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1.
LASCAM水文模型在流域生态水文过程研究中的应用——模型理论基础 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
LASCAM水文模型是一种大尺度分布式概念水文模型,介于高精度分布式水文模型和集总式经验模型之间,是基于亚流域空间单元建立的中等精度的分布式概念模型。LASCAM模型在亚流域空间单元定义了3个概念性土壤水库,在经验方程的基础上:①建立亚流域各土壤水库与亚流域生态特征(LAI)和气候(降雨)之间函数关系;②通过对亚流域的降雨-植冠截流过程、地表产流过程、表层入渗-亚表层产流过程、亚表层入渗过程的模拟,揭示降雨在亚流域的(地表和亚表层)径流和入渗等环节的再分配过程;③基于亚流域各土壤水库的水量(水位)建立了各土壤水库之间的水通量过程方程;④建立亚流域各库的蒸散发与生态特征(LAI)之间的函数关系模拟各库的蒸散发过程。最后,通过河道径流演算法则,并依据亚流域与流域总体之间的分布式关系,将各亚流域的径流汇总到整个流域,从而将亚流域空间的水文响应扩展到流域整体空间上,实现了大尺度异质性流域的水文过程和水量平衡模拟。 相似文献
2.
基于栅格数据的流域降雨径流模型 总被引：30，自引：0，他引：30
本文在研究降雨时空分布不均匀与下垫面自然地理参数空间分布不均匀，对降雨径流过程影响的基础上，提出了一种在地理信息系统支持下的动态分布式降雨径流流域模型，实现了基于栅格的坡面产汇流与河道汇流的数值模拟，能够获得流域上任意模拟时刻任意栅格的径流量。模型视栅格为水文一致性单元，水文参数在栅格内一致，在相邻栅格间变化，采用Ｈｏｌｔａｎ模型计算下渗率，水量平衡方程和线性水库的马斯京根法进行栅格产汇流演算，模 相似文献
3.
SWAT在干旱半干旱地区的应用——以窟野河流域为例 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
SWAT是一个基于物理机制的分布式流域水文模型,其产流机制中对于地表径流、壤中流、浅层地下径流和深层地下径流的模拟方法比较实用,能够适用于不同气候条件和下垫面条件下的产汇流情况.本文将SwAT应用到黄河中游干旱半干旱区多沙粗沙典型流域之一窟野河流域,模拟了1980～1985年的日流量和月平均流量过程,分析并探讨了SWAT产流机制对水源划分和径流形成过程的影响.结果表明,水量平衡相对误差在10%～20%左右,但Nash-Sutticliffe效率系数都较低.本文对模拟结果进行了初步分析,认为SWAT产流机制不能有效模拟干旱半干旱地区的窟野河流域的壤中流、基流和春汛流量过程,并探讨了SWAT在干旱半干旱地区产流模拟可能存在的问题和值得深入研究的方向. 相似文献
4.
水文循环模拟中下垫面参数化方法综述 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对水文循环模拟中地形、土地利用覆被等流域下垫面参数化方法众多,且模拟效果相差较大的现状。本文首先根据水文循环模拟中产汇流原理,对常用水文循环模拟中产汇流模拟方法进行汇总和分类;在此基础上,对产流模拟中的降水径流相关系数法、蓄满产流和超渗产流等及汇流模拟中的等流时线、单位线、圣维南方程、马斯京根法等主要模拟方法中地形、土地利用覆被和土壤类型参数化方法进行分析和讨论;根据其中流域地形、土地利用覆被和土壤类型参数化方法对机理过程的描述程度,将其分为无明确表示类、率定型参数类、确定型参数类、物理过程表达类;进而阐明不同参数化方法中流域地形、土地利用覆被和土壤类型对水文循环模拟结果的响应和贡献。最后回归模型本质,阐述水文循环模拟中流域下垫面参数化方法中存在经验关系对复杂机理简单表述的合理性和物理机理过程描述的欠缺性问题,并预估未来水文循环模拟中下垫面参数化方法朝着简洁实用化和复杂机理化两个方向发展。 相似文献
5.
分布式水文模型在黄河流域的应用 总被引：41，自引：2，他引：39
流域的水资源规划和管理都离不开水资源的定量化评估。而准确评估流域的水资源量,尤其是在大流域,必须明晰不同气候、地形、土地利用等自然条件下的水文循环过程。同时农业灌溉及水库调节等人工的直接取水和调控使水文过程变得更为复杂。仅依靠气象及水文观测数据,已很难拟合出单一的降雨-径流关系来模拟和预测流域水资源的时空分布。这时就需要一种新型水文模拟手段,它可以利用地理信息来描述流域的空间不均一性,并基于物理控制方程来描述水文过程,这就是分布式水文模型。作者介绍了这种模型及其在黄河流域的应用。 相似文献
6.
