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现代矿产地质工作要想取得重大进展,必须具备两个基本条件,第一要有正确的地质理论,第二要有有效的探矿方法和手段.矿床成因理论是地质学基本理论之一,它是合理部署地质工作、恰当使用探矿方法和手段的基础,也是正确解释和利用所取得的资料的基础.建国三十年来,我们进行了大量矿产地质工作,成绩辉煌,这就使矿床成因理论的探讨不但有必要,而且有可能.温故而知新,在这样的形势下,回顾一下矿床学 相似文献
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隐伏矿床预测理论与方法的研究进展 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
隐伏矿床预测是当今经济地质学的一个重要前沿课题,地球科学家从不同学科和角度出发做了大量深入的研究工作,提出了诸如模型理论与方法、构造控岩控矿理论与构造学方法、地球化学理论与方法、物理学方法、数学地质和岩石矿物学方法等理论与方法,并成功地预测和发现了一些隐伏矿床。对近20年来隐伏矿床预测理论与方法的研究进展进行了回顾和总结,最后指出大科学、大协作和工业化将是隐伏矿床预测研究的主要趋势。 相似文献
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金属矿床的原生分带问题,是近代矿床学的重要课题之一。研究这个问题,正如研究矿床地质方面的其他自然规律一样,对指导找矿勘探工作有很大的实用意义。自从1907年司泼尔(J.E.Spurr)提出金属矿床分带原理以后,五十多年来,不少矿床学者曾先后提出了这种或那种理论来解释分带现象的成因。 相似文献
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矿床学的研究现状和展望 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
矿床学是研究矿床成因和矿床分布规律的地质学科,它是在找矿、勘探、采矿和选冶等生产需要的推动下,在地质学各分支的基础上逐步发展起来的.七十年代以来,矿产资源的大量开发,现代科学技术的引进、以及矿床学研究方法的改进,推动着矿产勘查工作的深入和矿床学研究水平的提高,一百多年来逐步建立并发展起来的成矿理论,正在经受着生产实践和科学实验的全面检验,需要加以补充,修改和提高.近年来新提出的一些观点和假说,特别是成矿物质多源性和矿床形成过程的复杂性,以及矿床形成与地质构造环境的紧密联系,使矿床学研究必须在对矿床本身资料深入分析的基础上,结合地质构造及其演化发展历史进行综合的研究.矿床学作为一门直接指导矿产资源的寻找和利用的地质科学,正进入一个新的发展时期. 相似文献
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论矿床学的社会功能与思维方法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
作为地质作用的产物 ,矿床具有地质的、经济技术的和环境的三种属性。进入 2 1世纪后 ,新的产业模式对矿床学提出了新的要求。文中提出矿床学的四种社会功能 :(1)研究和找寻大型、优质矿床 ;(2 )研究和开发新型矿产资源 ;(3)为环境保护服务 ;(4 )为科学普及服务。笔者强调矿床学思维方法的重要性 ,并针对矿床学的学科特点 ,提出矿床学研究的实践性、系统性、历史观、经济观、环境观等 5点基本思路。笔者将 5 0年来研究矿床学的心得概括为 2 0字 :兴趣 +责任、实践 +思考、积累 +顿悟、系统 +演化、资源 +环境。前 12字是由做学问产生 ,系统 +演化是笔者归纳的矿床学的核心问题 ;兼顾矿产资源和环境保护是矿床学在保障可持续发展中的双重作用 相似文献
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几种矿床类型的成分组合近二十年来,由于层控成矿理论和矿源层概念等新的成矿观点的兴起和迅速发展,对沉积环境中所形成的金属硫化物矿床的成矿作用的条件、过程及其变化,以及对矿床地质特征的重新全面研究,都有了很大的进展。有关的文献资料层出不穷,其中研究较为集中的一些矿床类型,几乎都是矿床规模和经济价值比较大,而且具有区域性分布特点的层控和层状矿床。这些矿床在我国也是广泛存在的,而且有许多同样具有重要的正业意义。 相似文献
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Hans P Eugster 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1985,49(3):619-635
The relationships between oil shales, evaporites and sedimentary ore deposits can be classified in terms of stratigraphic and geochemical coherence. Oil shale and black shale deposition commonly follows continental red beds and is in turn followed by evaporite deposition. This transgressive-regressive sequence represents an orderly succession of depositional environments in space and time and results in stratigraphic coherence. The amount of organic carbon of a sediment depends on productivity and preservation, both of which are enhanced by saline environments. Work on Great Salt Lake. Utah, allows us to estimate that only 5% of TOC originally deposited is preserved. Inorganic carbonate production is similar to TOC production, but preservation is much higher.Oil shales and black shales commonly are enriched in heavy metals through scavenging by biogenic particles and complexation by organic matter. Ore deposits are formed from such rocks through secondary enrichment processes, establishing a geochemical coherence between oil shales and ore deposits. The Permian Kupferschiefer of N. Europe is used as an example to define a Kupferschiefer type (KST) deposit. Here oxygenated brines in contact with red beds become acidified through mineral precipitation and acquire metals by dissolving oxide coatings. Oxidation of the black shale leads to further acid production and metal acquisition and eventually to sulfide deposition along a reducing