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生态服务功能价值空间转移评价——以渭干河流域为例 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
生态服务功能价值的空间转移(流转)是生态学和生态经济学研究的一个热点,同时也是国家制定生态补偿政策的基础,对其进行定量计算是难点。对生态服务功能转移特征进行分类并构建了价值转移评价方法,以新疆渭干河流域为例,根据引力场及场强作用原理,构建流转评价模型,结合ArcGIS 9.2的缓冲区分析功能和叠加分析功能,计算出流域上下游各县可转移的生态服务功能价值。结果表明,1985—2007年,流域生态服务功能价值呈现出递增的趋势,上游拜城县可转移的生态服务功能价值高于下游三县; 上游拜城县生态服务功能价值对下游各县的平均流转强度在不断增加,对新和县的转移强度最大,其次是库车,沙雅县最小,与三县距拜城距离成反比。2007年上游共转移生态服务功能价值24.83亿元,向库车、沙雅和新和转移价值分别为2.81亿元、6.42亿元和15.6亿元。研究可为生态服务功能价值空间转移定量分析提供一种方法,也可为流域生态补偿标准的制定提供依据。 相似文献
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流域生态补偿研究现状及关键问题剖析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在流域,因竞争性用水导致上下游之间、人类发展与生态环境之间的矛盾日益尖锐,急需建立健全流域生态补偿机制.通过对国内外流域生态补偿研究进展进行梳理,发现流域生态补偿研究主要集中在流域尺度的补偿计划实施评价、补偿尺度的选择、补偿标准的测算、生态补偿与减少贫困关系、流域生态补偿的空间差异性等方面,其关键问题在于生态补偿主体和对象的确定以及补偿标准的制定;研究认为通过流域断面水量水质及相关利益分析方法来确定补偿主体和对象;而补偿标准则以流域上下游生态损益、机会成本、居民支付意愿分别作为补偿上限、参考值和下限来综合确定.以此为基础,构建流域多种生态要素、多元主体间的流域生态补偿机制研究框架.最后,就流域生态补偿机制构建过程中有待解决的科学问题进行了讨论. 相似文献
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借鉴生态补偿研究中生态价值当量的思路,构建森林、草地、农业用地、湿地、河流湖泊和荒地6类不同生态系统指标,对赣江流域的生态经济价值进行测算与分析。结合以生态服务功能价值为基本依据的生态补偿,引入经济学中的博弈论,以赣江流域上游的赣州市和下游的南昌市为例,建立流域生态补偿模型。结果表明:基于修正系数下赣江流域2013年的生态价值当量为730.16万,生态经济价值为46.85亿元,各县域的生态价值当量和生态经济价值差异均较大且二者表现高度一致。从生态价值当量看,最小值为赣州市区的2.87万,最大值为宁都县的31.36万;从生态经济价值来看,最大为宁都县的2.04亿元,最小为赣州市区的0.18亿元。空间上看,赣江流域的生态价值当量和生态经济价值存在一定的地域分异规律,上游明显优于中下游,高值区域集中分布在梅江流域的宁都县、兴国县等县域,低值中心分布在除宜春市区外流域内的各个地级市区,其中林地生态系统的贡献最大,比重达58.98%。利用2004—2013年赣州市的GDP数据和环保投入与南昌市的GDP数据,结合博弈论分析得到上下游的补偿额度在91.53亿~113.18亿元之间。 相似文献
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新疆玛纳斯河流域生态补偿研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
依据玛纳斯河流域生态功能区划,从生态系统的结构、功能和相互影响上,将流域划分为上游山地生态服务区、中游平原绿洲生态收益区和下游荒漠生态受损区。并据此分析了各区主要的生态问题:(1)山区植被退化,林地面积减少,草地质量下降,削弱了山区水资源涵养和水土保持的功能。(2)绿洲区水资源超负荷利用,地下水过度开采及水质恶化,造成绿洲与沙漠过渡带的土地沙化。(3)荒漠区由于植被破坏,导致沙丘活化,危害农田。根据流域生态环境存在的问题,提出应该以经济发展支撑流域的生态补偿,采取"抓中间,补两头",以中游绿洲生产提高上游山区的服务功能,补偿下游生态受损的战略思路,并从水资源利用,天然植被保护和防治土地荒漠化等方面,提出了相应的生态补偿重点领域、途径和措施,目的是为流域生态补偿研究提供科学指导,促进绿洲经济发展,实现流域生态经济的良性循环。 相似文献
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流域生态补偿是保护生态环境的重要手段,也是中国生态文明建设的重要内容,可促进区域可持续协调发展,提升上游地区生态环境优势,为上游地区生态旅游高质量发展奠定基础。正确评价生态补偿效果和效率是优化和完善生态补偿制度的前提。为了评价流域生态补偿的效果和效率,本研究以中国跨省流域生态补偿试点区域东江源流域的重要源区县安远县为案例地,建立评价指标体系,并采用熵值法和数据包络法构建流域生态补偿效果和效率评价模型,选取2015–2020年的生态补偿各指标数据进行效果和效率评价,同时构建计量模型分析其驱动因素。结果显示：流域生态补偿效果总体看呈现上升趋势;纯技术效率较低是造成综合效率不高的主要原因,需要提升生态补偿项目的管理效率,规模效率总体表现较好,但仍存在资金冗余问题;生态补偿支出对生态补偿效率有显著负相关影响,生态旅游对生态补偿效果和效率有显著正相关影响。研究结果可为提升流域生态补偿效果和效率提供科学依据和理论参考。 相似文献
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石羊河流域生态系统服务价值的空间异质性及其计量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生态系统服务价值评估是当前生态学和生态经济学研究的一个热点,生态服务功能的空间异质性是影响生态系统服务价值的重要因素,也是国家制定生态补偿政策的基础,但不易对其进行定量计算。本文以石羊河流域为例,遵循资源稀缺性原理,依生态区位（自然和社会）差异条件对石羊河各流域生态服务功能空间异质性进行测算。在此基础上,利用2009年石羊河流域各地区基础数据建立计量模型,对其流域内植被系统生态系统服务价值进行测算;并利用ArcGIS9.3对石羊河流域单位面积生态系统服务价值进行可视化处理。结果表明:（1）石羊河流域同一生态系统在不同流域存在巨大差异,其中以耕地最为明显,其下游是上游单位生态系统服务价值的13.99倍;（2）上游地区为典型的生态“输出”型地区,而中游与下游为典型的“输入”型地区;（3）耕地已经成为石羊河流域中游与下游重要的生态系统,其生态系统服务价值分别为334 343.516万元和125 179.201万元;（4）石羊河流域植被系统生态系统服务价值为1 277 691.282万元,占石羊河流域国内生产总值的32.53%。 相似文献