为了定量评估土地利用/覆被变化的水文水资源效应,并考虑流域水文效应的空间差异,提出考虑土地利用/覆被变化的分布式流域水文模型。该模型基于Shreve河链概念对流域河网进行单元划分,基于中国科学院土地资源分类系统的一级类型,将流域划分为6种不同土地利用及覆被变化类型;在每一类土地利用及覆被变化面积上,分别考虑蒸发和下渗的差异,并利用蓄满-超渗耦合产流模型计算该面积上的地表径流量和地面以下径流量;利用地貌汇流模型和线性水库模型将每类面积上的地表径流量和地面以下径流量演算至流域出口断面,从而得到流域的水文过程。模型参数包括流域地貌特征参数、产流参数和汇流参数,前者可以根据地理信息系统技术和遥感技术获得,而后者则需要根据流域的水文资料通过最优化方法求得。利用大理河流域1981—1990年的逐日降雨、蒸发及流量资料对该模型进行了参数率定和检验,率定期1981—1987年的水量平衡系数为0.993,年径流深合格率为100.0%;检验期1988—1990年的水量平衡系数为1.230,径流深合格率为66.667%,计算结果表明该模型在大理河流域具有良好的适应性。并以2000年大理河流域的土地利用/覆被状况为基准,计算得到流域的基准径流深为30.36 mm,并对大理河流域未来土地利用情况进行情景分析,为充分发挥小流域(或单元)水土保持措施带来的各种效益提供参考依据。 相似文献
7.
内陆河流域分布式水文模型——以黑河干流山区建模为例 总被引：11，自引：7，他引：4
应用常规的气象水文数据并结合GIS, 建立了一个适合西北内陆河山区流域分布式水文模型, 并对黑河干流山区出山径流进行了模拟计算和讨论。模型以子流域作为最小的产流、汇流单元, 将各子流域分为裸地区、乔木区、牧草区和冰川区, 并根据实测剖面资料将土壤分为3层, 各分区单独进行水量平衡计算。产流过程基于蓄满产流理论, 以月和日为步长, 月模型在黑河干流山区流域应用效果较好, 日模型受降水的随机性和观测站点少的限制效果不佳。模型参数敏感性分析发现, 降水资料的代表性是模型模拟成败的关键。月模拟结果表明, 植被覆盖可以调节径流过程, 增加流域土壤储水量, 尤其是乔木森林, 即植被具有涵养水源的功能。在全球变暖背景下, 黑河未来出山径流会有一定程度的增加, 冰雪融水和实际蒸散发也会增加, 永久积雪与冰川面积缩小, 雪线上升, 但近期内不会造成冰雪储量大量减少。 相似文献
8.
公路网系对喀斯特流域水系结构的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了定量评价公路对地表水文过程的影响,选择典型喀斯特流域,在GIS水文分析功能支持下探讨了公路网系对流域水系结构的改变。研究表明:公路代表的人类强烈扰动集中分布在水系两侧1 km范围内。叠加路网之后流域内三级以下的低级水系数量和总长度显著增加,主河道分枝能力和流域平均分枝比增大,说明路网将增大河道行洪压力,同时减弱喀斯特流域的溶蚀作用而增强流水侵蚀作用。对子流域单元的统计分析表明,路面产流强度与子流域水系长度增加量之间存在较好的线性关系。在空间上,路网增加的水系在流域出口附近的集中程度较高。公路影响抑制喀斯特地下水系的径流调蓄作用,可能导致洪水期河流洪峰提前并增大洪峰流量,从而加剧洪灾风险。 相似文献
9.
青海湖水文特征及水位下降原因分析 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
青海湖自有记载以来,湖水位一直处于下降之中。通过分析流域内的各项水文因子的特征及湖泊水量平衡,看出流域内降水有逐步变小的趋势;湖泊长期处于水量收支负平衡中,致使湖水水位下降。降水变小及湖水位下降又改变了流域水文环境,使径流变小、径流系数下降。通过进一步分析发现,青海湖对降水变化的敏感性要大于其它因子的变化。 相似文献
10.
