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1.
四川省叠溪区域地质构造复杂、地震频发,沿岷江发育有大量古(老)滑坡及堵江灾害,特别是晚更新世晚期发生了一次大型滑坡堵江事件,形成了流域内规模最大的古堰塞湖—叠溪古堰塞湖,受到国内外学者的广泛关注.本文结合野外详细调查、无人机及LiDAR测绘、地貌分析、地球物探等多种技术手段,从"空—陆—地"三个视角剖析叠溪古滑坡,揭示古滑坡的地质、地貌和堆积体内部结构特征,确定了叠溪古滑坡的位置与规模,并讨论了其对区域地质环境的长期影响效应.研究结果表明,叠溪古滑坡为一巨型顺层岩质滑坡,源于岷江左岸的高陡岩壁,滑坡体方量达到1400～2000×106 m3.位于岷江右岸的平台上可见特殊的洼地凹陷,结合密度电阻率法对坡体内部结构的反演结果,发现叠溪古滑坡坝不仅完全堵塞岷江主河道,同时还阻碍了支沟流域,形成了沿汇流方向的低电阻率通道.叠溪古滑坡坝存活了约1.5万年,随后逐渐溃决,反映了构造活跃山区滑坡堵江链式灾害对山区地貌演化的长期作用. 相似文献
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自2008年5月12日汶川MW7.9地震发生以来,针对地震滑坡与光学遥感影像的特点,制定了地震滑坡编录新原则、遥感影像选取新原则及地震滑坡属性库建立原则。文中介绍了21世纪初4次大地震事件触发滑坡基础数据建设成果:包括2008年5月12日汶川MW7.9地震,此次地震触发了至少197 481处滑坡;2010年4月14日玉树MW6.9地震至少触发2 036处滑坡;2010年1月12日海地MW7.0地震至少触发30 828处滑坡;2007年4月21日智利艾森峡湾MW6.2地震至少触发1 000处滑坡。分析了地震触发滑坡基础数据建设成果与以往研究的不同。最后从地震滑坡基础数据建设成果对地震滑坡分布规律与危险性评价的影响,对震区滑坡与泥石流防灾减灾的意义,对地震震级、活动断层运动习性、地震烈度等的反馈,对震区河流与地貌演化研究的基础意义,对全球地震震级与触发滑坡关系研究的意义等几个方面,分析了地震滑坡基础数据建设的实际应用价值与科学研究意义。 相似文献
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《地震地质》2015,(4)
以高山峡谷为地貌特征的岷江上游地区人口密集,在晚更新世以来发生了数以万计的滑坡,探讨该地区滑坡发生的主要触发因素对该地区的地质灾害防治意义重大。文中从区域降雨特点、滑坡坡形特点、地震震级大小与滑坡面积的对应关系以及叠溪已恢复地震记录的周期性分析等方面入手展开探索性研究。在降雨方面,与滑坡灾害严重的尼泊尔相比,岷江上游无论是累积降雨量还是日降雨量均未达到触发滑坡的关键阈值。在坡形方面,岷江上游的滑坡不具有暴雨触发滑坡形成的坡底峡谷地形特征,而具有地震触发滑坡形成的自上而下较为平坦的坡面特征。在震级大小与滑坡面积的对应关系中,岷江上游的大面积滑坡分布支持地震触发,与暴雨触发的局部小面积滑坡形成鲜明对比。在叠溪已恢复地震记录的周期分析中,我们获得能够导致该地区软沉积物变形的5.0或5.5级地震的复发周期集中于二三十年,而引发大面积滑坡的可能类似汶川特大地震的平均复发间隔为2.6ka。这与中等—特大地震以及滑坡面积随地震震级一般呈现指数增长关系相吻合。据此,我们初步认为,岷江上游地区晚更新世以来发育的大量滑坡由降雨触发的可能性很小,绝大部分可能为地震触发。这一初步认识有待今后的细致研究进一步验证。 相似文献
4.
5.12汶川8级地震在直接带来巨大灾害的同时,还激发了大量的次生地质灾害,比如滑坡、泥石流和滚石等,这更加剧了地震灾害的程度。东河口滑坡便是这些次生地质灾害中比较独特的一例,该滑坡发生在四川省青川东河口地区,这里也正好是汶川地震地表破裂带的北部端点。作为一例发生在特殊部位的由地震引发的抛射型滑坡,它具有和由纯重力或者暴雨引起的滑坡明显不同的特点:其一,没有统一连续的滑动面,而是由上部比较深的和下部比较浅的明显分开的两段滑动面组成;其二,由于巨大的地震水平和垂直加速度,滑坡起始于上部滑坡体的抛射,因此称为抛射型滑坡。野外调查及分析结果表明:以地表破裂带为界,滑坡区和羽状裂缝分布区非常规则地分布其两侧,这种分布为地表破裂的形成过程所控制,也即是受到断层错动的控制,因此,在特定的地貌及地质条件的控制下,滑坡的发生为走滑断层构造地貌形成过程以及局部构造应力变化过程的必然结果。本文在综合分析了滑坡发生的地质地貌条件的同时,利用简单的走滑断层构造地貌产生模型解释了东河口大型抛射型滑坡的发生机制及其运动过程。研究结果表明:在评估地震激发的大型滑坡灾害的过程中,除了需要考虑地震动、水平加速度以及地质地貌条件之外,考虑垂直加速度以及滑坡所发生的特殊的地貌部位也显得十分必要。 相似文献
5.