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黑河流域水资源管理方式的初步探讨 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
从持续发展的角度,在认识到水资源经济价值和环境价值的基础上,对黑河流域水资源的管理方式进行了初步探讨。认为：（１）水资源环境价值部分的管理应主要通过政论的干预,在制定下策法规时增加资源环境约束来热行;（２）水资源经济价值部分的管理应主要借助市场的力量,以政论干预的宏观调控措施为辅进行管理。在分析当前几种水价制定的利弊后,对推行一种新的水资源管理模式（可交易取水许可证）的可能性进行了探讨。 相似文献
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流域生态补偿是当前生态经济研究的热点问题。在简要说明流域内生态系统服务与流域生态补偿的关系之后,从理论上分析了流域生态补偿标准的环境收益参照——机会成本变为环境收益,并以石羊河流域生态恢复目标为例开展实证,在考虑补偿总预算约束下,比较采用两种补偿标准参照生态补偿机制运行的效果。结果表明:采用环境收益代替机会成本作为补偿标准参照,对于提高农户参与生态补偿的积极性、保护生态系统服务行为的约束性作用明显;引入以机会成本与环境收益比值确定的优先补偿指标,在生态补偿资金预算约束下替代机制对完成既定生态恢复目标有显著促进作用。 相似文献
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In China, the distribution of water resources is incompatible with the development of productivity. The construction of South-to-North Water Diversion Project has achieved inter-basin water diversion, and the project can alleviate the uneven distribution of water resources phenomenon effectively. However, in recent years, the aggregate effects of water pollution and water resource shortages have been serious. Establishing transverse eco-compensation mechanisms becomes the key method to achieve sustainable use of water resources. Based on statistical and questionnaire data, this paper uses the Opportunity Costs Method and Willingness to Pay approach to establish a transverse eco-compensation standard calculation model for the Middle Route Project of the South- to-North Water Diversion. The results show that the upper and lower limits of the transverse eco-compensation standard for the Middle Route Project is $2.52 billion and $2.20 billion every year, respectively. However, the paying and receiving standards varied widely among different compensation payers and compensation receivers. Meanwhile, the significant factors influencing the paying willingness of the receiver area citizens were age, education level, average revenue per month, knowledge about the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and recognition of the importance of eco-environmental integrity. This study began with a theoretical analysis, then analysed related problems related to calculating transverse eco-compensation standards for the Middle Route Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion by an empirical study. This empirical study helps to establish effective transverse eco-compensation mechanisma and promotea the development of effective policies and legislation. 相似文献
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基于区域关联的视角,构建了省域生态补偿框架。运用投入产出方法,在2010年中国区域间投入产出表的基础上,以2010年统计数据为例,对中国省域间产业的土地资源占用量进行了测算。研究结果表明：①农林牧渔业大多属于被占用型产业,农业的发展应得到补偿;②工业属于占用型产业,应付出一定的生态资源补偿费;③建筑业在消费、投资情境下,属于占用型产业;在出口情境下,省域差异较大;④交通运输及仓储业,在消费和投资情境下,大多为占用型产业;而在出口情境下,省域差异较大;⑤批发零售业大多为占用型产业,应该承担生态补偿的责任;⑥其他服务业在消费情景下,大多为占用型产业;而出口和投资情景下,则大多为被占用型产业。最后,从加强产业生态补偿的立法、完善产业生态补偿的税收手段等方面,提出了相关政策建议。 相似文献
