The 2019 Brumadinho tailings dam collapse: Possible cause and impacts of the worst human and environmental disaster in Brazil     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2020

On 25th January 2019, the tailings dam of the Brumadinho iron mine operated by Vale S/A failed catastrophically. The death toll stood at 259 and 11 people remained missing as of January 2020. This tragedy occurred three years after Mariana’s tailings dam rupture – the most significant tailing dam disaster in Brazilian history. Thus far, a systematic investigation on the cause and effect of the failure has yet to be conducted. Here, we use satellite-driven soil moisture index, multispectral high-resolution imagery and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) products to assess pre-disaster scenarios and the direct causes of the tailings dam collapse. A decreasing trend in the moisture content at the surface and the full evanescence of pond water through time (2011–2019) suggest that the water was gradually penetrating the fill downwards and caused the seepage erosion, saturating the tailings dam. Large-scale slumping of the dam (extensional failure) upon the rupture indicates that the materials of the fill were already saturated. InSAR measurements reveal a dramatic, up to 30 cm subsidence in the dam (at the rear part) within the past 12 months before the dam collapse, signifying that the sediments had been removed from the fill. Although the information on the resistance level of the tailings dam to infiltrations is not available, these pieces of evidence collectively indicate that the seepage erosion (piping) is the primary cause for the chronic weakening of the structure and, hence, the internal “liquefaction” condition. Upon the collapse, the fully saturated mud tailings flowed down the gentle slope area (3.13 × 10⁶ m²), where 73 % were originally covered by tree, grass or agricultural tracts. The toxic mud eventually reached the Paraopeba River after travelling 10 km, abruptly increasing the suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration and the toxic chemical elements in the river, immediately affecting the local livelihoods that depend on its water. The Paraopeba River is a major tributary of the San Francisco River, the second-longest river in Brazil reaching the Atlantic Ocean. We anticipate that the environmental repercussions of this toxic seepage will be felt throughout the entire basin, especially riverine communities located downstream.  相似文献   

广西土壤有机质空间变异特征及其影响因素研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

钟聪  李小洁  何园燕  邱微文  李杰  张新英  胡宝清 《地理科学》2020,40(3):478-485

基于广西第二次土壤普查的270个土壤剖面资料,结合1∶50万数字化土壤类型图、土地利用类型图和气象监测数据等资料,利用地统计学和逐步回归分析等方法对广西表层土壤有机质空间变异特征及其影响因素进行了探究。结果表明：广西表层土壤有机质平均含量为3.11±2.19%,变异系数为70.72%,空间分布呈北高南低的趋势。广西表层土壤有机质空间分布受到自然和人为因素的共同影响,土壤类型、成土母质、海拔、土地利用、气候和坡度6个环境因子对全区土壤有机质含量变异的综合解释能力为47.9%。其中,土壤类型是最重要的影响因素,能独立解释其变异的36.0%,海拔和成土母质分别能独立解释28.5%和15.8%。气温对广西土壤有机质空间分布的影响比降水量更加显著,从而造成了广西土壤有机质整体呈南低北高的趋势。同时,土壤有机质对气温的敏感性在一定程度上受到降雨量的制约。此外,研究区农业耕作管理等因素对土壤有机质的影响也不容忽视。  相似文献   

农机投入对农业GTFP影响及门槛效应的区域差异分析     

刘敏  姜会明  姜天龙 《地理科学》2020,40(12):2037-2045

按照粮食的产销情况，将全国划分为3类粮食功能区域，利用固定效应模型和门槛效应模型分析了农机投入对农业绿色全要素生产率（GTFP）的影响及门槛效应的区域差异。结果表明：农机投入对农业GTFP的影响程度存在区域异质性，农机投入对粮食主销区农业GTFP提升的促进作用最大，粮食产销平衡区次之，粮食主产区最小；农机投入对农业GTFP的影响路径亦存在区域差异，粮食主产区和产销平衡区的农机投入通过促进农业技术效率和农业技术进步进而推动农业GTFP提升，粮食主销区的农机投入通过促进农业技术进步推动农业GTFP提升；农机投入对粮食主产区农业GTFP的影响存在双门槛效应，对粮食主销区和产销平衡区农业GTFP的影响存在单门槛效应。  相似文献   

