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1.
由于黄河口来水来沙量大、变化频繁,黄河河口呈现形态多样和多变的特征。采用数值模拟再现这些特征可以揭示河口地貌形成机理和演化过程。采用计算模拟方法对黄河口动力地貌特征演变过程进行了数值模拟,再现了黄河口的2种地貌形态(双槽单浅滩型和单槽双浅滩型)。模拟采用水深平均水平二维水动力模型、泥沙输运模型以及与地形演变方程相结合的耦合模型。对耦合模型的求解采用了能够捕捉间断解的高精度的WENO差分格式。对黄河口地形演变过程纵向剖面、横向剖面和平面形态的计算结果与实际测量结果进行了比较,讨论了黄河来水来沙、潮流幅值变化对不同地貌形态之间相互转化的影响,并考虑了河口两岸淤长(动边界)对地形计算结果的影响。计算结果表明,可以实现对黄河口地貌演变的模拟预报,且模拟演变趋势与实际观测趋势大致一致,为今后模拟黄河口地貌特征的演变提供计算模型和算例参考。 相似文献
2.
现行黄河三角洲地貌演化已使河口动力环境发生了显著变化,但黄河改道清8汊后,现行河口以及废弃河道清水沟河口动力环境如何变化尚不清楚。基于1976、1995和2002年黄河三角洲实测水深数据,应用Delft3D模型对清水沟流路不同时期冬夏季河口动力环境进行了数值模拟,定量研究了黄河三角洲地貌演化对动力环境的影响。模拟结果表明,黄河现行三角洲地貌演化导致河口动力环境发生了显著变化,1976年河口动力环境弱,随着河嘴向海突出,1995年河口处涨、落潮最大流速较1976年增长了约60%~90%,潮致剪切力增大约2倍,冬季大风条件下浪致剪切力较1976年增加1个数量级,2002年黄河改道清8汊入海后,现行河口处涨、落潮最大流速较1995年减小约20%,潮致剪切力减小1/3,冬季大风条件下浪致剪切力是1995年的1~2倍,而废弃河道河口处涨、落潮最大流速较1995年减小约20%~40%,潮致剪切力减小约20%。黄河三角洲动力环境变化也显著影响了入海泥沙的搬运与沉积,造成清水沟河口呈"南肥北瘦"形态,且废弃后侵蚀速率不断降低。同时,地貌形态与动力环境之间的耦合关系对黄河三角洲冲淤模式的转变有重要影响。 相似文献
3.
河口是河流系统与海洋系统之间的界面,它首先是河流与海洋之间的物质界面。河流水体与海洋水体间最大的物质差异是盐分,因此,采用盐度作为河口界面的界定标准,将河口界面界定为盐度为0.5~30的由冲淡水控制的河口中心区域。在此基础上应用界面理论,分析了河口的渗透性和防御性及其动力、沉积、生物与地貌响应。借鉴Gilbert三角洲的动力分类方法,将河口界面按动力结构分为径流优势型、潮汐优势型、波浪优势型及其过渡类型。每一种河口界面又可细分为动力、沉积、地貌及生态等次一级界面。在珠江三角洲地区,磨刀门、蕉门河口等径流优势型河口界面主要承担泄洪任务,而虎门、崖门等潮汐优势型河口界面在纳潮能力上更有优势,其间通过河道支汊相互沟通和联系,形成了珠江河口界面的多层次结构。河口界面动力的复杂性,构成了河口界面形态和功能的复杂性。这些功能包括开发利用功能、生态功能、防洪功能和社会服务功能。河口管理的最高目标是河口的永续健康、结构和功能彼此协调,保持河口界面结构和功能的完整性。河口界面的复杂性对河口管理提出了更高的要求,要注重河口管理内容的综合性、问题的复杂性和管理效应的长周期性。针对珠江河口生境退化、海岸侵蚀、污染严重、咸潮活动加剧和口门淤积造成排水不畅等诸多问题,以及河口无序开发利用、管理体制混乱、公众参与少的管理现状,结合珠江河口界面整体、动态、彼此联系的特点,提出珠江河口管理"科学、和谐、安全和预警"的管理理念,由行政管理转变为服务管理,切实做好珠江河口管理工作。 相似文献
4.
