共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 562 毫秒
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基于临界条件的中国航空气象危险要素区域分布与风险区划 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
根据航空飞行安全的气象保障规范和临界条件,探讨了我国区域内影响飞机起降的气象要素的区域特征;在气象要素影响分析的基础上,建立飞机起降安全的气象要素评价指标;采用层次分析法(AHP)确定各评价指标的权重,利用模糊综合评价方法构建了飞机起降气象安全风险的评价标准和评价体系,运用区间梯形隶属度函数来计算评估单元各指标针对各风险等级的隶属度,最后根据最大隶属度原则作出风险评估与区划。分析表明,我国北方地区航空安全气象环境较南方地区好,南方出现航空飞行不利影响的恶劣气象条件的频率显著高于北方;我国航空安全气象风险由北至南逐渐递增,尤以东部沿海地区、福建和江西东北部地区、贵州东部及湖南地区的风险等级最高。 相似文献
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采用AHP方法的气象服务社会经济效益定量评估分析 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
评估选用社会调查资料中公众对评估指标的得票支持率初始化AHP模型准则层的底层指标权重系数,避免执行AHP方法中繁琐的多指标权重计算,然后以AHP模型为基准对气象服务产品的社会经济效益进行定量化评估.评估以"现有常规气象服务产品"及"FDP产品"为AHP方案层的备选方案,评估权重适当向体现奥运气象服务需求的指标项倾斜.评估结果表明FDP产品在满足现有用户气象服务及奥运气象服务需求上享有绝对的优势.研究得出:现有天气预报产品需要进一步提高预报结果的时间和空间分辨率;需要丰富FDP等短时临近预报产品的信息传递方式;需要提高信息传递的及时性,改进气象服务的质量. 相似文献
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通过对项目风险进行综合分析、审定,确立一种气象科研项目的立项风险评估指标及体系的准则;从风险角度出发,构建出一组多级指标的项目风险评估指标体系;采用定性和定量相结合的方法,提出一种基于模糊理论的风险评估体系和模型,对科研项目的立项进行综合评估,给出评估意见,给决策提供指导意见;同时,提出一种气象科研项目绩效考核及推广方法. 相似文献
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文中从台风灾害的致灾危险性和承灾体脆弱性两方面选取评价指标,利用最小鉴别信息原理计算组合权重,采用模糊数学方法得到台风致灾危险性和承灾体脆弱性的评价指数。基于云模型和风险矩阵,构建一个新的台风灾害等级评估模型。以1984—2016年登陆华南的50个台风为例,对华南台风灾害风险进行综合等级评估,结果与实际相符。与基于云模型—权重分配、模糊数学的台风灾害综合风险等级评估模型的结果进行比较,发现基于云模型—风险矩阵的台风灾害综合等级评估模型,不仅利用了云模型的优点,充分考虑了台风灾害的模糊性和随机性,还利用风险矩阵合成了台风致灾危险性和承灾体脆弱性的评价结果,比单一的模糊数学模型更合理可靠,在一定程度上也比云模型—权重分配模型结果更符合实际。 相似文献
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我国公路低能见度灾害风险评估与区划研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于1980—2014年国家地面气象站的能见度观测资料以及社会经济、交通灾情数据信息,采用层次分析法、专家打分法和熵权法,建立了我国主要公路低能见度灾害风险的评估指标体系和权重,开展了我国主要公路低能见度灾害风险区划研究。研究结果表明:我国主要公路低能见度灾害风险分布总体呈东部及新疆北部和南疆盆地部分地区高、中西部大部地区低的趋势;采用层次分析法开展公路低能见度灾害风险评估,能有效减少主观因素的影响,增加评估结果的科学性和合理性。 相似文献
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针对无线网络脆弱性评价指标体系中影响因素众多、层次结构复杂且指标间存在相关性的问题,提出了一种基于知识约简算法的脆弱性指标体系构建方法.首先,初步建立无线网络脆弱性评价的指标体系,在此基础上构造脆弱性评价决策表;其次,运用知识约简算法对决策表进行简化,其中非核指标的重要性排序采用特征向量法进行确定,该方法以保证评价结果的准确性为前提,较AHP权重判断法更具客观性;最后,将该方法和AHP权重判断法进行了分析比较,说明了其有效性. 相似文献
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南、北极海冰的长期变化趋势及其与大气环流的联系 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：7
采用南、北极海冰面积指数 1°× 1°经纬度格点资料及海平面气压资料 ,运用多种统计方法 ,研究了南、北极海冰的长期变化趋势、突变特征及其与大气环流的联系 ,发现近年来南极冬、春、秋季海冰逐渐减少 ,夏季海冰逐渐增加 ;北极春、夏、秋季海冰均不同程度地减少 ,冬季海冰变化趋势不明显 ;南、北极各季海冰的年际变化均存在一定的突发性 ,大气环流在海冰突变年前后有显著的差异 相似文献
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根据黑龙江省1959—2008年雷暴日及1999—2008年雷电灾害资料,结合黑龙江省人口密度、城市发展等社会经济特征,选取雷暴日数、雷电灾害频度、生命易损模数及经济易损模数作为雷电灾害风险评估指标,采用层次分析法确定评估指标权重分布,建立雷电灾害风险评估模型,形成黑龙江省雷电灾害风险区划图,并对该省雷电灾害风险进行了综合评估。结果表明:位于黑龙江省中部松花江、呼兰河流域的哈尔滨、绥化和位于西部嫩江流域的齐齐哈尔为雷电灾害极高风险区;位于北部大兴安岭和小兴安岭山区的大兴安岭、黑河、伊春为高风险区;位于东部三江平原的鹤岗、鸡西、七台河为中风险区;位于东部三江平原腹地的佳木斯、双鸭山和位于东南部河谷盆地的牡丹江为低风险区。 相似文献
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从1987年开始,台湾暴雨研究进入一个新纪元,由早期定性描述分析进入定量计算与模拟,其中包括新观测设施的建设与数值天气预报系统的建立。近年来,随着全球气候变暖,台湾极端降雨事件有所增加,其中不少极端降雨事件是由非台风暴雨所致,往往给当地社会经济和人民生命财产造成严重影响,这就迫切需要不断提高强降雨定量预报业务水平。本文通过对近30 a台湾在非台风暴雨研究发展方面取得的主要进展的回顾,重点介绍了台湾气象部门为了提高强降雨定量预报业务水平所做出的努力,同时对未来台湾非台风暴雨研究规划与方向作了简要介绍。 相似文献
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Dramatic climatic change in the Arctic elevates the importance of determining the risk of exposure for people living in vulnerable areas and developing effective adaptation programs. Climate change assessment reports are valuable, and often definitive, sources of information for decision makers when constructing adaptation plans, yet the scope of these reports is too coarse to identify site-specific exposure to the impacts of climate change and adaptation needs. Subsistence hunters and gatherers in the Arctic are valuable knowledge holders of climate-related change in their area. Incorporating both their traditional ecological knowledge and information found in climate science assessment reports can offer adaption planners a deeper understanding of exposure to climate change and local adaptation needs. In this study, we compare information found in