Characterizing and Predicting Traffic Accidents in Extreme Weather Environments     

Richard M. Medina  Guido Cervone  Nigel M. Waters 《The Professional geographer》2017,69(1):126-137

Motorists are vulnerable to extreme weather events, which are likely to be exacerbated by climate change throughout the world. Traffic accidents are conceptualized in this article as the result of a systemic failure that includes human, vehicular, and environmental factors. The snowstorm and concurrent accidents that occurred in the Northeastern United States on 26 January 2011 are used as a case study. Traffic accident data for Fairfax County, Virginia, are supplemented with Doppler radar and additional weather data to characterize the spatiotemporal patterns of the accidents resulting from this major snowstorm event. A kernel density smoothing method is implemented to identify and predict patterns of accident locations within this urban area over time. The predictive capability of this model increases over time with increasing accidents. Models such as these can be used by emergency responders to identify, plan for, and mitigate areas that are more susceptible to increased risk resulting from extreme weather events.  相似文献   

湛江东海岛裂流风险评价          下载免费PDF全文

李志强  陈杏文 《海洋开发与管理》2016,33(Z2):73-78

裂流是海滩旅游中重要的安全隐患,国内目前还很少有裂流风险的评价研究。文章基于地形动力学模型对湛江东海岛海滩裂流风险从年平均、逐月平均和逐月常浪向状况下进行了评价。结果表明:(1)东海岛海滩全年平均状态为沙坝消散型海滩,一年四季出现裂流的概率较大,为中等危险性的海滩;(2)逐月平均海滩类型以沙坝消散型为主,但在6—7月海滩类型为低潮沙坝/裂流型,海滩风险等级最高,8月的月平均海滩状态为无沙坝消散型,属于危险性较低海滩,但此时波浪向为SE向时,海滩状态变成低潮沙坝/裂流型,裂流风险等级很高;(3)海滩管理者要重视对海滩裂流风险的管理。  相似文献   

Consideration of natural hazards in the design and risk management of industrial facilities   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ana Maria Cruz  Norio Okada 《Natural Hazards》2008,44(2):213-227

Recent chemical accidents precipitated by natural disasters have prompted governments in the United States, Japan, and Europe, among other countries, to re-evaluate current practices in the design and risk management of industrial facilities. This paper presents an overview of natural hazard design considerations and external events risk management requirements in the industrial sector, with particular emphasis on industrial practices in the United States, Japan, and Europe. The analysis shows that although regulations exist to ensure industrial plant structures are built to resist natural hazards (up to the design level), there are few laws to address the performance of non-structural elements and safety and emergency response measures during a natural disaster. Laws usually also refer to natural hazards only indirectly, and provisions to prevent or respond to simultaneous disasters from single or multiple sources concurrent with the natural disaster are usually not present.

Ana Maria CruzEmail:

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Natech risk and management: an assessment of the state of the art   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Laura J. Steinberg  Hatice Sengul  Ana Maria Cruz 《Natural Hazards》2008,46(2):143-152

The present state-of-the-art for natech risk and management is discussed. Examples of recent natechs include catastrophic oil spills associated with Hurricane Katrina and hazardous chemical releases in Europe during the heavy floods of 2002. Natechs create difficult challenges for emergency responders due to the geographical extent of the natural disaster, the likelihood of simultaneous releases, emergency personnel being preoccupied with response to the natural disaster, mitigation measures failing due to the effects of the natural disaster, and others. Recovery from natechs may be much more difficult than for “normal” chemical accidents, as the economic and social conditions of the industrial facility and the surrounding community may have been drastically altered by the natural disaster. Potential safeguards against natechs include adoption of stricter design criteria, chemical process safeguards, community land use planning, disaster mitigation and response planning, and sustainable industrial processes, but these safeguards are only sporadically applied. Ultimately, the public must engage in a comprehensive discussion of acceptable risks for natechs.

Ana Maria CruzEmail:

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Avalanche hazards and mitigation in Austria: a review     

Peter Höller 《Natural Hazards》2007,43(1):81-101

At all times natural hazards like torrents or avalanches pose a threat to settlements and infrastructures in the Austrian Alps. Since 1950 more than 1,600 persons have been killed by avalanches in Austria, which is on average approximately 30 fatalities per year. In particular, the winter periods 1950/1951 and 1953/1954 stand out with more than 100 fatalities. Those events led to an increase of avalanche control programmes in the following decades. While from the 1950s to the 1970s emphasis was placed on permanent measures (technical structures, afforestations, hazard zoning ...) additional programmes such as avalanche warning and forecasting have supplemented avalanche control measures in the last decades. Current research is focused on avalanche simulation, risk management and the influence of the forest on avalanche formation. An important area of future research is to develop improved methods for avalanche forecasting and to intensify the investigation of the dynamics of avalanches.  相似文献   

Snow Avalanche Hazard in Canada – a Review     

Chris Stethem  Bruce Jamieson  Peter Schaerer  David Liverman  Daniel Germain  Simon Walker 《Natural Hazards》2003,28(2-3):487-515

