1∶5万地图数据库的计算机综合缩编   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

艾廷华  郭宝辰  黄亚峰 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2005,(4)

针对国家空间数据基础设施建设的需求,讨论了实用化地图综合软件的开发与应用,从软件开发角度讨论了地图综合系统功能的层次化划分及在软件中的圈层式结构组织,地图综合操作环境的建立,综合规则的形式化表达,综合算子的设计与软件实现。结合1∶1万到1∶5万数字地图综合及更新的应用实例,提出了多尺度空间数据库建立的技术路线。  相似文献   

论我国大地测量基础建设   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

魏子卿 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2003,(Z1)

概述了我国大地控制网、高程控制网和地球重力场等基础建设的基本情况、需求分析与任务建议。提出我国空间大地网应由连续运行参考站、一级网、二级网和三级网组成 ;一、二等水准网复测和高程基准再定义 ;为精化大地水准面 ,要补测重力点和加测GPS/水准点。  相似文献   

Assessing the effects of catchment‐scale urban green infrastructure retrofits on hydrograph characteristics          下载免费PDF全文

Kimberly M. Jarden  Anne J. Jefferson  Jennifer M. Grieser 《水文研究》2016,30(10):1536-1550

Run‐off from impervious surfaces has pervasive and serious consequences for urban streams, but the detrimental effects of urban stormwater can be lessened by disconnecting impervious surfaces and redirecting run‐off to decentralized green infrastructure. This study used a before–after‐control‐impact design, in which streets served as subcatchments, to quantify hydrologic effectiveness of street‐scale investments in green infrastructure, such as street‐connected bioretention cells, rain gardens and rain barrels. On the two residential treatment streets, voluntary participation resulted in 32.2% and 13.5% of parcels having green infrastructure installed over a 2‐year period. Storm sewer discharge was measured before and after green infrastructure implementation, and peak discharge, total run‐off volume and hydrograph lags were analysed. On the street with smaller lots and lower participation, green infrastructure installation succeeded in reducing peak discharge by up to 33% and total storm run‐off by up to 40%. On the street with larger lots and higher participation, there was no significant reduction in peak or total stormflows, but on this street, contemporaneous street repairs may have offset improvements. On the street with smaller lots, lag times increased following the first phase of green infrastructure construction, in which streetside bioretention cells were built with underdrains. In the second phase, lag times did not change further, because bioretention cells were built without underdrains and water was removed from the system, rather than just delayed. We conclude that voluntary green infrastructure retrofits that include treatment of street run‐off can be effective for substantially reducing stormwater but that small differences in design and construction can be important for determining the level of the benefit. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evaluation of distributed BMPs in an urban watershed—High resolution modeling for stormwater management          下载免费PDF全文

Timothy J. Fry  Reed M. Maxwell 《水文研究》2017,31(15):2700-2712

The urban environment modifies the hydrologic cycle resulting in increased runoff rates, volumes, and peak flows. Green infrastructure, which uses best management practices (BMPs), is a natural system approach used to mitigate the impacts of urbanization onto stormwater runoff. Patterns of stormwater runoff from urban environments are complex, and it is unclear how efficiently green infrastructure will improve the urban water cycle. These challenges arise from issues of scale, the merits of BMPs depend on changes to small‐scale hydrologic processes aggregated up from the neighborhood to the urban watershed. Here, we use a hyper‐resolution (1 m), physically based hydrologic model of the urban hydrologic cycle with explicit inclusion of the built environment. This model represents the changes to hydrology at the BMP scale (~1 m) and represents each individual BMP explicitly to represent response over the urban watershed. Our study varies both the percentage of BMP emplacement and their spatial location for storm events of increasing intensity in an urban watershed. We develop a metric of effectiveness that indicates a nonlinear relationship that is seen between percent BMP emplacement and storm intensity. Results indicate that BMP effectiveness varies with spatial location and that type and emplacement within the urban watershed may be more important than overall percent.  相似文献   

Cascades of green: A review of ecosystem-based adaptation in urban areas     

《Global Environmental Change》2016

Climate change impacts increase pressure on challenges to sustainability and the developmental needs of cities. Conventional, “hard” adaptation measures are often associated with high costs, inflexibility and conflicting interests related to the dense urban fabric, and ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) has emerged as a potentially cost-efficient, comprehensive, and multifunctional approach. This paper reviews and systematises research on urban EbA. We propose an analytical framework that draws on theory from ecosystem services, climate change adaptation and sustainability science. It conceptualises EbA in terms of five linked components: ecological structures, ecological functions, adaptation benefits, valuation, and ecosystem management practices.Our review identified 110 articles, reporting on 112 cities, and analysed them using both quantitative statistical and qualitative content analysis. We found that EbA research in an urban context is fragmented due to different disciplinary approaches and concepts. Most articles focus on heat or flooding, and the most studied ecological structures for reducing the risk of such hazards are green space, wetlands, trees and parks. EbA is usually evaluated in bio-geophysical terms and the use of economic or social valuations are rare. While most articles do not mention specific practices for managing ecological structures, those that do imply that urban EbA strategies are increasingly being integrated into institutional structures. Few articles considered issues of equity or stakeholder participation in EbA.We identified the following challenges for future EbA research. First, while the large amount of data generated by isolated case studies contributes to systems knowledge, there is a lack of systems perspectives that position EbA in relation to the wider socio-economic and bio-geophysical context. Second, normative and ethical aspects of EbA require more thought, such as who are the winners and losers, especially in relation to processes that put people at risk from climate-related hazards. Third, there is room for more forward-looking EbA research, including consideration of future scenarios, experimentation in the creation of new ecological structures and the role of EbA in transformative adaptation.  相似文献   

