Life's origin: the cosmic, planetary and biological processes     

Scattergood T  Des Marais D  Jahnke L 《The Planetary report》1987,7(6):4-5

From elements formed in interstellar furnaces to humans peering back at the stars, the evolution of life has been a long, intricate and perhaps inevitable process. Life as we know it requires a planet orbiting a star at just the right distance so that water can exist in liquid form. It needs a rich supply of chemicals and energy sources. On Earth, the combination of chemistry and energy generated molecules that evolved ways of replicating themselves and of passing information from one generation to the next. Thus, the thread of life began. This chart traces the thread, maintained by DNA molecules for much of its history, as it weaves its way through the primitive oceans, gaining strength and diversity along the way. Organisms eventually moved onto the land, where advanced forms, including humans, ultimately arose. Finally, assisted by a technology of its own making, life has reached back out into space to understand its own origins, to expand into new realms, and to seek other living threads in the cosmos.  相似文献   

碳酸盐岩裂缝与岩溶作用研究   总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10  

艾合买提江·阿不都热和曼  钟建华  李阳  钟富平  高玉飞 《地质论评》2008,54(4):485-493

从构造与非构造作用角度出发,突出研究断层对裂缝的控制作用、断裂与岩溶的关系和裂缝与岩溶之间的关系,揭示碳酸盐岩裂缝与岩溶的发育规律。研究表明：构造裂缝为岩溶发育提供岩溶作用进行的有利通道,非构造裂缝则可以加速溶蚀作用的进行,促进岩溶的发育;裂缝与岩溶之间的关系始终是相辅相成、相互促进的关系。  相似文献   

长江入海沉积物的输送及其入海后的运移   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

杨作升  J．D．米利曼 《山东海洋学院学报》1983,13(3):1-12,i001

前言 长江和黄河是世界著名的多沙河流，每年入海泥沙分别为5亿吨和11亿吨，分别占世界的第四位和第二位。千万年来由她们发育了广大的冲积平原，浩浩荡荡东流入海，形成东中国海大陆架沉积物的主要来源。研究长江和黄河沉积物搬运入海的沉积动力过程，不仅对东海大陆架的了解和开发有重要意义，也给陆上经济发展提供科学依据。  相似文献   

日本GMS低云风在北太平洋西部低层流场分析中的应用     

毛建平  斯公望 《海洋学研究》1986,(1)

本文利用日本GMS低云风资料,对东亚及北太平洋西部(取北纬10°—45°,东经105°—150°范围)1983年7月21日08时—22日20时(北京时)的850百帕流场进行初步研究。对仅有无线电探空资料的流场(称常规流场)和前者加上卫星云风资料后的流场(称混合流场)作了比较。通过客观分析,发现两种流场在北太平洋西部有很大的差别,后者能更好地反映出热带海洋上的流场。对上述两种流场物理结构(涡度和散度)的分析,也发现两者在热带海洋上有较大差异,混合流场的物理特征与环流系统配合较好。  相似文献   

南美洲7ka来古气候资料中的南方涛动信号     

L．Martin李国胜  李日辉 《海洋地质前沿》1994,(2):8-10

在南半球赤道地区，太平洋东部沿岸的海面温度相对较冷，这些冷水强烈地影响着赤道大陆气候，在由塔西提／达尔文间不规则的高／低气压所定义的南方诗动的减弱价段，这种气候背景型式强烈地受到改变，在南方涛动减弱阶段，厄尔尼诺事件可能会出现，赤道太平洋水团要比通常温暖。  相似文献   

Release into the environment of metals by two vascular salt marsh plants   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Weis P  Windham L  Burke DJ  Weis JS 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5):325-329

Metals in contaminated salt marshes are mainly locked in the anaerobic layer of sediments, where they are tightly bound as sulfides and organic complexes. Vascular plants survive in saturated soils in part by pumping O2 into their root zones, changing their microenvironment to an oxic one. This, along with chelating exudates, mobilizes metals, allowing uptake by the roots. We compared the common reed Phragmites australis and cordgrass Spartina alterniflora in lab and field studies for ways in which they handle trace metals. Both plants store most of their metal burden in their roots, but some is transported to aboveground tissues. Spartina leaves contain approximately 2-3 x more Cr, Pb, and Hg than Phragmites leaves, but equivalent Cu and Zn. Furthermore, Spartina leaves have salt glands, so leaf excretion of all metals is twice that of Phragmites. In-depth studies with Hg indicate that Hg excretion correlates with Na release but not with transpiration, which is 2.2 x higher in Phragmites; and that more Hg accumulates in early-appearing leaves than in upper (i.e. later) leaves in both species. Spartina thus makes more metals available to salt marsh ecosystems than Phragmites by direct excretion and via dead leaves which will enter the food web as detritus.  相似文献   