钱塘江河口是强潮喇叭状河口,其演变既受到自然因素的制约,又受到人类活动的强烈影响。诸如修筑堤坝、围垦造陆等一系列工程措施改变了河口水动力、沉积和地貌特征,使得人类活动影响逐渐加强,自然影响因素退居次要位置,河口的自动调整作用亦随之减弱。通过分析河口主要自然特征,根据近几十年来大规模人类活动过程及其对河口的影响,研究河口演变特征对人类活动的响应及其发展趋势。研究结果表明:潮滩围垦和江道缩窄等工程措施稳定河口区主槽,加快河道延长,不同河段因过水断面改变而使潮流量变化各异,但总潮位并未减弱,且有所抬高;河口持续淤积,河口沙坎受季节影响呈现"洪冲枯淤"的变化,且位置总体下移;河口喇叭状地貌形态日益突出,口门位置不断向外海延伸。 相似文献
5.
波浪是塑造黄河三角洲河口与海岸地貌的重要动力因素之一。基于Delft3D模型耦合水动力与泥沙输运模块,模拟了黄河不同入海水沙条件下的表层悬沙浓度的分布变化,通过悬沙浓度差异值(Di值)定量研究了黄河清水沟流路现行河口与废弃河口之间的海洋动力差异,进而揭示了潮流与波浪在不同时期黄河三角洲地貌演变中的塑造作用。研究结果表明,在不同时期不同入海泥沙条件下,废弃河口及其近岸区域Di值普遍较高且为正值;但现行河口近岸的Di值分布普遍为负值。在废弃河口波浪使已沉积的粉砂、黏土起动、再悬浮,由潮流将其搬离海岸,从而使海岸发生蚀退;但现行河口由于大量黄河粉砂、黏土快速输入,潮流无法在短时间内将其全部搬离河口,进而使河口及两侧海岸向海淤进。比较而言,波浪在废弃河口及海岸的地貌作用较强,在现行河口相对较弱。这些研究结果对了解黄河三角洲动力地貌演变机理有重要的理论价值。 相似文献
6.
珠江三角洲及河网形成演变的数值模拟和地貌动力学分析:距今6000~2500a 总被引：7，自引：9，他引：7
珠江三角洲是我国一个极其复杂的大尺度河口系统,具有独特的河网体系和河口湾.为了探讨距今6 000 a以来珠江三角洲和河网的形成演变,提出一个长周期动力形态模型(PRD-LTMM)并讨论长周期模拟方法的建模和验证思想,重建了距今6 000 a海进盛期的古珠江河口湾的水下地形作为模型的初始边界.在模型中考虑的驱动力和控制因素包括代表潮、河流流量、泥沙输入、海平面变化、沉积物压实率及新构造运动等.分析和计算了三角洲总沉积量、有效堆积空间和沉积速率,用于模型控制和校验.应用必要的模型约减技术,实际模拟了长周期模型.34个14C测年钻孔资料初步验证了模型的正确性,一些古文化遗迹证据可以印证模拟结果.地貌动力学分析进一步论证了计算结果的合理性,阐述了模型输出的地学意义.现阶段的研究揭示出海进盛期以来珠江三角洲的时空演进过程具有一些与已有研究成果大不相同的新的特征.提出距今6 000 a以来珠江三角洲等沉积时间线和若干沉积模式.珠江三角洲发育演变及其特征在很大程度上源自其继承性的地质地貌构造所造成的独特的古海湾构造形态及其对河流和海洋动力分布的重塑.珠江河口的“门”及其双向射流动力体系对珠江三角洲和河网主干,特别对口门的形成演变起了控制性的作用,模拟结果还表明,古珠江河口湾中散落的众多基岩岛丘边沿沉积是影响珠江三角洲长期演变的重要因素. 相似文献
7.
