Origin of short period comets     

M. E. Bailey 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1992,54(1-3):49-61

Reasons for interest in the origin of short-period comets and the difficulties of computing their long-term dynamcal evolution are reviewed. The relative advantages of a source region in an extended inner core of the Oort cloud or a compact comet belt just beyond the planetary system are finely balanced, and it is premature to consider the problem solved. A complication is that some comets belonging to the Jupiter family may be part of a time-dependent system, possibly the remains of a giant comet such as Chiron which could have been part of the system 104 yr ago. The origin of short-period comets plays a pivotal role in many areas of solar system science: planet formation, the source of water (possibly life) on the terrestrial planets, the cratering record on the terrestrial planets and satellites of the outer planets, and the environmental impact posed by massive bodies and their decay products in the Earth's near-space environment.  相似文献   

平面约束条件在LIDAR点云滤波中的应用   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

张皓  刘军  纪松  杨靖宇 《测绘信息与工程》2008,33(4)

介绍了一种利用平面约束条件对LIDAR点云数据进行滤波的方法,利用每个数据点的邻域点拟合平面,根据平面约束条件和平面点分类方法得到地面点,最后利用地面点内插该区域的DTM.  相似文献   

陡坡林区的LIDAR点云滤波方法     

王明华  张小红  郭斐  唐菲菲 《测绘信息与工程》2008,33(6):1-3

提出了基于坡度对陡坡林区LIDAR点云数据滤波的预处理算法,结合迭代最小二乘滤波方法改进了滤波效果,实测数据表明,有效地降低了第一类误差和第二类误差。  相似文献   

机载激光雷达平均树高提取研究   总被引：16，自引：3，他引：13  

庞勇  赵峰  李增元  周淑芳  邓广  刘清旺  陈尔学 《遥感学报》2008,12(1):152-158

为了研究机载激光雷达(LiDAR)树高提取技术,以山东省泰安市徂徕山林场为实验区,于2005年5月进行了机载LiDAR数据获取和外业测量.通过对LiDAR点云数据的分类处理,分别得到了试验区的地面点云子集、植被点云子集和高程归一化的植被点云子集.基于高程归一化的植被点云子集计算了上四分位数处的高度,与实地测量的数据进行了比较,并结合中国森林调查规程进行了实用性分析.结果表明:对于较低密度的点云数据,使用分位数法可以较好地进行林分平均高的估计;机载激光雷达技术对树高估计是可行的,精度都高于87%,总体平均精度为90.59%,其中阔叶树的精度高于针叶树.该试验精度可以满足中国二类森林调查规程中平均树高因子的一般商品林和生态公益林的精度要求,对国有商品林小班的调查精度要求(5%)存在一点差距,需要在国有商品林区进一步开展验证工作.对本试验区而言,已经可以满足其作为森林公园生态公益林的调查要求.  相似文献   

激光扫描点云图像背景交互式滤除     

李永强  盛业华  刘会云  戴华阳 《测绘科学》2008,33(1):130-131,134

激光扫描系统获取的数据中包含了大量背景信息,给信息提取和表面重建工作带来严重影响,需要有效滤除。依据空间点与平面的位置关系,提出了针对车载激光扫描点云图像背景信息滤除的有效方法,并以OpenGL为工具,开发了一系列点云数据处理工具,能快速、直观、准确地滤除无用背景信息,完整地保留有用的前景信息,从而为大规模三维场景快速重建提供保障。  相似文献   

The dynamics and thermodynamics of large ash flows   总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0  

Marcus I. Bursik  Andrew W. Woods 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,58(2-3):175-193

 Ash flow deposits, containing up to 1000 km³ of material, have been produced by some of the largest volcanic eruptions known. Ash flows propagate several tens of kilometres from their source vents, produce extensive blankets of ash and are able to surmount topographic barriers hundreds of metres high. We present and test a new model of the motion of such flows as they propagate over a near horizontal surface from a collapsing fountain above a volcanic vent. The model predicts that for a given eruption rate, either a slow (10–100 m/s) and deep (1000–3000 m) subcritical flow or a fast (100–200 m/s) and shallow (500–1000 m) supercritical flow may develop. Subcritical ash flows propagate with a nearly constant volume flux, whereas supercritical flows entrain air and become progressively more voluminous. The run-out distance of such ash flows is controlled largely by the mass of air mixed into the collapsing fountain, the degree of fragmentation and the associated rate of loss of material into an underlying concentrated depositional system, and the mass eruption rate. However, in supercritical flows, the continued entrainment of air exerts a further important control on the flow evolution. Model predictions show that the run-out distance decreases with the mass of air entrained into the flow. Also, the mass of ash which may ascend from the flow into a buoyant coignimbrite cloud increases as more air is entrained into the flow. As a result, supercritical ash flows typically have shorter runout distances and more ash is elutriated into the associated coignimbrite eruption columns. We also show that one-dimensional, channellized ash flows typically propagate further than their radially spreading counterparts. As a Plinian eruption proceeds, the erupted mass flux often increases, leading to column collapse and the formation of pumiceous ash flows. Near the critical conditions for eruption column collapse, the flows are shed from high fountains which entrain large quantities of air per unit mass. Our model suggests that this will lead to relatively short ash flows with much of the erupted material being elutriated into the coignimbrite column. However, if the mass flux subseqently increases, then less air per unit mass is entrained into the collapsing fountain, and progressively larger flows, which propagate further from the vent, will develop. Our model is consistent with observations of a number of pyroclastic flow deposits, including the 1912 eruption of Katmai and the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo. The model suggests that many extensive flow sheets were emplaced from eruptions with mass fluxes of 10⁹–10¹⁰ kg/s over periods of 10³–10⁵ s, and that some indicators of flow "mobility" may need to be reinterpreted. Furthermore, in accordance with observations, the model predicts that the coignimbrite eruption columns produced from such ash flows rose between 20 and 40 km. Received: 25 August 1995 / Accepted: 3 April 1996  相似文献   

