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1.
氟喹诺酮类(FQs)药物是一种广泛使用的人工合成类抗生素,存在于水体、沉积物等各种环境介质中,并在水生生物体内得到富集,对人类健康和全球生态系统的可持续发展有重要的影响。环境中FQs残留的分析检测是了解其环境生物地球化学行为和潜在生态环境风险的基础,本文系统总结了近几年海洋水体、沉积物和生物体样品中FQs的残留特征、样品前处理与检测技术,在此基础上,前瞻分析了海洋环境中FQs残留分析检测技术的发展趋势。分析表明,FQs的分离富集和测定必须充分考虑FQs的物理化学性质和样品成分的复杂性。海水样品准备应注意过滤膜的选择和pH的调节;沉积物和生物体的样品准备应考虑水分、萃取溶剂、基质效应和pH的影响,并使用超声萃取。固相萃取、QuEChERS萃取、磁性固相萃取是分离富集FQs较常用的方法,吸附剂、淋洗溶液和洗脱溶液的选择和优化是提高样品回收率的关键。FQs的检测大多通过液质联用或液相色谱结合荧光检测器进行,其中色谱柱的选择、离子对试剂的添加和进样pH值的调整都是优化的关键因素。研究指出海洋领域FQs在线自动SPE技术的开发以及新型萃取吸附剂的研制应在未来研究中被重点关注。  相似文献   

2.
作为广谱抗菌的人工合成药物——磺胺类(SAs)是应用最早的一类人工合成抑菌剂之一,被广泛用于人类医疗、禽畜及水产养殖等。大量磺胺类药物的应用随代谢进入水环境中,对水生生态系统和人类健康产生重要影响并构成潜在风险,截至目前,这些影响和风险并未被探明。因此,对8种典型磺胺类合成药物在我国典型水环境中的分布特征进行了阐述,评估了它们对不同水生生物的生态毒性及生态风险,并诠释了它们在生物体内的代谢及其在生态系统中的降解途径。结果表明,不同水环境中磺胺类合成药物的浓度分布差异显著,磺胺甲恶唑和磺胺嘧啶分别在水体及沉积物中的浓度和污染程度最高;水体藻类是磺胺类合成药物最敏感的水生物种,其次是甲壳类和鱼类,磺胺甲恶唑对水生生态系统构成高风险;磺胺类合成药物进入体内后被代谢成不同的产物,与母体合成药物一同进入水环境中经历降解过程;生物降解是水生生态系统中磺胺类合成药物去除的主要途径,不同种细菌、真菌及藻类均可降解磺胺类合成药物。在以后的研究中,应当进一步加强磺胺类合成药物对水生生物的慢性毒性以及合成药物混合毒性的研究,明晰水环境磺胺类合成药物的分布-代谢-传输-效应的综合过程,探析磺胺类合成药物在水生...  相似文献   

3.
为实现麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)的实时监控与提前预警,本研究构建了基于固相萃取技术(solid phase extraction,SPE)与固相吸附毒素跟踪技术(solid phase adsorption toxin tracking,SPATT)的水体中PSP检测方法,重点优化了吸附材料及前处理方法,评价了回收率、检出限等指标,并将方法应用于2019年春季秦皇岛山海关海域PSP消长过程的监测中,比较评估了两种方法的监控预警效果。结果表明:SPE方法选用ENVI-Carb 500mg/6mL固相萃取柱,过样体积为50mL,13种PSP组分的平均回收率为82.2%±10.0%、检出限为4.0-20.0ng/L;SPATT方法选用SP207大孔吸附树脂,洗脱时间为静置Id最佳,整体回收率约为9.2%;在实际应用中,结合产毒藻密度及贻贝富集毒素含量的变化,发现SPE方法的检测结果可实时表征海域PSP风险状况,对于贻贝中PSP的预警效果也显著优于SAPTT方法,后者不仅因监控方式相对滞后一个监测周期,且灵敏度及准确性均较差。对于秦皇岛海域,当SPE方法检测结果达到100ng STX eq/L时,该海域贻贝中PSP残留将具有潜在的食用安全风险,跟踪过程表明这一阈值可提前两周预警贻贝富集毒素含量超出我国限量标准(800μg STX eq/kg),这对于强化风险警示并制定防范措施具有积极作用。  相似文献   

