Adequacy of satellite derived rainfall data for stream flow modeling   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Guleid Artan  Hussein Gadain  Jodie L. Smith  Kwabena Asante  Christina J. Bandaragoda  James P. Verdin 《Natural Hazards》2007,43(2):167-185

Floods are the most common and widespread climate-related hazard on Earth. Flood forecasting can reduce the death toll associated with floods. Satellites offer effective and economical means for calculating areal rainfall estimates in sparsely gauged regions. However, satellite-based rainfall estimates have had limited use in flood forecasting and hydrologic stream flow modeling because the rainfall estimates were considered to be unreliable. In this study we present the calibration and validation results from a spatially distributed hydrologic model driven by daily satellite-based estimates of rainfall for sub-basins of the Nile and Mekong Rivers. The results demonstrate the usefulness of remotely sensed precipitation data for hydrologic modeling when the hydrologic model is calibrated with such data. However, the remotely sensed rainfall estimates cannot be used confidently with hydrologic models that are calibrated with rain gauge measured rainfall, unless the model is recalibrated. G. Artan, J. L. Smith and K. Asante – work performed under USGS contract 03CRCN0001.  相似文献   

新疆测震台站仪器标定常数数据库查询软件     

陈勇  张子凤  兰陵 《内陆地震》2004,18(4):365-370

为方便研究人员使用测震台站仪器标定常数,编制了新疆测震台站仪器的标定常数数据库查询软件。该查询软件以Access为数据库环境,用VB编写查询程序设计了用户界面。  相似文献   

Development of a high resolution runoff routing model, calibration and application to assess runoff from the LMD GCM   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Agns Ducharne  Catherine Golaz  Etienne Leblois  Katia Laval  Jan Polcher  Emmanuel Ledoux  Ghislain de Marsily 《Journal of Hydrology》2003,280(1-4):207-228

Large-scale runoff routing models (RRMs) are important as a validation tool for GCMs, and to close the hydrological cycle in fully-coupled climate models. The model RiTHM was developed to simulate the discharge of large rivers from the total runoff simulated by the LMD GCM. It uses a 1024×800 grid, nested in the 64×50 grid of the LMD GCM. The runoff simulated in a GCM grid cell is uniformly distributed over the underlying cells, where a series of two reservoirs accounts for the delay related to infiltration through the unsaturated zone and aquifers. The resulting riverflow is routed assuming pure translation along the drainage network, extracted with a GIS from a 5 min DEM. The transfer time from a cell to the outlet depends on topography, and on a basin-wide parameter, the time of concentration. RiTHM was calibrated in 11 river basins, using a realistic runoff forcing (computed by the land surface model SECHIBA from reanalyzed meteorological forcing). This led to a very satisfactory reproduction of observed hydrographs. The main problems were related to hydraulic processes neglected in RiTHM (reservoirs, diversion of riverflow because of flooding or irrigation). These results helped to validate SECHIBA, except for its snow processes, shown to be too simple. With the same parameters, RiTHM was also forced with runoff from the LMD GCM. This induced an important degradation of the simulated hydrographs, regarding both volume and timing. It was largely explained by errors in precipitation, and more generally climate, in the GCM. The direct calibration of RiTHM under the GCM-runoff forcing markedly improved the timing of simulated discharge, which could be interesting for land–atmosphere–ocean coupling. This work demonstrated that the usefulness of RRMs for GCMs strongly depends on their adequate calibration.  相似文献   

近场震级起算函数确定与爆炸余震震级计算   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

李学政  王海军  雷军 《中国地震》2003,19(2):117-124

在天然地震背景下，由于现有的起算函数在0—5km范围内是一个常数，因此，对于震源深度较浅的小地震震级的测定遇到了困难，本文通过理论计算和爆炸地震波实际测量两种方法，确定了近场0—5k瑚范围内的震级起算函数。用本文确定的震级起算函数计算了两次爆炸余震序列事件的震级，绝大多数的余震震级非常小，主要分布在-0．5—1．0级之间，余震序列的M-t图与一般强余震M-t图明显不同，它不仅存在反映较大震级的正向柱状线，而且还存在反映较小震级的负向短柱状线。  相似文献   