Evaluation of acetylcholinesterase activity in several zooplanktonic crustaceans     

Minutoli R  Fossi MC  Guglielmo L 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5):799-804

Zooplankton are an essential component of the marine and estuarine food chains. The ecotoxicological risk to zooplanktonic communities, estimated through the use of the biomarkers, can be used as an early warning signal of a potential alteration of the ecosystem health. The aim of this project was to evaluate the potential use of several biomarkers (esterases, mixed function oxidases, porphyrins) in zooplanktonic organisms. The acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was determined in homogenates of whole organisms of 10 different zooplanktonic crustaceans. Mean activity of AChE was 10.05 micromol/min/g for Acartia margalefi; 3.30 for Acartia latisetosa; 79.70 for Siriella clausi; 49.97 for Diamysis bahirensis; 7.48 for Siriella armata; 14.20 for Mysidopsis gibbosa; 4.49 for Euphausia crystallorophias; 1.66 for Euphausia superba; 2.74 for Streetsia challengeri; 13.26 for Meganycthiphanes norvegica. The species moreover showed a linear increase in enzyme activity in relation to the increase in sample concentration. The key result of this study concerns the different AChE activity basal values of the crustaceans' different species.  相似文献   

Esterases as biomarkers in Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor exposed to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis used for mosquito control in coastal wetlands of Morbihan (Brittany,France)     

Fourcy D  Jumel A  Heydorff M  Lagadic L 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5):755-759

Since 1998, a biomonitoring programme has been implemented to assess the potential impact of chemical mosquito control on macroinvertebrates of the coastal wetlands of Morbihan (Brittany, France). Acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterases were used as biomarkers to assess the effects of Abate 500e (a.i. temephos) and Vectobac 12 AS (a.i. endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, Bti) in Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor. Esterase inhibition revealed a marked impact of temephos, suggesting preferential contamination of the worms through the food. In Bti-exposed N. diversicolor, random variations of esterase activities were observed, that could not be attributed to the larvicide. However, esterases only reflected indirect physiological effects of Bti, and further investigations are needed to identify biomarkers more specific of Bti endotoxins.  相似文献   

Measurement of DNA single-strand breaks in gill and hemolymph cells of mussels, Mytilus sp., collected on the French Atlantic Coast     

Akcha F  Tanguy A  Leday G  Pelluhet L  Budzinski H  Chiffoleau JF 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):753-756

DNA single-strand breaks were measured by the comet assay in both gill and hemolymph cells of mussels collected in 3 sampling areas of the French coast (Pointe du Castelli, Pen Bron and Saint-Nazaire Harbour). Whole mussel tissue samples were also collected for the chemical determination of PAH, PCB and heavy metal concentrations. In mussel, a higher level of DNA strand breaks was measured in gill than in hemolymph cells (p < 0.01). Despite a factor of contamination from 2 to 3 between sites, no difference in the extent of mussel DNA strand breaks was shown between sampling locations (p > 0.05), questioning the sensitivity of the assays used in biomonitoring studies.  相似文献   

Susceptibility to genetic damage and cell types in Mediterranean mussels   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Dolcetti L  Venier P 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5):487-491

Micronucleus (MN) frequency is generally accepted as a marker of chromosomal damage and has been studied in a variety of cells and species. In previous work, we detected significant dose-related MN increases in the epithelial-like gill cells and agranular haemocytes of Mytilus galloprovincialis treated with benzo[a]pyrene, a well-known mutagenic pollutant. In addition, we have studied micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in mussels collected from the Venice lagoon (Italy). Frequency changes, possibly related to genotoxic/toxic stress, in both granular and micronucleated cells from gills and haemolymph, were detected. Environmental data suggest the effect of genotoxic pollutants and the importance of cell replication in the interpretation of micronucleus frequencies.  相似文献