磨刀门河口在20世纪60至70年代的演变模拟与动力地貌过程分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
使用长周期动力地貌模型(long-term morphodynamic model),再现了磨刀门河口1964—1977年的演变过程,并从水动力、地形演变规律以及人类活动等角度系统分析了长周期地貌演变过程。模拟结果显示在1964—1977年磨刀门河口鹤州至交杯沙浅滩和上沟快速淤积,13a的平均淤积厚度均在40cm以上,与之相反,横洲水道杧州至大井角段和上沟东部深槽冲刷明显。磨刀门河口演变季节性特征明显。在洪季浅滩淤积,深槽冲刷;在枯季滩槽都处于淤积状态。演变过程中各种基岩岛屿使动力结构和演变规律呈现多元化,同时人类活动对整个区域的演变起到了重要的作用。 相似文献
8.
均衡态:动力-沉积-地貌系统的跨尺度联系 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
潮汐汊道P-A关系、岸线轮廓、浅海沙波剖面轮廓等3个海洋动力地貌学案例，属于能够同时满足"沿程能耗率处处相等，输沙率沿程递变处处相等，沉积速率处处相等"规律的动力-沉积-地貌系统均衡态。这种在流体力学、沉积动力学和动力地貌学时空尺度跨度很大的交集中涌现的均衡态，为引导出动力-沉积-地貌系统跨尺度联系，实现动力-沉积-地貌系统的跨尺度模拟，留下宝贵的理论研究与应用检验窗口。 相似文献
9.
海底地形地貌研究可以揭示海底表面形态特征,探索海底物质结构及其形成、演化和分布规律。通过单波束测深、单道地震、海底表层沉积物取样和潮汐水文水动力实测等方法,开展了宣德环礁水文要素和水动力条件定量化研究,对宣德环礁水下沙洲动力地貌特征及动力作用下形成机制进行了探讨。研究结果表明：宣德环礁潟湖内水深50～55 m及60 m发育的礁滩体和埋藏珊瑚礁,与全新世50～60 m的低海平面时期发育的系列特征地貌应为同时期形成,水深50～55 m处的地貌边界很可能保留了早全新世时期古潟湖礁盘地貌轮廓形态;宣德环礁潟湖发育5类动力地貌特征形态的水下沙洲,环礁底层涨落潮流是塑造水下沙洲的主要现代动力因素。在常态天气下,涨落潮流输运的砂质沉积物足以在原有地形的基础上沉积和发育形成现今水下沙洲地貌形态。影响水下沙洲发育的主要因素由强至弱依次为气候变化引起的海平面升降,地形基础（珊瑚礁格架、礁盘岸线、口门）和涨落潮流。 相似文献
10.
1959～2013年长江河口南槽动力地貌演变过程 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
南槽作为长江口入海四口之一,是长江水沙输运向海的主要通道。在长江入海水沙急剧变化和长江口大型涉水工程的影响下,南槽的动力地貌过程成为当前长江河口研究的重点内容之一。分析和揭示近50年来南槽的动力地貌变化过程对理解长江河口响应人类活动和自然驱动作用的变化具有重要意义。基于此,本文通过1959~2013年长时间序列的南槽地形资料,研究长江入海水沙变化及南槽落潮分流分沙比影响下的南槽动力地貌演变过程。结果表明,南槽在1989年江亚南沙并滩前后呈现两种不同的地貌演化阶段:江亚南沙并滩前,南槽普遍发生淤积,两侧浅滩不断淤涨,河槽总体呈缩小态势,河槽拦门沙呈现"双峰"状态;江亚南沙并滩后,南槽呈现出"上段冲蚀加深、中段微冲、下段河槽束窄、两侧浅滩淤积"的状态,拦门沙向"单峰"发展。此外,周边涉水工程的实施对近期南槽地貌的冲淤演变过程有较大的影响。 相似文献
11.
