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The pre-hospital emergency staff played a key role in transferring the injured patients to health centers. Usually, they reported changes in their decisions on the transfer of non-traumatic patients to hospitals. So, this study was aimed to explore the reasons for unnecessarily requesting an ambulance by non-traumatic patients after the acute responding-to-earthquake phase. This study was a qualitative study that data were analyzed by content analysis approach. Participants were eleven pre-hospital emergency technicians. Data were collected by three sessions of focus group discussion. Data analysis was led to emergence of a main theme: “feeling urgency due to turmoil and uncertainty.” This theme illustrates the basic approach of the inhabitants of the earthquake-stricken region when unnecessarily requesting an ambulance. This theme was derived from two main categories of “turbulent and uncertain conditions” and “psychological turmoil.” The category of “turbulent and uncertain conditions” was comprised of three subcategories: “unreliable care,” “inadequate facilities” and “turbulent living conditions.” The category of “psychological turmoil” was comprised of three subcategories: “psychological turmoil in survivors,” “healthcare providers deciding under pressure” and “turmoil in providing psychological and psychiatric services.” Ambulance dispatch may be unnecessarily performed owing to turbulent and unsure conditions and psychological turmoil in earthquake-stricken people and pre-hospital emergency staff. Providing earthquake-stricken people with psycho-medical services in their place of residence can significantly reduce the workload of pre-hospital emergency staff and consequently that of hospital staff and therefore save time and treatment costs and increase the quality of health services provided for the injured.
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Regional distribution pattern of groundwater heavy metals resulting from agricultural activities 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
Contaminations of groundwater by heavy metals due to agricultural activities are growing recently. The objective of this study
was to evaluate and map regional patterns of heavy metals (Cd, Zn and Cu) in groundwater on a plain with high agricultural
activities. The study was conducted to investigate the concentration of heavy metals and distribution in groundwater in regions
of Shush Danial and Andimeshk aquifers in the southern part of Iran. Presently, groundwater is the only appropriate and widely
used source of drinking water for rural and urban communities in this region. The region covers an area of 1,100 km2 between the Dez and Karkhe rivers, which lead to the Persian Gulf. For this study, the region was divided into four sub-regions
A, B, C and D. Additionally, 168 groundwater samples were collected from 42 water wells during the earlier months of 2004.
The flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS-Flame) was used to measure the concentration of heavy metals in water samples
and the Surfer software was used for determination of the contour map of metal distribution. The results demonstrated that
in all of the samples, Cd and Zn concentrations were below the EPA MCLG and EPA secondary standard, respectively. However,
the Cu contents of 4.8 % of all samples were higher than EPA MCL. It is also indicated that the concentrations of metals were
more pronounced at the southern part of the studied region than at the others. The analysis of fertilizers applied for agricultural
activities at this region also indicated that a great majority of the above-mentioned heavy metals were discharged into the
environment. Absence of confining layers, proximity to land surface, excess agricultural activities in the southern part and
groundwater flow direction that is generally from the north to the southern parts in this area make the southern region of
the Shush plain especially vulnerable to pollution by heavy metals than by other contaminants. 相似文献
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Mojtaba Babaei Mirsattar Meshinchi-Asl Hossein Zomorrodian 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(6):1913-1924
In this article the response of the induced eddy-current in an unlimited conduction spheroidal as well as the response of the current-channeling resulted from the presence of the spheroidal in a weakly conducted medium are derived. The common methods are based on receiving electromagnetic induction response from the homocentric and coaxial receiver and transmitter coils which are exactly over the anomaly. As the spheroidal location is unknown in the practice, it is suggested to measure the electromagnetic induction response in a case that the receiver and the transmitter have an arbitrary situation regarding to the anomaly. In this article, eddy-current response and current-channeling response of the spheroid have been computed in a more general case in which at least one axis of spheroid and the dipole axes of the receiver and transmitter coils are on the same plate; however, none of the coils are laid over the anomaly. Using this method, we can determine the location and the depth of the spheroid through fixing the transmitter’s position and of the receivers’ coil movements. 相似文献
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Three plutons (Deh-Siahan, Bande-Bagh and Baghe-Khoshk Sharghi, collectively referred to as the DBB hereafter) in southwestern Kerman, in the southeastern part of the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic assemblage (UDMA) of the Zagros orogenic belt differ from the typical calc-alkaline metaluminous, I-type intrusions of the region. The DBB intrusions have a distinct lithological assemblage varying from diorite through monzogranite and monzonite to alkali feldspar syenite and alkali granite. The DBB granitoids are metaluminous to slightly peraluminous, alkaline to shoshonitic in composition and have high total alkali contents with K2O > Na2O, high FeOT/MgO values, and low CaO and MgO contents. They are enriched in some LILEs (such as Rb and Th) and HFSEs (such as Zr, Y and REEs except Eu) and depleted in Sr and Ba relative to primordial mantle, and have low concentrations of transitional metals. These features along with various geochemical discriminant diagrams suggest that the DBB granitoids are post-collisional A-type granitoids, which had not been recognized previously in the UDMA. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the DBB granitoids show slightly enriched light REEs [(La/Sm)N = 2.26–4.13], negative Eu anomalies [(Eu/Eu*)N = 0.19–0.74] and flat heavy REE patterns [(Gd/Yb)N = 0.80–1.87]. The negative Eu anomaly indicates an important role for plagioclase and/or K-feldspar during fractional crystallization. Whole-rock Rb–Sr isotope analysis yields an isochron age of 33 ± 1 Ma with an initial 87Sr/86Sr value of 0.7049 ± 0.0001. Whole-rock Sm–Nd isotope analysis gives εNdt values from + 2.56 to + 3.62 at 33 Ma. The positive εNdt and low ISr values of the DBB granitoids together with their TDM of 0.6–0.7 Ga suggest their formation from partial melting of a lithospheric mantle source, modified by fluids or melts from earlier subduction processes. Melting of lithospheric mantle occurred via a dehydration melting process at pressures below the garnet stability field, as a consequence of lithospheric mantle delamination or break-off of a subducted slab and melting of the lithospheric mantle by upwelling of hot asthenosphere. On the basis of Rb/Sr age dating and the post-collisional geochemical signatures of the DBB granitoids, along with extensive pre-collisional volcanic eruptions in Middle Eocene, we suggest Late Eocene for the time of collision between the Arabian and Central Iranian plates. This also implies that the calc-alkaline I-type intrusions in the southwestern Kerman and in other parts of the UDMA may have formed in a post-collisional context. 相似文献
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Elastic response spectra that take into account the effects of soil-structure interaction on soft soils are developed. The response spectra are calculated utilizing a 3 DOF system including deformations of the superstructure and foundation. The equations of motion of the system are solved using direct integration under normalized earthquake records. Statistical processing of the results is implemented resulting in response spectra for "short and dense buildings with low interaction", "short and dense buildings with high interaction", "tall and light buildings with low interaction" and "tall and light buildings with high interaction". The resulting response spectra are smoothed and discussed. 相似文献
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Mojtaba Babaei Mirsattar Meshinchi-Asl Hossein Zomorrodian 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(6):2363-2366
In this paper, we have developed a least-squares minimization method to estimate the depth of a buried conducting sphere using electromagnetic induction (EMI) data. This approach is basically based on the solving a set of algebraic linear equations to estimate the depth of sphere embedded in an insulating media. In electromagnetic induction method, the transmitter coil produces the incident magnetic and electric fields that obey the Maxwell’s equations. In the receiver coil, the received response is created in two modes—eddy-current mode (V ec) derived from the perfectly conductor placed in the shallow depth and another mode called current-channeling response (V cc) which depends on the conductivity of the medium. As expected, these responses differ depending on the direction of the incident field related to the receiver coil’s axis. In our case, the transmitter coil’s axis is parallel to the ground surface, and only the eddy-current response is measured in the receiver coil. The validity of this new method is demonstrated through studying and analyzing synthetic EMI anomalies, using simulated data generated from a known model with different random error components and a known statistical distribution. 相似文献
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Agricultural activities impact on groundwater nitrate pollution 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
A. H. Mahvi J. Nouri A. A. Babaei R. Nabizadeh 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2005,2(1):41-47
Concern over agricultural diffuse pollution sources in integrated water quality management has been growing recently. High nitrogen fertilizers application rates may increase the potential groundwater pollution. These effects were investigated in Andimeshk and Susa plains that cover an area of 1100 km2 between the Dez and Karkhe rivers in north of Khozestan-Iran. This region divided to 4 sub-regions A, B, C, and D. Additionally 168 groundwater samples were collected from 42 water wells during the months April, May, August, and September of 2004. The Hackspectrophotometer nitrate test was used to measure the NO3 ? concentration in water samples. Information about further nitrate data was obtained. A questionnaire procedure was used for collection N-fertilizers application rate data in studied area. The results demonstrated that all of the groundwater samples have NO3 t- concentration below the EPA MCL (44.27 mg/l) and WHO guideline (50 mg/l). The mean nitrate concentrations are 16.1, 19.5, 13.3, and 7.9 mg/l in sub-regions A, B, C, and D respectively. There are different amount of N-fertilizers applied in sub-regions A, B, C, and D. Correlation between NO3t- concentrations and N-fertilizers rate suggests a inverse correlation between Nfertilizers application rate and ground waters nitrate concentrations in studied area (r=?0.69). 相似文献
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A. A. Babaei A. H. Mahvi R. Nabizadeh A. Mesdaghiniai Z. Nazari E. Ahmadpour 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2014,11(2):477-482
The important Iranian Karun River has never been investigated for the presence of potentially endocrine-disrupting chemicals, nonylphenol (NP). In this study, concentrations of NP were measured in water from Karun River and five wastewater discharge points into this river, collected during April to July 2010. The analytes were extracted by solid-phase extraction, and quantitative analyses were performed by HPLC–FLD. NP was detected in water and wastewater samples with 0.17–1.83 and 15.27–21.79 μg/L, respectively. The results showed that the NP content of aqueous phase of all wastewater samples higher than particulate phase, which were detected in the aqueous and particulate phases with mean concentrations of 12.8 ± 2.4 and 5.2 ± 1.2 μg/L, respectively. These data suggest that the NP levels in Karun river water are likely attributable to untreated municipal wastewaters discharged directly into the river. To our knowledge; this is the first study to evaluate NP concentrations in water and wastewater in Iran. 相似文献
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