front. In order to form ore bodies, the stratigraphic coherence of the red bed-black shale-evaporite succession must be joined by the geochemical coherence of the ore body-evaporite-black shale association. The Cretaceous Cu-Zn deposits of Angola, the Zambian Copperbelt as well as the Creta, Oklahoma, deposits are other KST examples. In the Zambian Copperbelt, evaporites are indicated by the carbonate lenticles thought to be pseudomorphs after gypsum-anhydrite nodules. MVT deposits are also deposited by acid brines, but at more elevated temperatures and with carbonates as principal host rocks. The Pine Point deposits are cited for their close association with evaporites.Alkaline, metal-rich brines are postulated for the HYC deposit of McArthur River, Australia. Such brines are known from the Green River Formation and deposits formed from such brines constitute the GRT class. They can be recognized by the presence of Magadi-type cherts and zeolite-analcime-K-spar tuffs. The Cu-Co ore bodies of Outokumpu, Finland, might also belong to this type. A new classification of sedimentary ore deposits is proposed, based on their geochemical environment. KST and MVT are formed from acid ore fluids, while GRT and CT (Creede type) are derived from basic ore fluids. pH of the fluids is best evaluated not from the ores themselves, but from their effect on the host-rocks. 相似文献
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中国三叠纪钾盐沉积——以四川为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
黄建国 《沉积与特提斯地质》1998,18(4):23-43
中国三叠系蒸发岩分布于华南,面积超过100×104km2,发现硫酸钾盐及富钾卤水,钾盐矿物有杂卤石、无水钾镁矾、硫锶钾石及多钙钾石膏等,富钾卤水矿化度255~382g/l,含钾量4~49g/l。蒸发盆地的发展受控于古构造及古地理,经历了开放台地一局限台地一堰塞湖一盐湖的发展阶段。钾盐沉积后,经历多阶段的复杂演变。富钾卤水中的钾主要来自硫酸钾盐的深滤,其次来自蒸发浓缩卤水及火山灰吸附钾的释放。杂卤石与富钾卤水的钾同位素测年值分别为210~150Ma及264~150Ma,说明固液相钾盐同源。从地质背景及成矿环境预测,三叠系的钾盐类型只能是硫酸钾盐,主要目的层为T1j5~2及T2l4~2,主要成矿带为构造分异及钾异常明显的四川盆地东、西部,富钾卤水的储集取决于蒸发岩地层的含钾性、碳酸盐夹层的裂隙发育程度及构造控矿条件。找矿模型应是油气钾卤兼探。 相似文献
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In the geological evolution of the Tarim Basin, many transgressions and relictions happened. So there have been plentiful sources of salt. Moreover, because of uttermost drought, a lot of salt has been deposited. It is possible to find potash salt in this area. In our fieldwork, we have found salt and brine in western Tarim Basin. Based on a geological survey and the characteristics of sedimentary facies and paleogeography, this paper deals with the geochemical parameters and discusses the possibility of formation of potash salt in terms of the chemical analyses of samples collected from western Tarim Basin. Results of brine analysis lead to some conclusions: most of these salt brines have eluviated from very thick halite beds, mainly chloridetype salt and this kind of halite does not reach the stage of potash deposition in all aspects; WKSL (Wukeshalu) occupies a noticeable place, and we should attach importance to this district because there have been some indicators of the occurrence of potash deposits as viewed from the contents of Br and K. Finally, low Br contents are recognized in the Tarim Basin as a result of salt aggradation, and this point of view has been proved by the results of this experiment and the data available. It cannot depend upon the index of Br to judge the evolution stage of halite. We must look for other facies of potash except marine facies. 相似文献