12.
最大熵原理应用于海浪波高分布的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用最大熵原理从理论上推导出波高的最大熵分布,在此基础上研究了状态参量对波高分布和波高熵的影响。影响最大熵分布的因子是平均波高和状态参量,不同海况对应的状态参量是不同的。利用波高实测资料,得出3种不同海况下的最大熵分布,通过比较发现最大熵分布很好地符合实测数据。把最大熵分布与目前广泛应用的瑞利分布作了比较,结果表明,最大熵分布有2个优点：没有对波高作出任何限制性假定和能够描述不同海况下的波高分布。 相似文献
13.
The rôle of thermodynamics in the oceanic general circulation is investigated. The ocean is regarded as an open dissipative system that exchanges heat and salt with the surrounding system. A new quantitative method is presented to express the rate of entropy increase for a large‐scale open system and its surroundings by the transports of heat and matter. This method is based on Clausius's definition of thermodynamic entropy, and is independent of explicit expressions of small‐scale dissipation processes. This method is applied to an oceanic general circulation model, and the entropy increase rate is calculated during the spin‐up period of the model. It is found that, in a steady‐state, the entropy increase rate of the ocean system is zero, whereas that of the surroundings shows positive values, for both heat and salt transports. The zero entropy increase rate of the ocean system represents the fact that the system is in a steady‐state, while the positive entropy increase rate in the surroundings is caused by irreversible transports of heat and salt through the steady‐state circulation. The calculated entropy increase rate in the surroundings is 1.9×1011 W K−1 , and is primarily due to the heat transport. It is suggested that the existence of a steady‐state dissipative system on the Earth, from a living system to the oceanic circulation, has a certain contribution to the entropy increase in its nonequilibrium surroundings. 相似文献
14.
The previously derived formulations for using the relative entropy and Shannon entropy difference ( SD ) to measure information content from observations are revisited in connection with another known information measure—degrees of freedom for signal, which is defined as the statistical average of the signal part of the relative entropy. For a linear assimilation system, the statistical average of the relative entropy reduces to the SD . The formulations are extended for four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVar). The extended formulations reveal that the information content increases (or decreases) as the model error increase (or decrease) and/or become strongly (or weakly) correlated in 4-D space. These properties are also highlighted by illustrative examples, and the extended formulations are shown to be potential useful for designing optimum phased-array radar scan configurations to maximize the extractable information contents from radar observations by a 4DVar analysis system. 相似文献
15.
Marine environmental design parameter extrapolation has important applications in marine engineering and coastal disaster prevention.The distribution models used for environmental design parameter usually pass the hypothesis tests in statistical analysis,but the calculation results of different distribution models often vary largely.In this paper,based on the information entropy,the overall uncertainty test criteria were studied for commonly used distributions including Gumbel,Weibull,and Pearson-III distribution.An improved method for parameter estimation of the maximum entropy distribution model is proposed on the basis of moment estimation.The study in this paper shows that the number of sample data and the degree of dispersion are proportional to the information entropy,and the overall uncertainty of the maximum entropy distribution model is minimal compared with other models. 相似文献
16.
The relationships among an ocean wave spectrum,a fully polarimetric coherence matrix,and radar parameters are deduced with an electromagnetic wave theory.Furthermore,the relationship between the polarimetric entropy and ocean wave spectrum is established based on the definition of entropy and a twoscale scattering model of the ocean surface.It is the first time that the polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface is presented in theory.Meanwhile,the relationships among the fully polarimetric entropy and the parameters related to radar and ocean are discussed.The study is the basis of further monitoring targets on the ocean surface and deriving oceanic information with the entropy from the ocean surface.The contrast enhancement between human-made targets and the ocean surface with the entropy is presented with quad-pol airborne synthetic aperture radar（AIRSAR） data. 相似文献
17.