assessment reports of climate change in the Arctic with what we have learned from the Alaskans Sharing Indigenous Knowledge project from 2009 to 2012, a research project documenting traditional ecological knowledge in two Native villages in Alaska, Savoonga and Shaktoolik. Content analysis of the interviews with hunters and gatherers reveal the site-specific impacts of climate change affecting these two villages. We find that their traditional ecological knowledge is complimentary and largely corroborates the climate science found in assessment reports. Traditional ecological knowledge, however, is more current to the social and local conditions of the villages, and presents a more unified social and biophysical portrayal of the impacts of climate change. If taken together, these two forms of knowledge can focus adaptation planning on the pertinent needs of the communities in question. 相似文献
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There is growing acknowledgement of the need for both quantitative and qualitative methods to unravel complex human-environment interactions and inform a more advanced move towards global sustainability. Nonetheless, qualitative methods still play an understated role in climate and ocean change research. One important reason for this are continuing tendencies in the natural sciences to value ‘hard’ and value-free quantitative approaches over ‘soft’ and value-laden qualitative approaches. This paper argues that to overcome such methodological reservations, it is necessary to inform not only about the key characteristics of qualitative research but also – and this has received little attention – about the concrete empirical insights that can be gained from qualitative as opposed to quantitative data, despite sharing the same research focus.The environmental literature still lacks relevant examples from fieldwork that explain in detail how exactly decisive information is elicited from specific qualitative datasets, thereby illustrating how qualitative approaches matter. This paper seeks to help fill this gap by demonstrating to sceptical quantitative researchers the necessity and added value of integrating qualitative data in global environmental change research and highlighting impeding factors. This is done by presenting empirical findings about climate and ocean change adaptation in Norwegian coastal fisheries and elucidating how different qualitative interview techniques reveal that fishers who initially state that they do not worry about climate change actually do worry, and vice versa. Self-categorisation theory from social psychology is used to better explain such contradictory statements. Detecting salient but masked climate concern and understanding the reasons behind it are crucial for avoiding misleading conclusions and effectively tailoring adaptation strategies to the requirements of specific audiences. 相似文献
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本文在综合考虑建筑物雷电风险评价的一级指标和二级指标基础上,以某办公楼防雷装置为实例,采用AHP分析法建立雷电风险评价层次模型,通过对层次模型一级指标层和二级指标层指标建立判断矩阵,利用和法归一化和一致性检验法后得出各层指标相对权向量。最后采用Delphi专家调查法给予定量表示,使用数学方法计算反映出该办公楼雷电风险评价的综合得分。其结果分析表明,该办公楼雷电风险评价等级为临界安全型,须对其采取高等级的防护措施。AHP分析法将建筑物雷电风险的定性和定量评价有效地结合起来,使评价结论更加科学、客观、合理,对于深化建筑物雷电风险评价方法研究具有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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综述了区分气候变化和人类活动对水文要素影响的研究方法,提出当前研究中应将流域水文过程变化的环境因素来源分为气候自然变异、人为气候变化和人类活动三个方面,并给出了方法体系;基于环境变化下流域水文过程的复杂不确定性,详细剖析了环境变化下流域水文过程的不确定性来源,总结了常用的不确定性评估方法,并介绍了针对定性不确定性（奈特不确定性）评估的信息差距理论。指出为提高减缓和适应环境变化能力,未来应加强以气候自然变异、人为气候变化和人类活动三源分解的环境变化影响研究;不确定性分析应成为环境模拟的固有组成部分,在影响评价中应注重不确定性的评估,并应加强不确定性信息在流域管理决策中的应用研究以及流域风险管理研究。 相似文献