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中国是一个人口众多、社会经济快速发展的国家,如何实现矿产资源开发与生态环境保护的协调发展直接关系到整个国家社会经济的又好又快发展,而对矿产资源实施生态补偿是能有效协调资源开发和环境保护的重要途径。因此,矿产资源的生态补偿问题研究逐渐成为人们日益关心的热点和许多学者研究的焦点。采用文献资料法、综合分析归纳法,分析国内外矿产资源生态补偿的研究状况,从资源开采、生态环境保护和矿区周围农户生计三者协调发展的角度,对中国矿产资源生态补偿中存在问题及原因进行分析,并提出一些改进建议与对策。 相似文献
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Eco-compensation, known as payment for ecosystem services, is defined in China as an institutional arrangement for regulating the relationship of economic interests among ecological protectors, beneficiaries and destructors in order to protect ecological service function and foster harmony between people and nature with non-market and market tools including transfer payment, taxes and fees. Reasonable compensation to ecological service providers significantly contributes to the protection of ecological assets and effective supply of ecological services by adopting transfer payments or market transactions on the basis of comprehensively considering the costs of ecological protection, costs of development opportunity and ecological service values. It is helpful for implementing a strategy for main functional areas. The building of eco-compensation mechanisms is therefore highly valued as the most important institutional guarantee for promoting the ecological civilization. Existing eco-compensation mechanisms mainly fall into three categories: exchequer based transfer payment, vertical and horizontal, and market based compensation in China. The institutional framework has been primarily established, inclusive of a forest ecological benefit compensation fund system, grassland eco-compensation system and transfer payment system of national key ecological function areas. Under the framework, various areas and departments have actively explored the building of an eco-compensation system and achieved important progress for forests, grassland, wetlands, river basins and water resources, exploitation of mineral resources, oceans and national key ecological functions areas. However, the eco-compensation system dominated by vertical transfer payments is still far from perfect in China. The interest regulation pattern of “developer to protect and beneficiary to compensate” has not been formed. Its role in the protection of the ecological environment has not been brought into full play. China should improve eco-compensation systems by intensifying eco-compensation inputs, strengthening government responsibility, diversifying eco-compensation tools, and establishing institutional systems. 相似文献
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生态补偿的地理学特征及内涵研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