A hybrid genetic—instance based learning algorithm for CE-QUAL-W2 calibration     

Avi Ostfeld  Shani Salomons   《Journal of Hydrology》2005,310(1-4):122-142

This paper presents a calibration model for CE-QUAL-W2. CE-QUAL-W2 is a two-dimensional (2D) longitudinal/vertical hydrodynamic and water quality model for surface water bodies, modeling eutrophication processes such as temperature–nutrient–algae–dissolved oxygen–organic matter and sediment relationships. The proposed methodology is a combination of a ‘hurdle-race’ and a hybrid Genetic-k-Nearest Neighbor algorithm (GA-kNN). The ‘hurdle race’ is formulated for accepting–rejecting a proposed set of parameters during a CE-QUAL-W2 simulation; the k-Nearest Neighbor algorithm (kNN)—for approximating the objective function response surface; and the Genetic Algorithm (GA)—for linking both. The proposed methodology overcomes the high, non-applicable, computational efforts required if a conventional calibration search technique was used, while retaining the quality of the final calibration results. Base runs and sensitivity analysis are demonstrated on two example applications: a synthetic hypothetical example calibrated for temperature, serving for tuning the GA-kNN parameters; and the Lower Columbia Slough case study in Oregon US calibrated for temperature and dissolved oxygen. The GA-kNN algorithm was found to be robust and reliable, producing similar results to those of a pure GA, while reducing running times and computational efforts significantly, and adding additional insights and flexibilities to the calibration process.  相似文献   

THE CONSTRUCTION OF SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS FOR SEVERAL POLYNOMIALS IN THE CALIBRATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS     

R.WOLTERS  G.KATEMAN 《地理学报(英文版)》1990,(2)

In this paper a criterion is described for the construction of experimental designs for the evaluation ofcalibration models in analytical chemistry.The proposed criterion seeks a compromise between theD-optimal designs for estimating the parameters of different polynomial models.A computer algorithmis presented for a sequential construction of experimental designs using the optimality criterion.Theperformance of the optimality criterion and the computer algorithm is elaborated for the problem ofdiscrimination between a first-to a third-degree polynomial for the calibration of analytical methods.Anexperimental design consisting of replicate measurements at five distinct levels equally spaced over thecalibration range proved a good solution.  相似文献   

On the individual calibration of hailpads     

Covadonga Palencia  Claude Berthet  Marta Massot  Amaya Castro  Jean Dessens  Roberto Fraile   《Atmospheric Research》2007,83(2-4):493-504

This paper is a comparative study between the two most common hailpad calibration systems: one annual calibration of a whole consignment of material, and the individual calibration of each plate after a hailfall. Individual calibration attempts to minimize errors due to differences in sensitivity to the impact of hailstones between plates from the same consignment, or due to differences in the inking process before the actual measurement.The comparison was carried out using calibration data from the past few years in the hailpad network in south-western France, and data from an individual calibration process on material provided by the hailpad network in Lleida (Spain). The same type of material was used in the two cases.The results confirm that the error in measuring hailstone sizes is smaller in the case of an individual calibration of hailpads than when one single calibration process was carried out for a whole consignment. The former is approximately 80% of the latter. However, this error could have been higher if it had not been the same person carrying out the single calibration process and the measuring of the dents: it has been found that differences in the inking process may account for up to 20% of the error in the case of small hailstones. Calibration errors affecting other variables, e.g. energy or parameter λ of the exponential size distribution are generally higher (5% and 18%, respectively) than errors due to the spatial variability of the hailstones. However, the calibration method does not influence the maximum size, since the relative error attributed to the spatial variability is about 8 times the calibration error.In conclusion, if errors in determining energy or parameter λ are to be reduced to a minimum, it is highly advisable to be consistent in applying the measuring procedure (if possible with the same person carrying out the measurements all the time), and even to use individual calibration on each plate, always bearing in mind that technicians have to be trained appropriately in order to achieve the highest possible degree of uniformity.  相似文献   