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Regional magnitudes and patterns of Arctic winter climate changes in consequence of regime changes of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are analyzed using a regional atmospheric climate model. The regional model has been driven with data of positive and negative NAO phases from a control simulation as well as from a time-dependent greenhouse gas and aerosol scenario simulation. Both global model simulations include a quite realistic interannual variability of the NAO with pronounced decadal regime changes and no or rather weak long-term NAO trends. The results indicate that the effects of NAO regime changes on Arctic winter temperatures and precipitation are regionally significant over most of northwestern Eurasia and parts of Greenland. In this regard, mean winter temperature variations of up to 6 K may occur over northern Europe. Precipitation and synoptic variability are also regionally modified by NAO regime changes, but not as significantly as temperatures. However, the climate changes associated with the NAO are in some regions clearly stronger than those attributed to enhanced greenhouse gases and aerosols, indicating that projected global changes of the atmospheric composition and internal circulation changes are competing with each other in their importance for the Arctic climate evolution in the near future. The knowledge of the future NAO trend on decadal and longer time scales appears to be vitally important in terms of a regional assessment of climate scenarios for the Arctic. 相似文献
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气候变化对跨境水资源影响的适应性评估与管理框架 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
气候变化增加了国际河流冲突的可能性,加强跨境水资源适应性管理是流域国可持续发展的必然选择。梳理了适应性相关研究的国内外最新进展,认识到适应性管理的关键问题是要发展一套科学评估未来气候变化影响及适应性策略的程序。通过论述气候变化下跨境水资源的适应性评估与管理框架,提出一个气候变化影响决策评估工具,包括信息收集、需求分析、对策分析、综合评估以及实施与调控5个阶段。该项研究将适应性管理与气候变化、定量化脆弱性及适应能力关联评价、成本效益分析、多目标优化决策和动态调控等有机结合,为从跨界层面制定具有针对性的适应性管理对策提供了思路与方法,有利于促进国际河流流域可持续发展。 相似文献
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Evidence and Implications of Recent Climate Change in Northern Alaska and Other Arctic Regions 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
Larry D. Hinzman Neil D. Bettez W. Robert Bolton F. Stuart Chapin Mark B. Dyurgerov Chris L. Fastie Brad Griffith Robert D. Hollister Allen Hope Henry P. Huntington Anne M. Jensen Gensuo J. Jia Torre Jorgenson Douglas L. Kane David R. Klein Gary Kofinas Amanda H. Lynch Andrea H. Lloyd A. David McGuire Frederick E. Nelson Walter C. Oechel Thomas E. Osterkamp Charles H. Racine Vladimir E. Romanovsky Robert S. Stone Douglas A. Stow Matthew Sturm Craig E. Tweedie George L. Vourlitis Marilyn D. Walker Donald A. Walker Patrick J. Webber Jeffrey M. Welker Kevin S. Winker Kenji Yoshikawa 《Climatic change》2005,72(3):251-298
The Arctic climate is changing. Permafrost is warming, hydrological processes are changing and biological and social systems
are also evolving in response to these changing conditions. Knowing how the structure and function of arctic terrestrial ecosystems
are responding to recent and persistent climate change is paramount to understanding the future state of the Earth system
and how humans will need to adapt. Our holistic review presents a broad array of evidence that illustrates convincingly; the
Arctic is undergoing a system-wide response to an altered climatic state. New extreme and seasonal surface climatic conditions
are being experienced, a range of biophysical states and processes influenced by the threshold and phase change of freezing
point are being altered, hydrological and biogeochemical cycles are shifting, and more regularly human sub-systems are being
affected. Importantly, the patterns, magnitude and mechanisms of change have sometimes been unpredictable or difficult to
isolate due to compounding factors. In almost every discipline represented, we show how the biocomplexity of the Arctic system
has highlighted and challenged a paucity of integrated scientific knowledge, the lack of sustained observational and experimental
time series, and the technical and logistic constraints of researching the Arctic environment. This study supports ongoing
efforts to strengthen the interdisciplinarity of arctic system science and improve the coupling of large scale experimental
manipulation with sustained time series observations by incorporating and integrating novel technologies, remote sensing and
modeling. 相似文献