水资源约束下西北干旱区河西走廊城市化发展模式   总被引：33，自引：3，他引：30  

方创琳  李铭 《地理研究》2004,23(6):833-844

西北干旱区城市化进程受到水资源短缺及其用水结构不合理的双重约束。本文以甘肃河西走廊为例 ,针对河西走廊未来 30年总需水量阈值、经济总量阈值、总人口阈值和城市化水平阈值 ,认为最经济、最节水的城市化发展方针为禁止发展特大城市 ,有选择地培育一个大城市 ,积极发展中小城市 ,科学发展小城镇。据此提出了与水资源约束相适应的西北干旱区河西走廊城市化发展的 6种模式。即 :推行“产业移人”和“环境移民”为主、“人移产业”为辅的城市扩展模式 ;推行“分步到位”为主 ,“一步到位”为辅的城市生态移民模式 ;推行“退一进二”、“退乡进城”的城市用水转换模式 ;推行“节水量城”为主 ,“借水养市”为辅的节水型城市化模式 ;推行“稳粮兴草” ,“稳农强工” ,“活商旺城”的城市产业转换模式 ;推行“一核四极” ,“一轴三带”、“乡镇同兴”的“卅”字型城市空间推进模式  相似文献   

斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)游泳性能研究          下载免费PDF全文

段勇杰  谢婷  高云涛  王枫林  李梦迪  关长涛  贾玉东 《海洋与湖沼》2023,54(1):183-193

流速作为深远海养殖海区选址的重要依据,也是影响鱼类游泳能力的重要因素之一,为评价深远海养殖良种斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)的游泳能力,明确最适放养规格,分别以体重50、150、250、350g的斑石鲷为研究对象,利用鱼类游泳能力及运动消耗检测装置,在24℃条件下,解析了不同规格的斑石鲷在四种流速下的续航时间、暴发游泳速度(U_burst)、临界游泳速度(U_crit)和运动耗氧率(MO₂),并计算出其单位位移耗能(COT)和最适游泳速度(U_opt)。结果表明,鱼体规格和流速均会对实验鱼续航时间产生影响显著(P<0.001,F=25.401,df=1),50g斑石鲷在60cm/s流速下续航时间显著小于其他三种规格(P<0.05),在大于60cm/s流速下,四种规格斑石鲷续航时间均小于30min;250g和350g斑石鲷暴发游泳速度显著高于50g与150g(P<0.05);斑石鲷临界游泳速度与体重成正相关(R=0.96),不同规格下临界游泳速度存在显著差异(P<0.05);各规格实验鱼间最适游泳速度无显著差别(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,不同规格斑石鲷游泳能力存在显著差异,其中250g和350g斑石鲷耐流能力显著优于50g和150g。综上所述,斑石鲷在深远海海域进行陆海接力养殖时,建议放养250g以上规格,且养殖海域流速不超过60cm/s。  相似文献   

Lifecycle cost optimization of tuned mass dampers for the seismic improvement of inelastic structures          下载免费PDF全文

Emiliano Matta 《地震工程与结构动力学》2018,47(3):714-737

The seismic performance of tuned mass dampers (TMDs) on structures undergoing inelastic deformations may largely depend on the ground motion intensity. By estimating the impact of each seismic intensity on the overall cost of future seismic damages, lifecycle cost (LCC) proves a rational metric for evaluating the benefits of TMDs on inelastic structures. However, no incorporation of this metric into an optimization framework is reported yet. This paper presents a methodology for the LCC‐optimal design of TMDs on inelastic structures, which minimizes the total seismic LCC of the combined building‐TMD system. Its distinctive features are the assumption of a mass‐proportional TMD cost model, the adoption of an iterative suboptimization procedure, and the initialization of the TMD frequency and damping ratios according to a conventional linear TMD design technique. The methodology is applied to the seismic improvement of the SAC‐LA benchmark buildings, taken as representative of standard steel moment‐resisting frame office buildings in LA, California. Results show that, despite their limited performance at the highest intensity levels, LCC‐optimal TMDs considerably reduce the total LCC, to an extent that depends on both the building vulnerability and the TMD unit cost. They systematically present large mass ratios (around 10%) and frequency and damping ratios close to their respective linearly designed optima. Simulations reveal the effectiveness of the proposed design methodology and the importance of adopting a nonlinear model to correctly evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of TMDs on ordinary structures in highly seismic areas.  相似文献   