基于无人机的用海项目施工期悬浮泥沙监测          下载免费PDF全文

孙芹芹  张加晋  罗美雪 《海洋技术学报》2019,38(3):34-38

为实现对用海项目施工期悬浮泥沙扩散的实时跟踪监测,尝试采用无人机携带可见光、多光谱传感器对古雷围填海项目的围堰区进行遥感探测。利用Pix4d软件对无人机携带的可见光及多光谱照片进行处理,结果表明,可见光及多光谱影像对水体中的悬浮泥沙分布均具有一定的识别能力。通过研究分析多光谱影像的光谱特征发现,近红外波段对悬浮泥沙含量的升高较为敏感,运用波段比值公式计算结果显示,围堰内含沙水体经溢流口排入海域后浓度明显降低,并可向南继续扩散约300 m。该方法可克服遥感卫星影像时空分辨率低的特点,为用海项目资源环境影响跟踪监测提供新的技术手段。  相似文献   

阜阳市浅层地下水总硬度近年变化特征     

赵晓玲  朱玲玲 《地下水》2020,(1):46-47,146

阜阳是安徽省人口最多的市,工农业生产主要取用地下水,总硬度是该市浅层地下水主要超标组分之一。近5年来,该市浅层地下水总硬度平均值呈现缓慢增高的趋势,标准差亦在缓慢增加,近两年总硬度数值间差异明显增大。利用spss软件,分析近年浅层地下水的pH、TDS、总碱度、氯化物与总硬度的相关关系,结果可知:pH、TDS、总碱度、氯化物与总硬度都存在极显著的线性相关关系,其中,仅有pH与总硬度是负相关,其余均为正相关关系,总碱度与总硬度为低度线性相关,TDS、氯化物与总硬度呈中度线性相关。结合阜阳市浅层地下水的埋藏条件、补给来源、监测井的地理位置和地下水开采历史,得出该市浅层地下水总硬度升高主要与人为污染和地下水超采有关,外来的污染物来源主要是农业污染和生活污染。  相似文献   

秋季连续打捞蓝藻对水-气界面温室气体通量的影响     

荀凡  杜先  陈新芳  刘高飞  齐天赐  冯慕华 《湖泊科学》2020,32(6):1707-1722

在巢湖西北半湖近岸带设置大型围隔研究秋季连续打捞蓝藻对湖泊温室气体通量的影响，应用YL-1000型大型仿生式水面蓝藻清除设备进行原位打捞蓝藻，通过便携式温室气体分析仪-静态箱法对大型围隔内水-气界面CH₄、CO₂通量特征及其影响因素进行观测.结果表明：对比未打捞区，蓝藻连续打捞下打捞区水体中叶绿素a（Chl.a）、悬浮物（SS）浓度不断下降，两者削减率分别为72%、85%，Chl.a、SS浓度分别下降到29.6±2.5 μg/L、12.5±1.2 mg/L，打捞对围隔内颗粒态物质去除效果十分明显；打捞过程中水体溶解性有机物（DOM）中微生物代谢类腐殖质（C1）、类蛋白（C3）显著下降趋势，打捞区C1、C3组分（0.18±0.02、0.06±0.01 RU）强度明显低于未打捞区（0.26±0.05、0.12±0.03 RU），打捞能有效控制藻源性溶解性有机质释放.同时，打捞区水-气界面CH₄通量呈显著下降趋势，未打捞区CH₄通量平均值（17.473±1.514 nmol/（m²·s））为打捞区（7.004±4.163 nmol/（m²·s））近2倍，CH₄通量与Chl.a、C1、C3组分均呈显著正相关，水体中藻源性溶解态有机质对CH₄通量具有促进作用；打捞区CO₂释放通量呈显著上升趋势，打捞区CO₂吸收通量（-0.200±0.069 μmol/（m²·s））明显低于未打捞区（-0.344±0.017 μmol/（m²·s）），CO₂通量与Chl.a、温度均呈显著负相关.秋季打捞对CH₄、CO₂综合日平均通量减排量值为0.275±0.076 mol/（m²·d）（以CO₂当量计）.研究结果揭示了巢湖秋季连续打捞蓝藻过程对水-气界面温室气体具有显著减排作用，且能在一定程度上减缓蓝藻水华与湖泊富营养化、气候变暖之间的恶性循环，为湖泊碳循环和蓝藻水华灾害防控提供科学数据支撑和理论参考.  相似文献   