基于Arc GIS Server的高铁基础设施安全监测管理系统研究     

李道震  张长生  强小俊  郎向伟 《测绘工程》2016,25(6)

为了提高高铁基础设施安全监测的信息化水平,实现监测超标预警的实时性,研究实现高铁基础设施安全监测管理系统。利用ArcScan进行影像矢量化和属性数据录入,系统业务数据库采用Oracle 11g,并在其中建立基于ArcSDE的空间数据库,通过ArcGIS Sever发布地图服务。系统采用B/S体系结构,利用WebSocket技术实现服务器端和浏览器端的实时通信,调用ArcGIS API for JavaScript完成了系统GIS模块功能。通过在试验工程中的应用表明,系统实用性强,提高高铁基础设施安全监测的信息化水平,具有较高的应用价值。  相似文献   

地球观测数据共享的发展和趋势     

李国庆  张红月  张连翀  王媛媛  田传召 《遥感学报》2016,20(5):979-990

地球观测数据共享是地球科学和相关学科科研活动中非常重要的基础性工作,是对地观测信息生命周期中的重要环节。受到由资源提供者、资源消费者和资源加工者组成的社会生态系统发展变化的影响,共享模式经历了无共享、项目共享、部门共享、社会共享等渐进的4个发展阶段,并呈现出区域差异和阶段差异。地球观测数据共享的概念体系包含数据开放、数据共享、数据互联等不同层次的问题,并受到信息技术等使能技术的驱动。其中开放性代表数据在网络中可被访问的状态,共享性是对于数据重复使用的授权和模式,互联性则是强调可共享数据资源在科学含义上的相互理解。而地球观测数据共享的技术体系则包含数据开放技术、数据共享技术和数据出版与引用技术。目前地球观测领域的数据共享正在经历巨大的文化、政策、技术和应用变革,下一代的地球观测数据设施集中体现了数据的共享和协作,并将呈现国际化、多学科化、标准化、设施化、大数据化和公众社会化等新的技术特征,将对相关科学活动产生重大影响。  相似文献   

中国-丝路国家基础设施连通性评估方法与格局     

王成金  陈沛然  王姣娥  李娜 《地理研究》2020,39(12):2685-2704

基础设施互联互通是不同区域之间空间网络形成的支撑,对区际生产要素流动、市场融合和资源配置具有重要作用,也是“一带一路”建设的重点内容和前提条件。立足于综合基础设施网络,以“一带一路”沿线国家/地区为分析地域,设计数理模型,评价了中国与沿线国家的基础设施网络连通性,考察其基本特征与空间格局,然后分别从铁路、公路、航运、通讯、能源等各种基础设施方式的视角,分析了不同基础设施网络的互联互通水平,探讨了基础设施连通的类型分异及其主导因素,凝练基础设施连通的空间模式。主要结论如下：① 从海陆属性来看,岛屿型国家与中国设施连通性最高,其次为综合型国家,内陆型国家最低。对国际区域而言,俄蒙和东南亚地区与中国的设施连通性最高,中东欧地区连通性最低。从国家尺度来看,俄罗斯和越南是与中国设施连通水平最高的国家,巴勒斯坦、东帝汶等5个国家与中国尚未形成设施连通性。从连通方式的构成来看,航运网络的连通性最高,其次为航空和光缆。② 空间距离、连通方式和重大交通走廊共同主导了设施连通性的类型分异。③ “一带一路”沿线国家/地区与中国的设施连通形成了四种典型模式,包括海陆融合型外缘连通模式、陆路通道直接连通模式、陆心内生性低水平连通模式、远距离不均衡连通模式。  相似文献   

乌鲁木齐公共交通基础设施对低收入群体就业的影响研究     

张纯  程志华  于晓萍  王亚群  沈忱 《地理科学进展》2020,39(1):111-119

中国西部城市在大规模、快速度和高投资的交通基础设施推进的同时,审视其建设的社会经济效益就显得尤为重要。尤其对于城市低收入群体来说,公共交通基础设施投入是否能对提升就业水平、提升整体生活品质产生积极作用,值得规划者和决策者关注。论文基于乌鲁木齐2014年居民交通出行调查数据,采用带有交叉变量的多元线性回归和多元Logit回归方法,考察快速公交(Bus Rapid Transit, BRT)对于提升低收入群体就业可达性和通勤满意度的影响。分析结果显示：在就业可达性方面,低收入、男性和拥有住房产权者的通勤时间更长,距离BRT车站越近则通勤时间更短,私家车出行的通勤时间更长;在通勤满意度方面,低收入群体的通勤满意度水平更低,距离BRT车站近、选择私家车出行的通勤满意度水平更高。分析也表明,通勤时间短,通勤满意度水平不一定就高。这些研究结果表明,整体上公共交通基础设施建设对于提升就业可达性和满意度有着积极的带动作用,但个体经济社会属性的差异影响也不可忽视。研究乌鲁木齐公共交通基础设施对就业可达性和满意度的影响,有助于帮助西部城市制定提升低收入群体整体就业水平的公共政策,尤其对于促进地方就业稳定和带动区域经济发展有重要意义。  相似文献   

海洋信息技术新进展     

姜晓轶  康林冲  符昱  孙苗 《海洋信息》2020,35(1):1-5

海洋信息技术是认识和开发利用海洋最直接、最便捷的手段.本文主要概述自2015年以来,围绕海洋观测监测、海洋物联网、海上通信组网、海洋信息基础设施、海洋数据处理以及信息应用服务等方面的新发展和新技术,并对后续发展提出简要建议.  相似文献