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The massive sulfide deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt are interbedded with felsic volcanic rocks and shale, and underlain by several thousand meters of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks known as the PQ Group. Isotope geochemistry and regional geology are both consistent with equilibration of the ore-forming fluids with the PQ Group, prior to ore deposition near the former seafloor. The average Cu:Zn:Pb ratio of the PQ Group rocks (ca. 26:55:19) is similar to the weighted average of all the massive sulfide orebodies combined (ca. 25:52:23).The genetic relationship between massive sulfide deposits and a siliciclastic sedimentary metal source is explained here by a thermodynamic model, proposing that mildly reducing redox conditions imposed by equilibration with the sedimentary rocks are most critical for the formation of an effective ore-forming fluid. Relatively metal-rich but organic-poor pyrite-bearing shale undergoing dewatering of saline pore fluids is an effective source for the generation of sulfur-deficient but relatively iron and base metal-rich brines. Thus, we propose that the giant deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt owe their existence not to exceptionally metal-enriched (e.g., magmatic) fluids, but to the existence of a fairly ordinary but large metal source in reactive siliciclastic sediments, combined with an underlying igneous heat source and a particularly efficient mechanism of sulfide precipitation by mixing with H2S-rich fluids at or near the seafloor.Essentially similar mineral equilibria are imposed when saline fluids are buffered by typical continental basement rocks. Leaching of retrograde minerals and possibly residual salts from their magmatic or metamorphic prehistory is expected to generate similar, variably metal-rich but relatively sulfide-deficient fluids. Thus, the existence of mildly reducing rocks can be the dominant chemical control in the source of fluids generating many volcanogenic, Irish-type or sedex deposits, many of which are known to precipitate their metal load in response to biogenic sulfide addition at the ore deposition site. 相似文献
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Progress and Prospects of Salt Lake Research in China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
ZHENG Mianping ZHANG Zhen KONG Weigang and LIN Yongjie ZHANG Yongsheng LIU Xifang NIE Zhen KONG Fanjing QI Wen Jia Qingxian PU Linzhong HOU Xianhu WANG Hailei 《《地质学报》英文版》2016,90(4):1195-1235
China has unique salt lake resources, and they are distributed in the east of Eurasian salt lake subzone of the Northern Hemisphere Salt Lake Zone, mainly concentrated in the regions with modern mean annual precipitation lower than 500 mm. This paper preliminarily reviews the progress made in salt lake research in China for the past 60 years. In the research of Paleoclimate and paleoenvironment from salt lake sediments, a series of salts have been proposed to be indicators of paleoclimate, and have been well accepted by scholars. The chloride-sulfate depositional regions of the west Qaidam and the east Tarim have been revealed to be the drought center of China since the Quaternary, and more than 6 spreading stages of arid climate(salt forming) have been identified. Five pan-lake periods with highstands have been proved to exist during the late Quaternary on the Tibetan Plateau. In mineral resource prospecting and theories of the forming of salt deposits: the atlas(1:2500000) of hydrochemical zoning of salt lakes on the Tibetan Plateau has been compiled for the first time, revealing the zonal