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Naomi Marks Peter Schiffman Robert A. Zierenberg Hjalti Franzson Gudmundur Ó. Fridleifsson 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2010,189(1-2):172-190
The Reykjanes geothermal system is a seawater-recharged hydrothermal system that appears to be analogous to seafloor hydrothermal systems in terms of host rock type and low water/rock alteration. The similarities make the Reykjanes system a useful proxy for seafloor vents. At some time during the Pleistocene, the system was dominated by meteoric water recharge, and fluid composition at Reykjanes has evolved through time as a result of changing proportions of meteoric water influx as well as differing pressure and temperature conditions. The purpose of this study is to characterize secondary mineralization, degree of metasomatic alteration, and bulk composition of cuttings from well RN-17 from the Reykjanes geothermal system. The basaltic host rock includes hyaloclastite, breccia, tuff, extrusive basalt, diabase, as well as a marine sedimentary sequence. The progressive hydrothermal alteration sequence observed with increasing depth results from reaction of geothermal fluids with the basaltic host rock. An assemblage of greenschist facies alteration minerals, including actinolite, prehnite, epidote and garnet, occurs at depths as shallow as 350 m; these minerals are commonly found in Icelandic geothermal systems at temperatures above 250 °C (Bird and Spieler, 2004). This requires hydrostatic pressures that exceed the present-day depth to boiling point curve, and therefore must record alteration at higher fluid pressures, perhaps as a result of Pleistocene glaciation. Major, minor, and trace element profiles of the cuttings indicate transitional MORB to OIB composition with limited metasomatic shifts in easily mobilized elements. Changes in MgO, K2O and loss on ignition indicate that metasomatism is strongly correlated with protolith properties. The textures of alteration minerals reveal alteration style to be strongly dependent on protolith as well. Hyaloclastites are intensely altered with calc-silicate alteration assemblages comprising calcic hydrothermal plagioclase, grandite garnet, prehnite, epidote, hydrothermal clinopyroxene, and titanite. In contrast, crystalline basalts and intrusive rocks display a range in alteration intensity from essentially unaltered to pervasive and nearly complete albitization of igneous feldspar and uralitization of clinopyroxene. Hydrothermal anorthite (An92–An98) occurs in veins in the most altered basalt cuttings and is significantly more calcic than igneous feldspar (An48–An79). Amphibole compositions change from actinolite to hornblende at depth. Hydrothermal clinopyroxene, which occurs in veins, has greater variation in Fe content and is systematically more calcic than igneous pyroxene and also lacks uralitic textures. Solid solutions of prehnite, epidote, and garnet indicate evolving equilibria with respect to aluminum and ferric iron. 相似文献
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冰岛是欧洲的第二大岛屿,在成因类型上,是由于地幔柱上涌而形成的碱性玄武岩区,属于周期性的海底岩浆活动和海底火山喷发而形成的火山岛。全岛主要由玄武岩组成,并可分为4个主要地层单元,分别为中新世—早上新世岩层、晚上新世—早更新世岩层、晚更新世岩层及冰后期岩层。构造方面,冰岛火山断裂系统发育,可分为3个火山侧翼带和4个火山裂谷带。冰岛地热资源极丰富,其具有分布广、类型多、温度高、地热流体多为淡水等特征。近年来,冰岛发现了一系列金矿(化)点,主要分布在冰岛沿海地区,可分为3个成矿带,与地热系统具有密切的时空分布关系,成因类型多为浅成低温热液型金矿床,与中国新疆西天山地区阿希金矿床具有相似的成矿环境和地质特征。在系统收集前人资料的基础上,简要介绍了冰岛地质特征及演化历史,阐述了冰岛地热、金矿资源分布规律,旨在为中国地质科技人员了解冰岛的地质和矿产资源特征提供参考依据。 相似文献
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