V. G. Bondur R. A. Ibrayev Yu. V. Grebenyuk G. A. Sarkisyan 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2008,44(2):225-235
The fields of currents in open basins are studied with the use of a mathematical model of ocean hydrodynamics. The area of the Hawaiian Islands is taken as an example. The model, based on three-dimensional equations of thermohydrodynamics, is solved for a domain with open boundaries, at which adaptive boundary conditions are set. We analyze the results of numerical experiments with given monthly mean climatic conditions at the ocean surface and open lateral boundaries with consideration for tides M 2 and K 1. A comparison of the model solutions and observational data shows that the model can realistically reproduce the mean parameters of the ocean state and their variability. The model solutions for the given area were found to have a northward current in the upper oceanic layer. This current clearly manifests itself in averaged fields. The characteristics of averaged currents indicate that the upper 100–150-m layer between the islands of Hawaii and Maui as well as between the islands of Molokai and Oahu is characterized by water transport from the west to the east side of the ridge of islands. The results obtained and the model proposed can be used to monitor physical fields of the ocean. 相似文献
18.
The new distributions of the statistics of wave groups based on the maximum entropy principle are presented.The maximum entropy distributions appear to be superior to conventional distributions when applied to a limited amount of information.Its applications to the wave group properties show the effectiveness of the maximum entropy distribution.FFT filtering method is employed to obtain the wave envelope fast and efficiently.Comparisons of both the maximum entropy distribution and the distribution of Longuet-Higgins(1984) with the laboratory wind-wave data show that the former gives a better fit 相似文献
19.
通过水体置换降低水库富营养化风险：长江口青草沙水库案例研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
城市淡水系统的富营养化风险是世界范围内普遍关注的问题。多种物理、生物和化学技术手段被应用到富营养化湖库的治理当中，以期抑制水体的富营养化程度和藻类生物量。经证实，在未有效降低营养盐来源的情况下，这些手段的效果有限。而在发展中国家，控制营养盐来源可能需要花费数十年的时间。本研究旨在分析某一高营养盐负荷的沿海水库的富营养化和藻类水华风险，以期确认通过水利调度来抑制水库富营养化状态的可行性。该案例水库为位于长江口的青草沙水库。该水库2009至2012年期间的库内五个点位的水质数据被用于进行案例分析。水质指标包括水温、透明度、溶解氧、总氮、总磷和浮游植物叶绿素a。该水库的建设期为2009年4月至2010年10月，期间水库未曾与长江口发生水体交换。该水库的试运营期为2010年10月至2011年1月，正式运营期为2011年1月至今。在运营期间，库内与长江口的水体交换逐步上升。综合营养状态指数（TLI）被用于评估该水库的营养状态变化情况，该指数是通过数个代表性水质指标计算得到。库区的TLI指数峰值在2009年夏季可达51，在2011年夏季可达55，超过TLI指数的富营养化阈值50。TLI的谷值32出现在2010年的夏季。水质观测期的其他时段的TLI指数均可保持在50以下。以上分析结果表明：水库在2009年和2011年夏季由于过量的营养盐负荷和藻类水华迅速恶化到富营养化状态。水库在2010年和2012年均未出现富营养化状态和藻类水华，这是由于2010年期间水库缺少营养盐输入，2012年期间水库调度充分地置换了库区水体。库区水质指标的时空变化均通过文中的观测资料和数据分析进行展示。经分析表明，通过潮汐涨落来充分置换库区水体的水库调度手段是一个极为经济有效的抑制高营养盐水体富营养化和藻类水华的工程手段。 相似文献
20.