地理学以环境-社会-人类动态的综合思维,以区域综合、区域间的相互关系、尺度间的相互转换等系统研究地球表层的性质和运动规律,“人-地”地域系统是其研究核心。生态补偿是一个典型的地理学研究命题,具有“人-地”地域系统的半开放性、非稳定性以及或然性特征。本文分析了生态补偿作为地理学研究命题的一般特征及其内涵。对于生态补偿是一个地理学研究命题的判断,依据在于自然地域系统厘定了生态补偿参与主体的基本关系、经济地理格局决定了生态补偿的空间差异、地域人文环境影响了生态补偿政策的制定及其补偿形式、地理学方法为生态补偿提供了技术与平台。区域是解读生态补偿问题的突破口,区域结构是制定生态补偿政策的重要参考、区域发展外部性是开展生态补偿的科学依据、地理要素资源的区域权属是确定生态补偿主客体的依据,生态补偿研究具有“区域-差异-尺度”的地理学分析范式。生态补偿的地理学特征表现在区域性、差异性、综合性、动态性等方面。 相似文献
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选取《中国学术文献网络出版总库》文献,从文献作者、研究领域、支撑平台、研究方法、研究区域、研究层次6 个方面,对1987-2012 年国内生态补偿研究进行评析。在文献作者方面,国内生态补偿研究尚未形成强大的核心作者群;从年度文献数量看,可将研究领域划分为4 种类型,即急剧上升型、平缓上升型、平缓稳定型和下降型;从研究区域看,国内生态补偿研究以省域层面的研究成果较多,涉及到30 多个地域类型区;在研究方法上,早期研究生态补偿大多为定性描述,目前过渡到定性与定量研究相结合;在研究层次方面,最初生态补偿研究大多为自然科学类基础与应用基础研究,后转向技术指导与政策决策支撑方面的社会科学应用研究。最后,从研究领域、研究区域、研究方法、项目支撑以及研究挑战5个方面讨论了国内生态补偿研究的未来发展趋势。 相似文献
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从虚拟耕地流动的视角构建区际农业生态补偿框架,并在此框架下开展区际农业生态补偿支付/受偿区域划分和补偿标准测算的研究。结果表明：① 区际农业生态补偿的基本原理是：利用虚拟耕地净流量（输入量与输出量的差额）指标划分区际农业生态补偿的支付/受偿区域。对于净流量为负的分室,通过虚拟耕地流动占用了其他区域的耕地资源,应该支付相应的生态补偿。对于净流量为正的分室,通过虚拟耕地流动被其他区域占用了耕地资源,应得到生态补偿。区际农业生态补偿额度应包含对农业生态环境保护和改善的投资成本以及占用农业资源使其牺牲的发展机会成本等方面,并由管理平台统一收缴和分发。② 2004年以后虚拟耕地流动格局基本上保持稳定,只有个别省市（甘肃和云南）由净流入转变为净流出,在空间上表现为“北耕南流”的格局。③ 受偿区域（15个省市）主要分布在东北地区、华北地区和西北地区;支付区域（16个省市）主要分布在东部沿海地区和西南地区。④ 研究期内年均总受偿额度为1472.58亿元,处于高受偿省份（黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、河南）年均受偿额度都在150亿元以上。研究期内年均总支付额度为543.10亿元,其中,处于高支付区域的省份（浙江、广东、北京、福建）年均支付额度都在40亿元以上。 相似文献
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Guanting Reservoir (GR) is one of the most important water sources for Beijing and neighboring regions. Due to water pollution, it was withdrawn from the system to supply Beijing drinking water; however, after a thorough treatment process, GR was made a reserve water source since 2007. To develop a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of water yield and purification services in the GR watershed, this study selected two time periods: the period when GR was withdrawn from the system supplying local drinking water and the period that it has been designated a reserve water source. The InVEST model was used to evaluate the quantities of water yields, and total nitrogen and total phosphorus outputs from 1995 to 2010 Additionally, the spatiotemporal variations of water yield services and water quality purification services in the GR watershed were analyzed. The results showed that water yield services in the GR watershed first weakened and then became stronger, but weakened overall during the years 1995 to 2010. Water yield capacity in the basin decreased from 1.89×109 m3 in 1995 to 1.43×109 m3 in 2010 (a drop of 24.0% in total). Water quality purification services also showed the same tendency. Total nitrogen output decreased from 4028.7 t in 1995 to 3611.4 t in 2010, while total phosphorus decreased from 379.7 t in 1995 to 354.0 t in 2010. Nitrogen and phosphorus purification services were enhanced by 10.4% and 6.8%, respectively. Changes in the climate and land use were the main factors which lead to the changes in the water yield service in the GR