distribution and transition from carbonate type to chloride type from south to north and presenting corresponding mineral assemblages for different type of salt lakes; several large continental salt deposits have been discovered and the theory of continental potash deposition has been developed, including the salt deposition in deep basins surrounded by high mountains, the mineral deposition from multistage evolution through chains of moderate or shallow lakes with multilevels, the origin of potassium rich brines in gravel layers, and the forming of potassium deposits through the inheriting from ancient salt deposits, thus establishing the framework of "Continental Potash Deposition Theory"; several new types of Mg-borate deposits have been discovered, including the ulexite and pinnoite bed in Da Qaidam Lake, Qinghai, the pinnoite and kurnakovite bed in Chagcam Caka, Tibet, the kurnakovite bed in Lake Nyer, and the corresponding model of borate deposition from the cooling and dissolution of boron rich brines was proposed based on principles of geology, physics and chemistry. The anti-floatation-cold crystallization method developed independently has improved the capacity of KCl production to 3 million tons per year for the Qarham, serving the famous brand of potash fertilizer products. One 1.2 million ton K-sulfate production line, the biggest in the world, has been built in Lop Nor, and K-sulfate of about 1.6 million tons was produced in 2015. Supported by the new technology, i.e. brine preparation in winter-cooling-solarization-isolation-lithium deposition from salt gradient solar pond" the highest lithium production base at Zabuye Lake(4421 m), Tibet, has been established, which is the first lithium production base in China that reaches the year production of 5000 tons of lithium carbonate. The concept of Salt lake agriculture(Salt land agriculture) has been established based on the mass growth of Dunaliella and other bacillus-algae and the occurrence of various halophytes in saltmarsh and salt saline-alkali lands, finding a new way to increase arable lands and develop related green industry in salt rich environments. Finally this paper presents some new thoughts for the further research and development on salt science, and the further progress in salt science and technology will facilitate the maturing of the interdisciplinary science "Salinology". 相似文献
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文中认为在东濮凹陷中自沙河街组四段沉积中晚期开始,海水随着海面升降,间歇性地进入由北东向的兰聊断裂和长垣断裂构成的古河谷。高位期,海水以相对暂时性抬高的形式,淹没本区,致使凹陷南部成为向东南或南开口的河口湾,构成盐湖沉积的先期沉积环境,到低位期,海水退出凹陷区,部分海水因 受东西向同沉积走滑断裂（高平集-习城集一线）高地的阻隔而潴留,局限在高平集-习城集断层至文明寨-范县断层的同沉积构造凹陷,潴留海水蒸发、浓缩,形成盐类。在较深的凹地,受陆源淡水的影响较小,卤水浓度相对较高,那里依次沉积了具有深水沉积特点的碳酸盐岩、石膏、石盐等;而在水体较浅的凹地,（如砂砰、泥坪环境）,那里易受季节性洪水影响,卤水淡化,沉积了具有明显浅水特征的灰质泥岩、泥膏岩等。 相似文献
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Genesis of sediment-hosted stratiform copper–cobalt deposits, central African Copperbelt 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
J.L.H. Cailteux A.B. Kampunzu C. Lerouge A.K. Kaputo J.P. Milesi 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2005,42(1-5):134