流域水量平衡变化机制及其效应的认识是理解湖泊水情变化与制定缓解措施的根本依据。针对2000年后呼伦湖持续水位的急剧下降,并考虑到流域监测资料稀缺的实际情况,借助遥感反演降水和蒸散时空数据序列,利用时空模式分解、趋势分析等方法揭示了流域降水时空变化特征及其引起的蒸散效应。结果表明:流域降水变化主要由空间分布及过程强弱互补的2个降水模式决定,这2个模式的变化解释了流域降水变化的67.4%。2000年后2个模式强弱的变化导致了流域整体降水由两侧山区向中部地势平坦区域的转变。流域中部受地形及气象条件影响,相比两侧山区产流效率偏低。因而降水空间分配的改变形成了更有利于增加陆面蒸散的供水条件,导致了流域蒸散占降水比重上升到较高水平。蒸散变化强度及趋势的时空特征分析也进一步确认了以上现象,这种降水模式的变化及其效应直接导致了流域水量平衡中可供产流的净雨量减少,是呼伦湖流域近年产流减少的根本原因。2000年后流域冻土消融补给的改变则对呼伦湖极端水情的发生起到了推波助澜的作用。 相似文献
11.
水利水保措施对潮河流域年径流量的影响 —— 基于经验统计模型的评估 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
利用时间序列对比法分析了1961-2005 年潮河流域降水、径流、用水量、水利工程、 水土保持措施变化。结果表明: (1) 自20 世纪60 年代以来, 潮河流域年平均面雨量略有减 少, 但流域年径流量却呈明显减少趋势, 1991-2000 年的流域年径流量平均值为1961-1970 年 的90.9%, 减少幅度较大; (2) 潮河流域径流量的变化主要与水利水保等人类活动有关。利用 降水-径流经验统计模型评估了流域水利水保措施对年径流量的影响程度: 1981-1990 年、 1991-2000 年、2001-2005 年、1981-2005 年, 受水利水保措施影响所产生的年均减水量分别 为1.15、0.28、1.10、0.79 亿m3, 水利水保措施减水效应分别为31.99%、7.13%、40.71%、 23.79%。水利水保措施对枯水时段的减水效应更为突出。 相似文献
12.
未来气候变化对淮河流域径流深的影响 总被引：19，自引：2，他引：17
本文运用多元回归方法,建立有关气候-径流深的数学模型,并用该模型预测在未来气候变化的15种可能情景下淮河三个代表子流域径流深的变化。结果表明:年径流深随年降水量的增加而增加,随年均温度的升高而减少;不同流域对各种气候变化的响应存在着明显的差异,反映出整个淮河流域不同自然地理条件的影响;不同季节的径流深对各种气候变化的响应也存在明显的差异,体现了季风气候对径流的影响。文章还特别关注了暖干天气组合下径流深的变化,提出这种极端气候情景对工农业生产和国民经济建设有着严重的负面影响 相似文献
13.
1961-2005年水利水保措施对潮河流域年径流量的影响(英文) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area,the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961-2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station(Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations.Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method.The referenced period(1961-1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period(1981-2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961-2005 applying double accumulative curve method,mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique.Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model,impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively.The major results could be summarized as follows:(1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s,the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970.(2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities.(3) During 1981-1990,1991-2000,2001-2005 and 1981-2005,the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×108,0.28×108,1.10×108 and 0.79×108 m3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%,7.13%,40.71% and 23.79% accordingly.Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period. 相似文献
14.
1956-2002年滦河流域径流变化 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
The decrease of runoff in the Luanhe river basin, which caused water crisis in Tian-jin for several times, was investigated using discharge data covering the period 1956-2002. The data from the differential integral curves of the annual runoff indicate that the decreasing point began in 1979 in the six sub-basins. The decrease of runoff in the Luanhe river basin resulted from the combination of climate effects and human activities, in which the latter plays an important role. This can be illustrated by noting that after 1979 the runoff generated by similar precipitation decreased under the condition that the total precipitation did not decrease in the entire basin. As a result, the annual runoff of the Luanhe river basin after 1979 decreased by about 6.46×10^8 m^3 each year. To analyze the runoff characteristics, it is inadequate to seek the runoff trends only and the identification of cyclical component of the runoff as accurate as possible is necessary. From the natural annual runoff discharge time series, we can see the annual runoff fluctuates around the long-term average. Analyzed by VRL （Variable Record Length） method, the main periods of 3, 5-6, 7, 9, 16-20 and 37-39 years were found. The last decade causing water crisis was the driest period in the history, and this condition will last several years from trend analysis and power spectrum analysis. So finding new water sources is urgent to solve water crisis in Tianjin city, and the South-North Water Transfer is a feasible option. 相似文献
15.
Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area, the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961–2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station (Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations. Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method. The referenced period (1961–1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period (1981–2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961–2005 applying double accumulative curve method, mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique. Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model, impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s, the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970. (2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities. (3) During 1981–1990, 1991–2000, 2001–2005 and 1981–2005, the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×108, 0.28×108, 1.10×108 and 0.79×108 m3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%, 7.13%, 40.71% and 23.79% accordingly. Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period. 相似文献
16.
The decrease of runoff in the Luanhe river basin, which caused water crisis in Tian-jin for several times, was investigated using discharge data covering the period 1956–2002. The data from the differential integral curves of the annual runoff indicate that the decreasing point began in 1979 in the six sub-basins. The decrease of runoff in the Luanhe river basin resulted from the combination of climate effects and human activities, in which the latter plays an important role. This can be illustrated by noting that after 1979 the runoff generated by similar precipitation decreased under the condition that the total precipitation did not decrease in the entire basin. As a result, the annual runoff of the Luanhe river basin after 1979 de-creased by about 6.46×108 m3 each year. To analyze the runoff characteristics, it is inade-quate to seek the runoff trends only and the identification of cyclical component of the runoff as accurate as possible is necessary. From the natural annual runoff discharge time series, we can see the annual runoff fluctuates around the long-term average. Analyzed by VRL (Variable Record Length) method, the main periods of 3, 5–6, 7, 9, 16–20 and 37–39 years were found. The last decade causing water crisis was the driest period in the history, and this condition will last several years from trend analysis and power spectrum analysis. So finding new water sources is urgent to 相似文献
17.
黄河小花间石山林区产汇流特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
产汇流机理研究是水文模拟的基础 ,从实测水文资料出发进行深入分析是认识产汇流特性的有效手段。黄河小花间 (小浪底 -花园口间 )洛河卢氏以上流域为典型的石山林区 ,产汇流特性不同于黄河流域的一般地区。从选取的 43场暴雨洪水资料分析得出 :该地区的暴雨空间分布不均匀 ,存在着明显的暴雨中心 ,产流机制和产流模式复杂。进一步分析变化环境下的降水径流特性后 ,发现年径流量的变化主要受控于降水特性 ,下垫面的改变和人类活动对年降水径流关系影响并不显著 ;但对次洪而言 ,该区生态保护和水土保持措施在一定程度上减少了产流能力 ,提高了暴雨径流相关性。 相似文献
18.
Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area, the characteristics and variation
trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961–2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis
of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station (Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and
the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations. Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water
diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series
contrasting method. The referenced period (1961–1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period
(1981–2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to
the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961–2005 applying double accumulative curve
method, mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique. Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff
empirical statistical model, impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on
runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual precipitation
in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s, the average annual runoff
from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970. (2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage
basin are significantly related to human activities. (3) During 1981–1990, 1991–2000, 2001–2005 and 1981–2005, the average
annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×108, 0.28×108, 1.10×108 and 0.79×108 m3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%, 7.13%, 40.71% and 23.79% accordingly. Runoff-reducing
effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period. 相似文献
19.
The runoff in alpine river basins where the runoff is formed in nearby mountainous areas is mainly affected by temperature and precipitation.Based on observed annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and runoff time-series datasets during 1958–2012 within the Kaidu River Basin,the synchronism of runoff response to climate change was analyzed and identified by applying several classic methods,including standardization methods,Kendall's W test,the sequential version of the Mann-Kendall test,wavelet power spectrum analysis,and the rescaled range(R/S) approach.The concordance of the nonlinear trend variations of the annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and runoff was tested significantly at the 0.05 level by Kendall's W method.The sequential version of the Mann-Kendall test revealed that abrupt changes in annual runoff were synchronous with those of annual mean temperature.The periodic characteristics of annual runoff were mainly consistent with annual precipitation,having synchronous 3-year significant periods and the same 6-year,10-year,and 38-year quasi-periodicities.While the periodic characteristics of annual runoff in the Kaidu River Basin tracked well with those of annual precipitation,the abrupt changes in annual runoff were synchronous with the annual mean temperature,which directly drives glacier-and snow-melt processes.R/S analysis indicated that the annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and runoff will continue to increase and remain synchronously persistent in the future.This work can improve the understanding of runoff response to regional climate change to provide a viable reference in the management of water resources in the Kaidu River Basin,a regional sustainable socio-economic development. 相似文献
20.
本文根据水量平衡原理,提出流域蓄水变量分层计算法,而使年陆地蒸发量计算式得解,从而获得了年陆地蒸发量系列的重要成果。 相似文献