A one-dimensional coupled physical-biogeochemical model has been developed to simulate the ecosystem of the central Black Sea at the end of the 1980s when eutrophication and invasion by gelatinous organisms seriously affected the stability and dynamics of the system. The physical model is the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) and the biogeochemical model describes the foodweb from bacteria to gelatinous carnivores through 24 state variables including three groups of phytoplankton: diatoms, small phototrophic flagellates and dinoflagellates, two zooplankton groups: micro- and mesozooplankton, two groups of gelatinous zooplankton: the omnivorous and carnivorous forms, an explicit representation of the bacterial loop: bacteria, labile and semi-labile dissolved organic matter, particulate organic matter. The model simulates oxygen, nitrogen, silicate and carbon cycling. In addition, an innovation of this model is that it explicitly represents processes in the anoxic layer. Biogeochemical processes in anaerobic conditions have been represented using an approach similar to that used in the modeling of diagenetic processes in the sediments lumping together all the reduced substances in one state variable [Soetaert, K., Herman, P., 1996. A model of early diagenetic processes from the shelf to abyssal depths. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60 (6) 1019-1040]. In this way, processes in the upper oxygenated layer are fully coupled with anaerobic processes in the deep waters, allowing to perform longterm simulations.The mathematical modeling of phytoplankton and zooplankton dynamics, detritus and the microbial loop is based on the model developed by Van den Meersche et al. [Van den Meersche, K., Middelburg, J., Soetaert, K., van Rijswijk P.H.B., Heip, C., 2004. Carbon-nitrogen coupling and algal-bacterial interactions during an experimental bloom: Modeling a 13c tracer experiment. Limnology and Oceanography 49 (3), 862-878] and tested in the modeling of mesocosm experiments and of the Ligurian sea ecosystem [Raick, C., Delhez, E., Soetaert, K., Gregoire, M., 2005. Study of the seasonal cycle of the biogeochemical processes in the Ligurian sea using an 1D interdisciplinary model. Journal of Marine Systems 55 (3-4) 177-203]. This model has been extended to simulate the development of top predators, the aggregation of detritus as well as the degradation and chemical processes in suboxic/anoxic conditions (e.g. denitrification, anoxic remineralization, redox reactions).The coupled model extends down to the sediments ( depth) and is forced at the air-sea interface by the 6 hourly ERA-40 reanalysis of ECMWF data. The model has been calibrated and validated using a large set of data available in the Black Sea TU Ocean Base. The biogeochemical model involves some hundred parameters which are first calibrated by hand using published values. Then, an identifiability analysis has been performed in order to determine a subset of identifiable parameters (i.e. ensemble of parameters that can be together estimated from the amount of data we have at our disposal, see later in the text). Also a subset of 10 identifiable parameters was isolated and an automatic calibration subroutine (Levenberg Marquart) has been used to fine tune these parameters. Additionally, in order to assess the sensitivity of model results to the parameterization of the two gelatinous groups, Monte Carlo simulations were performed perturbing all the parameters governing their dynamics.In order to calibrate the particle dynamics and export, the chemical model was run off-line with the particle and microbial loop model in order to check its capacity of simulating anoxic waters. After a 104 year run, the model simulated profiles similar to observations but steady state was not reached suggesting that the Black Sea deep waters are not at steady state. The fully coupled model was then used to simulate the period 1988-1992 of the Black Sea ecosystem. The model solution exhibits a complex dynamics with several years of transient adjustment. This complexity is imparted by the explicit modeling of top predators. The integrated chlorophyll and phytoplankton biomasses, the maximum concentration and depth of maximum, mesozooplankton biomass, depth of oxycline, primary production, bacterial production, surface concentrations of nutrients and plankton simulated by the model and obtained from available data analysis were compared and showed a satisfactory agreement. Also, as in the data, the model shows a continuous development of phytoplankton throughout the year, with an intense spring bloom dominated by diatoms and a fall bloom dominated by dinoflagellates. Dinoflagellates dominate from summer until late fall while small phototrophic flagellates are never dominant in terms of biomass, but are present almost throughout the year except in winter. The model simulates an intense silicate removal associated to increased diatoms blooms which were promoted by increased nutrient conditions, and by the presence of gelatinous zooplankton. This silicate pumping leads to silicate limitation of diatoms development in summer allowing the development of dinoflagellates. 相似文献