基于多元线性回归方法的砌体结构加固费用估算模型研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

郑山锁  丁明松  郑捷  侯丕吉 《地震工程学报》2018,40(1):6-13

为建立适用于砌体结构的加固费用快速估算模型,对中国陕西、山西、四川等地砌体结构建筑物的历史加固费用及相关建筑参数进行统计,建立涵盖35栋砌体结构建筑物加固费用估算模型的回归与验证数据库,同时对影响加固费用的各建筑参数作显著性分析,并基于后向消去的多元线性回归方法,利用SPSS统计分析软件对已采集的加固数据进行回归,得到4个费用估算模型;按照相应评价准则分别对各模型进行评价,提出一套最优的砌体结构加固费用快速估算模型,并对该回归模型进行验证分析。回归得到的费用估算模型满足精度要求,具有一定的工程应用价值。  相似文献   

基于BIM的地震灾后民用建筑重建工程施工成本控制方法          下载免费PDF全文

王雁 《地震工程学报》2019,41(1):233-238

采用传统的成本控制方法,存在质量和成本无法同时优化、成本预测精确度低,成本控制效果不佳等问题,为此,提出基于BIM的建筑重建工程施工成本控制方法。采用灰色系统理论预测建筑施工成本具体面临的问题,以各期施工成本相关信息数据作为模型数据基础;结合BIM技术进行成本控制动态模型构建,在模型中引入可辨识矩阵设定成本各指标的相对重要度,进一步找寻施工成本各项指标间的关系,按其相互关系进行排序,得到子成本与总成本间的规则联系,并就规则制定控制策略,调整成本控制动态模型以实现施工成本的动态控制。实验结果表明,所提方法的成本预测精度始终在75%以上,成本控制结果与实际值的拟合度高达95%,相比当前方法具有更好的控制性能。  相似文献   

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE SEISMIC RETROFIT OF A MID-RISE STEEL BUILDING: STEEL BRACING VS ENERGY DISSIPATION     

ARTURO TENA-COLUNGA  ALEJANDRO VERGARA 《地震工程与结构动力学》1997,26(6):637-655

The paper presents a comparative study of an existing retrofit for a mid-rise steel building using additional stiff steel braced-frames against an alternate retrofit using ADAS (Added Damping and Stiffness) passive energy dissipation devices. The subject building, located near Alameda Park in downtown Mexico City, is a ten-storey office building that was built in the 1950s. The structure was damaged during the 1985 Michoacán Earthquake because of resonant response with the site. The building was later retrofitted using additional braced frames according to the seismic provisions of Mexico's 1987 Federal District Code. The retrofit scheme was planned to take the structure away from resonant responses and to inhibit structural damage. A proposed upgrade using ADAS energy dissipation devices was studied to compare energy dissipation against traditional stiffening using steel braces as retrofit options for mid-rise buildings in Mexico City's lake-bed zone. Different sets of analyses were carried out to compare both alternatives: (a) three-dimensional elastic analyses; (b) limit analyses and; (c) nonlinear dynamic analyses for postulated site ground motions for a M_s=8.1 earthquake. Initial costs of the retrofit schemes were also studied. The comparative studies suggest that a retrofit using ADAS devices would have a better dynamic performance than the one using steel braces. However, the steel bracing retrofit provides more strength and its initial cost of retrofit is less than that of the ADAS retrofit. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于发展中国家自主贡献文件的资金需求评估     