The Neoproterozoic central African Copperbelt is one of the greatest sediment-hosted stratiform Cu–Co provinces in the world, totalling 140 Mt copper and 6 Mt cobalt and including several world-class deposits (10 Mt copper). The origin of Cu–Co mineralisation in this province remains speculative, with the debate centred around syngenetic–diagenetic and hydrothermal-diagenetic hypotheses.The regional distribution of metals indicates that most of the cobalt-rich copper deposits are hosted in dolomites and dolomitic shales forming allochthonous units exposed in Congo and known as Congolese facies of the Katangan sedimentary succession (average Co:Cu = 1:13). The highest Co:Cu ratio (up to 3:1) occurs in ore deposits located along the southern structural block of the Lufilian Arc. The predominantly siliciclastic Zambian facies, exposed in Zambia and in SE Congo, forms para-autochthonous sedimentary units hosting ore deposits characterized by lower a Co:Cu ratio (average 1:57). Transitional lithofacies in Zambia (e.g. Baluba, Mindola) and in Congo (e.g. Lubembe) indicate a gradual transition in the Katangan basin during the deposition of laterally correlative clastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks exposed in Zambia and in Congo, and are marked by Co:Cu ratios in the range 1:15.The main Cu–Co orebodies occur at the base of the Mines/Musoshi Subgroup, which is characterized by evaporitic intertidal–supratidal sedimentary rocks. All additional lenticular orebodies known in the upper part of the Mines/Musoshi Subgroup are hosted in similar sedimentary rocks, suggesting highly favourable conditions for the ore genesis in particular sedimentary environments. Pre-lithification sedimentary structures affecting disseminated sulphides indicate that metals were deposited before compaction and consolidation of the host sediment.The ore parageneses indicate several generations of sulphides marking syngenetic, early diagenetic and late diagenetic processes. Sulphur isotopic data on sulphides suggest the derivation of sulphur essentially from the bacterial reduction of seawater sulphates. The mineralizing brines were generated from sea water in sabkhas or hypersaline lagoons during the deposition of the host rocks. Changes of Eh–pH and salinity probably were critical for concentrating copper–cobalt and nickel mineralisation. Compressional tectonic and related metamorphic processes and supergene enrichment have played variable roles in the remobilisation and upgrading of the primary mineralisation.There is no evidence to support models assuming that metals originated from: (1) Katangan igneous rocks and related hydrothermal processes or; (2) leaching of red beds underlying the orebodies. The metal sources are pre-Katangan continental rocks, especially the Palaeoproterozoic low-grade porphyry copper deposits known in the Bangweulu block and subsidiary Cu–Co–Ni deposits/occurrences in the Archaean rocks of the Zimbabwe craton. These two sources contain low grade ore deposits portraying the peculiar metal association (Cu, Co, Ni, U, Cr, Au, Ag, PGE) recorded in the Katangan sediment-hosted ore deposits. Metals were transported into the basin dissolved in water.The stratiform deposits of Congo and Zambia display features indicating that syngenetic and early diagenetic processes controlled the formation of the Neoproterozoic Copperbelt of central Africa. 相似文献
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古近纪时期,华南江汉盆地的潜江凹陷和江陵凹陷发育盐湖,沉积了巨厚的蒸发岩,并形成和储藏了富锂、钾、铷、铯、溴、碘等元素的卤水资源,这些元素含量达到工业品位或综合利用品位;富锂卤水属于深层地下卤水型锂矿资源,镁锂比值低,是非常优质的锂资源。本文总结了江汉盆地大地构造特征、火成岩及古气候背景,论述了古盐湖沉积岩相特征、富锂卤水水化学、分布及储层特征、卤水中锂的来源与富集机理、卤水型锂矿成矿模式以及富锂卤水勘查与开采技术进展,提出了卤水开发利用中存在的问题和解决途径。江汉盆地富锂卤水成因包括:古盐湖锂可能主要来自高温水岩反应产生的富锂热液流体的补给;在干旱的气候下,古湖水不断蒸发浓缩,导致卤水中锂浓缩富集;在盐湖演化末期,逐渐埋藏的盐类晶间富锂卤水被转移至裂隙、砂岩及玄武岩储层中储集;在较高的地热背景值下,埋藏卤水与储层岩石可能发生水岩反应,进一步促进了卤水中锂的富集。江汉盆地深层卤水初步勘查显示,氯化锂资源量已达到大型工业规模,展示了巨大的资源潜力。此外,卤水锂开采技术已基本形成,建议进一步加强富锂卤水的绿色开发技术研究,制定相关勘查开发规范。 相似文献