Numerical study of droplet size dependent chemistry in oceanic,wintertime stratus cloud at southern mid-latitudes     

G. P. Ayers  T. V. Larson 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1990,11(1-2):143-167

Cloud droplet chemistry is modelled for the first 150 m of rise in a wintertime, mid-latitude, marine stratus cloud using observations made at and near the Cape Grim Baseline Station as a source of input parameters. The emphasis in this work was to study the variation in droplet chemistry as a function of both droplet size and nucleus composition, with a particular focus on the way in which oxidation of dissolved sulfur dioxide varied.At 150 m above the condensation level, solute concentration as a function of droplet size was found to increase by as much as 2 to 3 orders of magnitude for only a factor of 2 increase in droplet radius, primarily as a consequence of the 1/r dependence in the droplet growth equation. This type of size dependence exists at all levels in the model cloud, and has a significant influence on oxidation rate of sulfur dioxide in droplets growing on sulfate nuclei, oxidation by ozone being favoured in the smallest droplets, but oxidation by hydrogen peroxide being favoured in the larger droplets. Oxidation by ozone is favoured at all sizes in droplets formed on sea-salt nuclei as a result of the initially high alkalinity of these droplets, and in the cloud overall is calculated to be the more important oxidation pathway. Although based on a simplified chemical scheme, these results suggest that both size-dependent and nucleus-dependent chemistry of cloud droplets may need to be considered explicitly in cloud modelling work.Volume-weighted mean pH values in the range 5 to 6 were predicted from sensitivity studies in which input variables were varied over reasonable ranges, in agreement with two sets of bulk cloud-water pH data obtained by aircraft near Cape Grim.  相似文献   

中国MODIS卫星影像彩色镶嵌图制作     

马慧云刘良明  鄢俊洁孟令奎 《四川测绘》2005,28(2):71-73

本文介绍了大范围卫星影像彩色镶嵌图的制作流程．对于大范围卫星影像彩色镶嵌图制作的技术难点（去云、拼接、调色），文章进行了重点介绍并提出技术解决办法．利用MODIS卫星数据制作了两幅全国彩色影像镶嵌图：一幅为红波段（B1）、绿波段（B4）和蓝波段（B3）构成的真彩色合成影像：一幅为红波段（B1）．近红外波段（B2）和蓝波段（B3）构成的假彩色合成影像．两幅影像色彩精美，信息量丰富．  相似文献   

2002年7月沈阳一次降水过程的催化数值模拟研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

陈宝君  周德平  宫福久  王吉宏  耿素江 《南京气象学院学报》2005,28(4):483-491

应用三维对流云模式和探空资料，对沈阳地区2002年7月12日发生的一次东北冷涡降水过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明，这次降水主要是由积层混合云引起的，其中冰相过程占主导地位，霰的融化是最主要的雨生成项。催化模拟试验表明，当云体处于成熟稳定的积层混合云阶段，在0℃层高度以上播撒AgI能起到显著的增雨效果。积层混合云具有巨大的人工增雨潜力。  相似文献   

Spectral Filtering and Classification of Terrestrial Laser Scanner Point Clouds   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Derek D.  Lichti 《The Photogrammetric Record》2005,20(111):218-240

A method is presented for filtering and classification of terrestrial laser scanner point clouds. The algorithm exploits the four-channel (blue, green, red and near infrared) multispectral imaging capability of some terrestrial scanners using supervised, parametric classification to assign thematic class labels to all scan cloud points. Its principal advantage is that it is a completely data-driven algorithm and is independent of spatial sampling resolution since the processing is performed in four-dimensional spectral feature space. Its application to two data-sets of different spatial extent and spatial and spectral complexity is reported, for which respective overall classification accuracies of 87·0% and 82·0% were achieved. Analysis of the input data with emphasis on the characteristics pertinent to the anticipated outcomes precedes detailed analysis of the classification results and error sources and their causes. Erroneously classified points are attributed to radiometric errors stemming from both detector hardware and physical effects.  相似文献