针铁矿对湖泊草、藻来源可溶有机质的非均质吸附     

章奇  居琪  李健欣  曹驰程  江和龙  张晖 《湖泊科学》2020,32(4):1041-1049

为探究富营养化湖泊中自生源可溶有机质(DOM)在泥水界面的吸附行为,以马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)释放的DOM为代表,考察针铁矿对草、藻源DOM中不同组分的吸附特征.三维荧光平行因子分析表明类富里酸组分C1和类胡敏酸组分C4的含量很低,而类蛋白物质(类酪氨酸组分C2和类色氨酸组分C3)分别占草、藻源DOM荧光组成的70%和93%. 2种DOM均可被针铁矿吸附,吸附过程符合伪一级动力学.通过等温线拟合发现针铁矿吸附藻源DOM的非线性更强,饱和吸附量(23.77 mg/g)高于草源DOM(19.10 mg/g).特别地,类蛋白组分呈现非线性吸附,而类腐殖物质的吸附近似线性,且针铁矿对于DOM各荧光组分的吸附量顺序为:C3C2 C4 C1,此非均质吸附特征与DOM组分的初始含量、分子大小、芳香性及有效吸附位点有关.红外光谱证实氨基、羧基和羟基是吸附过程中的重要官能团.因此,草、藻源DOM显著改变了针铁矿表面的有机物质组成,影响湖泊沉积物的生物地球化学行为.  相似文献   

不等式约束Partial EIV模型的WHP拟牛顿修正解法及其精度评定的SUT法     

王乐洋  邹传义  吴璐璐 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(6):648-653

提出一种确定不等式约束Partial EIV模型解及精度评定的新方法，在总体最小二乘准则下，将附有不等式约束的Partial EIV模型转换为标准最优化问题。采取WHP拟牛顿修正的SQP方法求解，并利用SUT法对参数估值进行精度评定，可以减小迭代次数、提高收敛速度，且精度评定方法简单有效。  相似文献   

Drying increases organic colloidal mobilization in the karst vadose zone: Evidence from a 15-year cave-monitoring study     

Jin Liao  Chaoyong Hu  Xiuli Li  Jiaoyang Ruan 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14163

Understanding the hydrological processes of colloids within the karst vadose zone is vital to the security of karst groundwater and providing appropriate paleohydrological explanations of colloid-facilitated metals in speleothem. This study addresses the mobilization mechanisms driving colloidal organic matter (COM) transport in the karst vadose zone using a 15-year long monthly monitoring dataset from a cave drip point (HS4) in Heshang Cave, Qingjiang Valley, China. Variations in COM concentrations were reported as the fluorescence difference values of raw and filtered (<0.22 μm) samples at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm and emission wavelength of ~400 nm. A fluorescence humification index (HIX) lower than 0.8 and an autochthonous index (BIX) higher than 1.2 indicated that the origin of COM was mainly from the karst vadose zone, rather than the soil zone. The COM concentration varied from 0.001 to 0.038 Raman Unit (RU), with evident seasonal fluctuations. Rising limbs for COM values occurred prior to rising limbs within a dripwater hydrograph; moreover, the COM peak values corresponding to the beginning of the increasing hydrograph generally suggested that the mobilization of COM reflected the movement of the air–water interface (AWI) in the karst vadose zone rather than rainfall intensity or flow velocity. COM peak values were positively correlated with the antecedent drying duration and negatively correlated with HIX values. These phenomena may be explained by the increased amount of organic matter that was aggregated and absorbed on the surface of carbonate in the karst vadose zone during a longer drying duration. Moreover, the longer drying duration was also beneficial to autochthonous biological activity, which subsequently decreased the HIX value of the organic matter in the karst vadose zone. The movement of AWI and the drying duration are both controlled by the outside weather conditions. This study is therefore conducive to evaluating the security of karst groundwater in response to climate change, and challenges prevailing paleoclimate interpretations of colloid-facilitated metal abundance timeseries reported from speleothems.  相似文献   

加权总体最小二乘的效率优化算法     

倪福泽  王建民 《测绘通报》2020,(11):90

加权总体最小二乘法是理论上估计EIV模型参数相对严密的方法，其迭代过程中涉及的矩阵运算较为耗时，在处理大量级数据时尤其明显。PEIV模型有助于提高加权总体最小二乘法的计算效率。本文基于PEIV模型和经典最小二乘准则给出了一种加权总体最小二乘法算法，算法的推导过程简洁，易于理解，迭代过程中无需重构矩阵，减少了矩阵运算量。最后通过仿真试验验证了算法的可靠性。试验结果表明，本文算法可以取得与现有算法相同的参数估计精度且计算效率更高。  相似文献