NOAA/AVHRR与EOS/MODIS遥感产品NDVI序列的对比及其校正   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

张杰  郭铌  王介民 《高原气象》2007,26(5):1097-1104

利用Terra、Aqua两颗卫星的MODIS资料、NOAA-16和17的AVHRR资料,通过对太阳和卫星天顶角及方位角等引起的大气效应订正、大气气溶胶等粒子的散射订正以及NOAA系列卫星信号的衰减订正,得到以上四颗卫星一系列的NDVI产品;对比分析了上午星Terra和NOAA-17,下午星Aqua和NOAA-16两组不同卫星传感器NDVI的差异及其与光谱响应函数的关系。结果表明,Terra和Aqua卫星NDVI随卫星观测角度的不同差异较大,平均NDVI是一种更适合的MODIS/NDVI产品算法,它代表了观测角为±30°之间的NDVI值的分布,在大气和角度的订正基础上,本研究采用了三阶多项式再次订正了观测角引起的NDVI变化;NOAA-16和17所获得的NDVI值较MODIS得到的NDVI值小很多,以MODIS的NDVI产品为标准,应用光谱响应函数将NOAA系列NDVI进行归一化处理,所得的结果基本与MODIS所得的NDVI相当;该方法基本能实现NDVI产品序列的延伸,其资料序列有时空可比性。  相似文献   

Geometric test field calibration of digital photogrammetric sensors   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Eija Honkavaara  Eero Ahokas  Juha Hyypp  Juha Jaakkola  Harri Kaartinen  Risto Kuittinen  Lauri Markelin  Kimmo Nurminen 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2006,60(6):387

Test field system calibration will be a fundamental part of the future photogrammetric production line. Accurate calibration and performance evaluations are necessary for fully assessing the stability and accuracy of digital sensing techniques. In this paper, a method of comprehensive geometric calibration in a test field has been developed and empirically tested using eight image blocks collected with three UltraCamD digital large format photogrammetric cameras. Permanent photogrammetric test fields form the basis of the method. Important components of the method are determination of system parameters, evaluation of systematic errors, and assessment of geometric accuracy. The results showed that UltraCamD images contained systematic deformations that could not be modeled with single lens additional parameter models. Good point determination accuracy was obtained despite the systematic errors; the typical accuracy was 2–3 μm in image space in the horizontal coordinates and 0.05–0.09‰ of the object distance in height. One of the cameras had significantly poorer performance. In the worst cases, the horizontal accuracy was 5 μm in image space and the height accuracy was 0.18‰ of the object distance. The analog cameras gave better results than the UltraCamD, but the development of appropriate mathematical models for UltraCamD as well as improvements in digital sensors may change the situation in the near future.  相似文献   

A test of the Tate equation to predict bubble size at an orifice in the presence of frother     

Jose R. Hernandez-Aguilar  Ryan CunninghamJames A. Finch 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006

Air bubbles of uniform size (ca. 1 mm diameter) were generated at a submerged orifice (glass capillary) under controlled frequency (down to ca. 0.06 s^− 1) in aqueous solutions of frother (Dowfroth 250). The bubbles were sized with an imaging technique. One objective was to establish whether the Tate equation (static balance between buoyancy and capillary forces) could be used as a standard sizing calibration method. Another aim was to verify whether with decreasing surface tension (due to increasing frother concentration) the anticipated decrease in bubble size agreed with the equation prediction. An effect of frother was detected compatible with the role of surface tension but divided into two concentration regions, seemingly the result of a gradual change in bubble shape and wetting: > 6 ppm the bubble holds a spherical shape and the capillary appeared to be completely wetted while at ≤ 6 ppm a degree of non-wetting and bubble distortion (neck formation just prior to detachment) were apparent, supported by qualitative observations. In addition, at > 6 ppm the Tate value was only approached by decreasing the bubble frequency but not attained. Plausible causes for the failure to reach the predicted size are discussed.  相似文献