4.
利用在胶州湾采集的47组同站位多介质样品,进行了痕量金属Pb、Zn及其它环境因子的化学成分测试,讨论了胶州湾水-沉积物-生物系统中Pb、Zn的生物地球化学总体特征及其在各介质平面上的分布,揭示了胶州湾水-沉积物-生物系统对陆源物质输入的响应.垂向上表层沉积物是Pb、Zn组分的富集带,该系统中的生物相对于其所处水环境具有显著的富集作用,生物体中Pb、Zn生物浓缩系数分别为36、935;横向上,Pb、Zn在底层水和沉积物介质中的分布主要受控于河口,即高值区分布于胶州湾的各个主要河口区,特别是在沉积物中金属组分浓度的高值区主要集中分布于胶州湾的东部.而孔隙水中Pb、Zn的高值主要分布于水交替较弱的海域,如红岛前缘.但生物体中的痕量金属组分化学场空间分布规律与上述各介质的化学场均不吻合,亦即是生物体中痕量金属组分的浓度与其所处环境中的同名金属组分浓度无关.作者认为,生物对痕量金属组分的富集并不简单地取决于它所处环境介质中同名金属组分的总量,而存在形态上的选择性.通过回归分析揭示了孔隙水对生物体中Pb、Zn的富集贡献较大.  相似文献   

5.
为明确环境新型污染物--氨基脲(semicarbazide,SEM)在贝类体内的存在形态,本文建立了一种SEM在扇贝中形态测定的液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)分析方法。扇贝中SEM总量测定方法为:样品用盐酸水解,以2-硝基苯甲醛为衍生剂衍生,乙酸乙酯提取,超滤离心净化,进LC-MS/MS分析。结合态SEM测定方法为:样品分别采用50%甲醇水溶液、75%甲醇水溶液、甲醇和水洗涤后,按照SEM总量测定方法处理,采用甲醇和2 mmol/L乙酸铵作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾离子源正离子(electrosprary ionization,ESI+)选择反应监测模式对SEM进行定性和定量测定。本方法在1~20 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.999。SEM在1.00、5.00、10.0 μg/kg添加水平的回收率在84.2%~118%,相对标准偏差均<15%。本方法扇贝中SEM的定量限为1.0 μg/kg,本方法灵敏、准确、操作简便,适用于扇贝中SEM存在形态的测定。  相似文献   

6.
建立了超声波振荡提取、固相萃取(SPE)小柱净化、气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)同时测定缢蛏(Sinonovacula Constricta)中13种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的方法.样品用二氯甲烷超声波振荡提取和硅胶-中性氧化铝(2∶1,m∶m)固相萃取小柱对待测PAEs净化后,使用GC-MS对PAEs进行定性、定量分析.在优化实验条件下,方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)≤9.5 ％(20 ng/g,n=5);缢蛏样品中添加标准的回收率,除邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP,58.6％)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP,62.6％)和邻苯二甲酸二丙酯(DPRP,75.5％)偏低外,其他组分在87.9％(邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯,BBP)～111.1％[邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯,DEHP]之间.方法的定量检出限范围为6.3 ng/g (DMP)～ 32.8 ng/g(邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯,DiBP),可满足海洋生物缢蛏中痕量PAEs日常监测的需要.市售缢蛏样品中共检出3种PAEs,分别为DiBP(31.2 ～55.3 ng/g)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯DnBP(39.7～51.6 ng/g)和DEHP(22.3 ～ 149.2 ng/g),与缢蛏生长环境受PAEs污染种类及PAEs理化性质有关.DEHP污染的地区差异,是样品中DEHP含量差异的原因之一.  相似文献   