Snow avalanches affect recreation, transportation, resource industries and property. During the 1990s an average of 12.5 persons per year were killed in avalanches in Canada. The snow avalanche hazard has affected people and facilities in B.C, Alberta, Yukon, NWT, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec and Newfoundland. Avalanche risk may be voluntary, for example skiing and snowmobiling, or involuntary, for example public transportation corridors. A worst-case avalanche scenario is most likely to occur in the Western Cordillera, resulting from a single large-scale weather pattern, where a cold period resulting in the development of a weak layer in the snowpack is followed by a series of major mid-winter storms. Emergency preparedness for avalanches is most advanced in western Canada. New education and information initiatives in Quebec and Newfoundland are aimed at improving preparedness there. Current research is focused on avalanche forecasting, weather forecasting for avalanche prediction, avalanche failure characteristics, forestry and avalanches and geomorphology and avalanches. An important area of future research is the impact of climate change on avalanches, particularly in northern Canada.  相似文献   

Book Reviews     

《The Professional geographer》2001,53(3):435-462

Books reviewed: D. Graham Burnett, Masters of All They Surveyed: Exploration, Geography, and a British El Dorado Garrett A. Sullivan, Jr., The Drama of Landscape: Land Property and Social Relations on the Early Modern Stage Sergio Díaz‐Briquets and Jorge Pérez‐López, Conquering Nature: The Environmental Legacy of Socialism in Cuba Karl F. Nordstrom, Beaches and Dunes of Developed Coasts Robin W. Doughty, The Eucalyptus: A Natural and Commercial History of the Gum Tree James K. Mitchell, ed., Crucibles of Hazard Gerald T. Koeppel, Water for Gotham: A History Arnold R. Alanen and Robert Z. Melnick, eds., Preserving Cultural Landscapes in America Kavita Pandit and Suzanne Davies Withers, eds., Migration and Restructuring in the United States Steven R. Nivin, Regional Innovation Potential: The Case of the U.S. Machine Tool Industry Douglas Meyer, Making the Heartland Quilt: A Geographical History of Settlement and Migration in Early Nineteenth‐Century Illinois David R. Meyer, Hong Kong as a Global Metropolis Mark Cleary and Goh Kim Chuan, Environment and Development in the Straits of Malacca David Zurick and P. P. Karan, Himalaya: Life on the Edge of the World Christer Jönsson, Sven Tägil, and Gunnar Törnqvist , Organizing European Space Tor Bernhardsen, Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction, 2nd ed.  相似文献   

非开挖铺管导向钻进中的事故处理   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

史晓亮  李粮纲 《地质与勘探》2000,36(2):60-62

根据导向钻进法在实际管线铺设施工中遇到的孔内事故 ,阐述了处理常见孔内事故的措施 ,并提出了避免事故发生的建议。  相似文献   

Avalanche cycles in Austria: an analysis of the major events in the last 50 years     

Peter Höller 《Natural Hazards》2009,48(3):399-424

During the last 50 years, an average of 30 persons per year was killed by avalanches in Austria. About one-third of all avalanche fatalities occurred as a result of so-called ‘catastrophic avalanches’. ‘Catastrophic avalanches’ are spontaneously released avalanches that affect villages and cause damage to property (buildings, roads and other infrastructure). The biggest avalanche events in Austria were in 1950/1951 (135 fatalities), in 1953/1954 (143 fatalities) and in February 1999, when 38 persons were killed in Galtür and Valzur. This article deals with an analysis of nine major avalanche cycles in the last 55 years. An avalanche cycle in this article is defined as 50 recorded avalanches of at least size 3 in two days and/or 5 persons killed in villages within two days. The basis of this study are the well-documented records from Fliri (1998), who analysed natural disasters in the western part of Austria and the Trentino, including floods, mudflows, earthquakes and avalanches. The meteorological data were taken from two relevant observation sites in the northern part of the Austrian Alps, from two sites in an intermediate and continental region, respectively and from one site in the southern part of the Austrian Alps. Atmospheric patterns were analysed by using weather charts for the relevant periods. Both the meteorological data and the weather charts were provided by the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG). It was found that there was a major cycle every 6 years (on average). Two-thirds of all investigated cycles were characterised by a continuous increase of snow depth over a period of at least three days. In only three periods (1975, 1986, 1988), daily extreme values could be observed. More than 40% of all the cycles occurred in January. In two-thirds, a north-westerly oriented frontal zone was responsible for the formation of a major cycle. The remaining cycles were released by low-pressure areas over Central Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, respectively.  相似文献   

城市隧道施工诱发的地面塌陷灾变机制及其控制   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

张成平  张顶立  王梦恕  李倩倩  刘胜春 《岩土力学》2010,31(Z1):303-309

基于国内城市隧道施工过程中地面塌陷事故频发的现状,结合地面塌陷事故案例,对城市隧道施工诱发的地面塌陷灾变机制及其控制技术进行了研究。通过对北京地铁隧道施工诱发的44起安全事故统计发现：地面塌陷事故共16起,占全部事故的36%,所占比例较高;通过对国内城市隧道施工引起的29起地面塌陷事故统计发现：管线渗漏和不良地质体是诱发地面塌陷的主要因素,两者诱发的事故合计比例高达69%,因此也是地面塌陷防控的关键性因素。根据案例统计分析结果,将地面塌陷的形成方式划分为3种类型,分别为：隧道施工直接导致上覆地层失稳破坏形成的地面塌陷,隧道施工导致地层中不良地质体破坏而形成的地面塌陷,以及隧道施工导致管线渗漏水恶化而引发的地面塌陷。采用理论分析和数值模拟揭示了城市隧道施工诱发地面塌陷的灾变机制及其演化规律,在此基础上提出了城市隧道施工过程中地面塌陷的控制技术。  相似文献