新疆塔城盆地东缘冬别列克断裂晚第四纪活动特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《内陆地震》2015,(1)
通过细致的遥感影像解译、变形地貌调查测量以及探槽开挖工作,对塔城盆地的冬别列克断裂进行了初步研究。该断裂晚第四纪以来仍有较强活动,以左旋逆冲运动为主,断裂断错了塔城盆地东缘的各级地貌面,形成清晰的线性构造地貌。该断裂保留有非常清晰的古地震形变带,主要表现为断层陡坎、断层泉及断塞塘,总长度约为100 km,对应最大古地震震级为MS7.49±0.27。目前虽然尚无准确的测年数据限定本次古地震的年代,但从古地震地表破裂的程度分析,其离逝时间不会太久,塔城盆地及周边现今地震活动较弱,可能与该次古地震能量得到一定释放有关。 相似文献
6.
文中从活动构造和灾害地质的角度调查并研究了金沙江断裂带的晚第四纪活动性,并着重分析大型滑坡与金沙江断裂带活动的关系.金沙江断裂带是一条规模宏大且长期活动的缝合线构造,是一条具有挤压性质的超岩石圈断裂带,上新世以来表现为右旋走滑运动,在曾大同、徐龙、尼中、里甫-日雨、郎中和古学沿线断层地貌清晰.地质调查和年代学测试结果表明,这些断裂断错了晚更新世—全新世堆积,在晚第四纪具有明显的活动迹象.研究区滑坡具有发生频率高、规模大、破坏性严重的特点.拿荣—绒学38km的沿江区段内在金沙江两岸共发育20余个特大型及大型滑坡,体积一般>1×107m3,有的>1×108m3,且几乎所有滑坡均位于活动断裂上及两侧1km范围内.这些大型滑坡群的发生与金沙江断裂带的长期活动、演化历史和复杂结构等有密切关系,它不仅使岩体结构变得支离破碎,且持续的活断层作用成为滑坡发生的主要原因.紧密相邻的断裂间、断裂交会的锐角区、断裂右向转弯部位和主断裂与横向断裂交会区等特殊构造部位,为构造应力易于集中、有利于特大型滑坡发生的关键部位.活动断裂对滑坡的控制作用不仅表现在大地震过程中,在非地震作用的自然状态下同样能导致大型滑坡密集发生. 相似文献
7.
强烈的地震往往导致大规模的山体（岩体）失稳，形成滑坡，古地震也不例外。但由于其发生的历史久远，其强度及烈度只能根据地震地质研究进行推估。 相似文献
8.
历史地震资料在研究地震活动性和评价地震危险性方面具有重要作用,沿活动断裂丛集状发育的地震滑坡可为识别和复核历史地震提供重要的线索.通过遥感影像和野外地质调查发现,沿小江断裂南段至少有10个地点发育滑坡,规模大小不一,既有体积>100万立方米的大型滑坡,也有体积<10万立方米小型滑坡,但均为目前处于稳定状态的历史古滑坡.这些滑坡主要分布在地形坡度较缓的盆地及其边界地区,很可能为地震滑坡,而非由降雨诱发.滑坡后缘陡坎的角度基本集中在29°～31°之间,表明其应该为1次地震事件的结果.基于LiDAR测量建立滑坡发育段落的数字高程模型(DEM),在生成的三维地形阴影图上清晰地揭示了滑坡体与小江断裂南段最新地表破裂带的密切关系,该断裂段最晚一次断错地表的地震事件触发了丛集状分布的滑坡.综合经验估算结果、滑坡体探槽中年代样品14C的测试结果和历史文献资料,地震滑坡的发生时间可以推断为公元1606年.对这些历史地震滑坡的认识一方面为将小江断裂南段确定为该地震的发震构造提供有力的证据;另一方面也为重新评价地震震级提供新的切入点.根据小江断裂南段地震地表破裂带的最新研究成果及经验关系式,同时结合不同震例的地质灾害强度以及人员伤亡数的对比分析,对1606年建水地震震级的复核结果表明:其震级很可能≥712级(即≥7.5级).鲜水河-小江断裂系的强烈活动和发生大地震的能力至少可一直延续到小江断裂南段.目前由GP S观测资料所证实的青藏高原东南缘地壳物质绕东喜马拉雅构造结(EHS)的顺时针转动需要一个连续的左旋走滑断裂系统作为东部边界,文中的工作和认识可促进对该东部边界更深入的研究. 相似文献
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10.
在地质地貌调查基础上 ,对灵武断裂进行了古地震槽探揭露。结果显示 ,距今 2 8ka以来 ,灵武断裂上发生过 5期地表破裂型地震事件 ,时间大约分别在距今 ( 2 7 15± 0 778) ,2 0 0 ,( 13 0 7± 0 0 6) ,( 10 586± 0 0 5)和 6 0ka。根据 5期古地震事件的综合对比分析 ,发现断裂有分段组合破裂的特征 ,由此并结合槽探揭示的古地震同震位移等估计了古地震的震级 相似文献
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12.
The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas. 相似文献
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Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica - 相似文献
14.
V. E. Pavlov T. Yu. Tolmacheva R. V. Veselovskiy A. V. Latyshev A. M. Fetisova I. V. Bigun 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2017,53(5):702-713
Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary. 相似文献
15.
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were... 相似文献
16.
Josef Vykutil 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1968,12(2):217-220
Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида.
Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным
при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).
Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday
Address: Veveři 95, Brno. 相似文献
Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday
Address: Veveři 95, Brno. 相似文献
17.
Prof. Dr. W. A. Heiskanen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1958,41(1):1-18
Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out. 相似文献
18.
Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed. 相似文献
19.
Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan. 相似文献
20.
Ivanka Jakubcová Věra Marvanová Miloš Pick Antonín Novotný Reviewer Z. Šimon 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1982,26(2):193-196
Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well. 相似文献