7.
信息有机物(或化感物质)系指存在于自然环境,对生物物种或生物类群生存和生长有促进或抑制作用,并能通过调控生物丰度与群落结构来影响生态系统和生态环境的微痕量有机物。目前已知的信息有机物大多是分子质量小于10~4Da的醇、酚、萜、酯、多肽等小分子物质,它们随水体迁移扩散,通过控制酶活性或光合系统等途径影响目标生物生存生长,作用强度受微生物分解和营养水平等多种因素影响。水体中信息有机物一般是通过有机溶剂萃取或固相萃取富集后用色质联用鉴定结构并测定含量。本文系统总结了近年来水环境中信息有机物及其检测方法的主要研究进展,归纳总结了高效灵敏的水体信息有机物检测方法,阐述了水环境中信息有机物种类、结构、作用机制及其对水域生态学的意义,在此基础上,提出了"水域生态讯息学"的新概念,诠释了"水域生态讯息学"的内涵,这对于拓展生态学研究内容,揭示水生生物学发生机制,持续利用水生生物资源具有重要的科学意义和实际价值。  相似文献   

8.
示差脉冲极谱法测定海水中痕量锗   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
杨逸萍  胡明辉 《海洋学报》1991,13(2):277-281
海水中Ge(Ⅳ)含量很低,一般为ng/dm3数量级[1-3]。目前用于海水中Ge(Ⅳ)的分析方法不多。早年有人用共沉淀富集-苯基芴酮盐光度法,近年则采用氢化物发生石墨炉原子吸收法[1]。80年代以来,我国一些研究者陆续利用Ge(Ⅳ)与某些多元酚(如邻苯三酚,邻苯二酚等)的络合物在V(Ⅳ)等氧化剂存在下产生的灵敏吸附催化波,进行矿石,合金等样品中微量锗的测定[4,5]。但至今尚未见应用电分析法于海水中锗的分析。本文拟提出一个灵敏的示差脉冲极谱法,以测定海水中痕量Ge(Ⅳ),并避免通常多次分离手续[6,7]。  相似文献   

9.
一、前言 海洋沉积物中铜的测定方法已有许多报导。《海洋污染调查暂行规范》(补充规定)中选用双硫腙-MIBK萃取火焰原子吸收法。但该法采用分离富集等步骤,操作较烦。本法作了简化,即样品经湿法消化后,直接用火焰原子吸收法测定铜,方法简便、快速、容易掌握。本法检出下限为3.0μg/g。  相似文献   

10.
稀土元素已越来越多地应用于示踪各类地球化学体系的物质来源与岩石矿物形成等演化过程。但在进行海水样品的稀土元素检测时,由于样品的高盐特征和稀土元素的痕量特征又使得分析具有相当的挑战性。本研究旨在从高盐的海水基质中有效分离并富集痕量的稀土元素,同时结合电感耦合等离子体质谱（Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, ICP-MS）技术对海水中的稀土进行定量分析。通过对海水样品稀土元素的定量限分析、加标回收实验和梯度加标回收实验,验证了方法的准确性,评估方法的分离富集效率。通过共沉淀过程中的pH比较、氢氧化钠与氨水作为共沉淀剂的比较,确定了富集过程中共沉淀剂用量、种类等影响因素。通过稀土元素配分曲线的绘制与类似样品结果进行比对,以及标准海水的检测结果,验证了方法在实际样品中的可行性。本研究探索了共沉淀富集法在分离富集海水中稀土元素的实验条件,实现高盐背景下痕量稀土的准确定量,并将其用于近岸海水与孔隙水的实际检测。  相似文献   

11.
Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO3, PO4, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO3 and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The GeSi ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.  相似文献   

12.
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13.
Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.  相似文献   

14.
In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O2H2S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH2S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe2+) and manganese (Mn2+) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO3). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.  相似文献   