洪祎君  崔惠娟  王芳  葛全胜 《气候变化研究进展》2018,14(6):621-631

国家自主贡献文件是《巴黎协定》后发展中国家气候资金需求信息的重要载体。发展中国家的气候资金需求日益增长,而发达国家提供的气候资金存在的不平衡与不充分等问题,已成为当前气候资金议题的主要矛盾。因此,本文依据最新的151份发展中国家的国家自主贡献文件,深入分析发展中国家自主提出的未来气候资金需求,并评估了各国自主贡献资金需求的合理性。研究发现,151个发展中国家中有84个国家提出具体的国家自主贡献资金需求,其国家自主贡献时间框架内的资金需求总值达4.4万亿美元;分析48个同时提出减缓与适应资金需求以及21个同时提出国内与国外资金需求国家的国家自主贡献文件得到,发展中国家资金需求类别中用于减缓与适应的资金需求比例约为6?4,国外资金需求与国内资金需求比值约为7?3;基于国家自主贡献文件估算的发展中国家累积减排量到2030年约119 Gt CO₂-eq,自主贡献减排成本平均值为50美元/ t CO₂-eq;发展中国家2015—2030年国家自主贡献资金需求预期为1万亿~4万亿美元,年均700亿~2600亿美元,其中国际资金需求为0.7万亿~2.8万亿美元,年均500亿~1900亿美元。  相似文献   

A spatial and statistical analysis of the impact of transformation of raster cost surfaces on the variation of least-cost paths     

Rachel Mundeli Murekatete 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(11):2169-2188

Planners who are involved in locational decision-making often use raster-based geographic information systems to quantify the value of land in terms of suitability or cost for a certain use. From a computational point of view, this process can be seen as a transformation of one or more sets of values associated with a grid of cells into another set of such values through a function reflecting one or more criteria. While it is generally anticipated that different transformations lead to different ‘best’ locations, little has been known on how such differences arise (or do not arise). The paper attempts to answer this question in the context of path planning through a series of computational experiments using a number of random landscape grids with a variety of spatial and nonspatial structures. In the experiments, we generated least-cost paths on a number of cost grids transformed from the landscape grids using a variety of transformation parameters and analyzed the locations and (weighted) lengths of those paths. Results show that the same pair of terminal cells may well be connected by different least-cost paths on different cost grids though derived from the same landscape grid and that the variation among those paths is affected by how given values are distributed in the landscape grid as well as by how derived values are distributed in the cost grids. Most significantly, the variation tends to be smaller when the landscape grid contains more distinct patches of cells potentially attracting or distracting cost-saving passage or when the cost grid contains a smaller number of low-cost cells.  相似文献   

基于城镇用地和最小时间成本的城市影响区划分及其人口分析     

李俊  董锁成  李泽红  黄永斌  陈艳晓 《地理科学》2016,36(7):1036-1042

以宁蒙沿黄地带为案例,基于城镇用地和最小交通时间成本划分城市影响区,分区统计影响区人口,将其与城市行政区非农人口的增速差进行统计分析。结果表明：基于城镇用地和最小交通时间成本的城市影响区划分边界更接近于行政区界;考虑城镇用地后大城市影响区扩展,考虑最小交通时间成本后小城市影响区相对扩展;以东胜区-伊旗为中心的地区非农人口增速始终显著高于潜在服务人口增速,这类城市应增强对周边县的扩散作用;以大武口-惠农区为中心的地区非农人口增速始终显著低于潜在服务人口增速,这类城市应加速产业与非农人口集聚。  相似文献   

基于加权距离成本的最优学区划分算法     

栗敏光  董琳琳 《测绘与空间地理信息》2017,(12):216-218

学区划分的科学性与合理性始终是我国教育领域的一个热点课题。最优学区划分算法研究具有重要的现实意义。本文以就近入学为基本原则,以区域学生总体上学距离成本最小化为核心目标,提出了一种基于学生数量加权距离成本的最优学区划分算法,通过FME软件平台设计程序加以实现,利用模拟数据试验验证了算法和程序的可行性与有效性。  相似文献