watershed. Policies intended to protect water resource have matched the varying trends of water quality purification services during different periods. On one hand, the research results provide a foundation to identify key fields for eco-compensation in the Guanting Reservoir basin. On another hand, the ecosystem service value will increase on the basis of eco-compensation criteria through setting the scenarios of returning farmland to forest and ecological protection. This method directly reflects increases in ecosystem service values that have occurred since measures to protect the ecological environment have been implemented. This method is more persuasive and feasible than using eco-compensation criteria based on regional ecosystem service values determined by land use/ coverage type. It can provide a new way to assess eco-compensation in the Guanting Reservoir basin and other regions. 相似文献
20.
In this study, we developed a theoretical framework to analyze the provincial differences in eco-compensation and selected appropriate measurement methods to investigate these differences in the operation of the eco-compensation framework. Via the use of the coefficient of variation, Atkinson index, and Gini coefficient, we investigated the overall differences in Chinese provincial eco-compensation time series data from 2004 to 2014 and studied the driving mechanism underlying these differences. The results showed that: (1) The provincial eco-compensation standard has geographical features. For example, the provinces crossed by the “HU Huanyong Line”, or located to its northwestern side, have obtained extensive eco-compensation. (2) There was a trend for differences in eco-compensation to increase over time, but with some fluctuations in 2006, 2009, and 2014 as shown by the coefficient of variation, in 2005, 2007, 2011, 2013, and 2014 as shown by the Gini coefficient, and in 2007, 2008, 2011, and 2012 as shown by the Atkinson index. (3) Time series curves indicated that while the signals from the three metrics (coefficient of variation, Atkinson index, and Gini coefficient) differ in a short-term analysis, they show the same tendency in the longer term. The results indicate that it is necessary to evaluate the differences in eco-compensation at the provincial level over a long period of time. (4) Via the calculation of the virtual Gini coefficient, we found that among the factors that influence provincial differences in eco-compensation, the economic value of eco-resources played the decisive role, explaining more than 73% of the difference. The cost of environmental pollution abatement was the second most important factor, accounting for more than 19% of the difference. The input to environmental pollution abatement had the least influence, accounting for less than 8% of the difference. The results agreed with those obtained from other studies, and could be used as a reference by policy makers. 相似文献