15.
A central theme of the ongoing GEOTRACES program is to improve the understanding of processes occurring at ocean interfaces with continents, sediments, and ocean crust. In this context, we studied the distributions of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb around the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) in total dissolvable (td), dissolved (d), and labile particulate (lp) fractions, which represent a fraction in unfiltered samples, filtered samples through an AcroPak capsule filter, and the difference between td and d, respectively. Al and Fe were dominated by lp-species, while Ni, Zn, and Cd were dominated by d-species with undetectable amounts of lp-species. Major findings in this study are as follows: (1) The continental margin (CM) provided large sources of Al, Mn, Fe, and Co from the surface to ~2000 m in depth. The supply from CM caused high surface concentrations of dMn and dCo, a subsurface (100–300 m depth) maximum of dCo, and intermediate (500–2000 m depth) maxima of lpAl and lpFe. The supply of dFe from CM was ~10 times that from the high-temperature hydrothermal activity at station BD21, which is located at ~3 km from the Middle Valley venting site and ~ 200 km from Vancouver Island. (2) DPb was maximum at the top layer of North Pacific Intermediate Water, probably owing to isopycnal transport of anthropogenic Pb via advection of subducted surface waters. Although dCo and dPb had different sources in the upper water, they showed a strong linearity below 300 m (r 2 = 0.95, n = 38), indicating concurrent scavenging. (3) A high-temperature hydrothermal plume occurred at a depth of 2300 m at BD21, accounting for maxima of dAl, dMn, dFe, lpCu, and lpPb and a minimum of dCu. (4) Strong bottom maxima of lpAl, lpMn, lpFe, lpCo, and lpPb occurred above the abyssal plain at the western foot of the JdFR, indicating resuspension of sediments. However, bottom maxima of d-species were apparent only for dAl and dCu.  相似文献   

16.
A sediment core covering the last 145 kyrs was collected in the western subarctic Pacific (WSAP), and analyzed for Ba, U, Al, Sc, La, Yb, Th, biogenic opal (Opal) and organic carbon (Corg) as well as its isotopic ratio (δ13C). This study examined the change of past biological production in WSAP with multiple proxies, together with understanding the relation between Loess from the Asian continent and the biological production. The Loess content was estimated from the metal components, Al, Sc, La, Yb and Th. In this high latitude core (50°N), the Loess content was generally high during the glacial periods, but it was also high even in some interglacial periods. The excess amount of Ba relative to the detrital material composition, Baex, showed the best correlation with the Vostok δD (r = 0.72, p < 0.001), indicating that the biological production was lower in the glacial periods than in the interglacials. This corroborates the pervasive correlation between Baex in the polar region, WSAP and the Antarctic Sea, and Antarctic temperature, combined with previous research. This correlation might be explained by the stratification caused by cooling. In addition, the time variations of Baex in WSAP were similar to those of Baex in the Okhotsk Sea and of other proxies (Corg and Opal) in both the Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, indicating the spatial homogeneity of Baex in WSAP including proximal marginal seas. The Opal content was more weakly correlated with the Vostok δD (r = 0.46, p < 0.001) than Baex, reflecting that Opal in WSAP including proximal marginal seas was spatially heterogeneous compared to Baex. While both the Corg content and Uex, the excess amount of U relative to the detritus composition, were not positively correlated with the Vostok δD, they behaved similarly in the sediments. The positive correlation between δ13C and the Vostok δD (r = 0.42, p < 0.001), between δ13C and Baex (r = 0.60, p < 0.001) and between δ13C and Opal (r = 0.36, p < 0.01) indicates that δ13C in WSAP may give some information on the phytoplankton growth rate. There was not a significant correlation between the spatially homogeneous Baex in WSAP and Loess (r = − 0.16, p > 0.01), suggesting that the increase of biological production with the increase of Loess supply during the glacial periods did not occur.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

Concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were measured in adult barnacles (Elminius modestus Darwin) from Waitemata and Manukau Harbours in the Auckland area, New Zealand. As in studies on sediments reported in the literature, it was possible to identify areas of likely anthropogenic influence, e.g., around the Auckland Harbour Bridge for Pb, Cu, and Zn. Groups of individuals with highest concentrations for these metals showed 19.8–23.8 mg Pb kg?1, 198–266 mg Cu kg?1, and 4460–6530 mg Zn kg?1 (95% confidence limits, dry weight basis). Cd concentrations found for all barnacles from the Auckland area ranged from 0.8 to 3.1 mg kg?1. Two samples from Omaha Beach, 60 km north of Auckland, were used as a reference. Accordingly, groups of individuals with lowest concentrations for Pb, Cu, and Zn could be allocated to this site using the Student‐Newman‐Keuls Multiple Range Test (0.5–1.3 mg Pb kg?1, 8–10 mg Cu kg?1, and 144–214 mg Zn kg?1 ; 95% confidence limits). Only Cd concentrations were highest at Omaha Beach (8.6–12.1 mg Cd kg?1 ). This result may have arisen from “naturally” increased bio‐availabilities of certain metals in mangrove systems which are reported in the literature. Generally, metal concentrations in barnacles from the Auckland Harbour area and from Omaha Beach were within the wider range for E. modestus as well as other barnacle species reported in the international literature.  相似文献   

18.
Three years of temperature data along two transects extending to 90 m depth, at Palau, Micronesia, show twice-a-day thermocline vertical displacements of commonly 50–100 m, and on one occasion 270 m. The internal wave occurred at a number of frequencies. There were a number of spectral peaks at diurnal and semi-diurnal frequencies, as well as intermediate and sub-inertial frequencies, less so at the inertial frequency. At Palau the waves generally did not travel around the island because there was no coherence between internal waves on either side of the island. The internal waves at a site 30 km offshore were out-of-phase with those on the island slopes, suggesting that the waves were generated on the island slope and then radiated away. Palau Island was thus a source of internal wave energy for the surrounding ocean. A numerical model suggests that the tidal and low-frequency currents flowing around the island form internal waves with maximum wave amplitude on the island slope and that these waves radiate away from the island. The model also suggests that the headland at the southern tip of Palau prevents the internal waves to rotate around the island. The large temperature fluctuations (commonly daily fluctuations ≈10 °C, peaking at 20 °C) appear responsible for generating a thermal stress responsible for a biologically depauperate biological community on the island slopes at depths between 60 and 120 m depth.  相似文献   

19.
Species traits that carry adaptive advantages such as reproductive timing and stress resilience may differ among populations. Knowledge and consideration of these traits should, therefore, be integrated into conservation efforts that include long‐term persistence of species. To test for adaptive differences between Olympia oyster, Ostrea lurida, populations a reciprocal transplant experiment was carried out monitoring survival, growth and reproduction using three established populations of O. lurida within Puget Sound, WA, USA. Performance differed for each population. Ostrea lurida from Dabob Bay had the highest survival at all sites but the lowest reproductive activity and growth. Oysters from Oyster Bay demonstrated the greatest proportion of brooding females at a majority of sites with moderate growth and survival. Together these data suggest the existence of O. lurida population structure within Puget Sound and provide information on how broodstock should be selected for restoration purposes.  相似文献   

20.
The submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner, Marion, Katrine, Taylor, and Sheppard was surveyed in May 1987. These high‐altitude lakes lie at c. 600 m a.s.l., within the largely unmodified upper Hurunui catchment. Submerged vegetation was diverse and included numerous short shallow‐water species, dense swards of Isoetes alpinus, low covers of taller native vascular plants, and charophyte meadows beyond the depth limit of vascular plants to a maximum of 15 m. A sparse deepwater bryophyte community was observed from 11 to 32 m depth in Lake Sumner. Displacement of native vegetation by dense growths of the adventive oxygen weed Elodea canadensis over mid‐depths of 3–6 m was noted in all lakes, except Lake Marion.  相似文献   

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