。不同季节晴天影响因子差异最大,拟合效果最好时段在夏季,平均估计误差为1.2℃,估计误差最大在冬季,平均估计误差为1.7℃。  相似文献   

黑龙江省穆棱市土地利用/覆被变化及热点分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

高凤杰  马泉来  单培明  刘洋  郭欣欣  杨双  张志民 《地域研究与开发》2016,(4):126-130

土地利用/覆被变化及其过程特征是全球变化领域研究的重点和热点。运用地统计学和3S技术,对黑龙江省穆棱市1991—2001年和2001—2013年土地利用/覆被变化及其空间演变特征进行研究。结果表明:1991—2001年间,耕地是主要转入地类,增加232.25 km~2,林地作为最大转出地类,减少290.35 km~2,林地与耕地的转化在土地利用变化中占最大比例,其他用地均发生变化,但面积小且散乱,整体上该时期土地利用呈现出开发混乱、效率低下的特点;2001—2013年间,受还林还草的影响,耕地减少179.01 km~2,林地增加171.45 km~2,其中坡耕地的退出占较大比例,且分布面积广,该时段内土地利用结构得到优化;土地利用变化的热点区由2001年前的"两大一小"模式,演变为以市区和中心乡镇围成的重点区域;1991—2013年间研究区自然因子变化较小,土地利用/覆被变化主要受退耕还林等国家政策的主导。  相似文献   

中国历史时期土地覆被数据集地理空间重建进展评述   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

杨绪红  金晓斌  林忆南  韩娟  周寅康 《地理科学进展》2016,35(2):159-172

重建长时间序列具有空间属性的土地覆被数据集,对研究历史时期土地利用/土地覆被变化及其气候和生态效应具有重要意义。近年来,国内外学者就定量重建中国区域历史土地覆被数据集进行了积极探索。但由于历史时期土地利用数据来源多元、重建方法多样、验证方式各异等原因,不同学者的重建结果迥异,其中重建方法是导致差异形成的重要原因之一。本文从重建思路、假设和方法、结果验证等方面对覆盖中国区域的主要空间数据集进行了综合评述,结果表明：①基于历史记录的还原法和基于地理空间模型的重建法是历史土地覆被空间重建的主要方法,而根据建模过程,后者又可进一步分为“自上而下”的配置模型和“自下而上”的演化模型法。②基于数量重建进行空间重建是当前历史土地覆被数据集重建的主流,在缺少充分、客观历史数据的条件下,对基础数据、分布控制因素和限制因子进行合理假设是取得合理结果的重要条件。③为提高研究成果的解释力,需要对重建结果进行检验,直接验证法虽较为准确,但受时空尺度限制,具有显著的局限性,间接验证法可作为有效的补充。  相似文献