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Presented are the results of radar investigations of cloud merger during their natural cycle of development and after the seeding. The observations were carried out in the southwest of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2008. It is revealed that the merging was observed under conditions of very unstable atmosphere, when the convective available potential energy exceeded 3000 J/kg. The cloud merger impacts significantly their development. The most considerable changes due to the cloud merging were observed for the cloud mass and precipitation flow increased as a result of this process by two or three times. It is discovered that the impact of the merger of clouds on their characteristics exceeds significantly the effect of seeding carried out for the feeder clouds. 相似文献
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低压倒槽影响下积层混合云形成过程模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用多普勒雷达资料和中尺度天气预报模式wRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模拟结果,对2009年5月9—10日发生在太原及其周边地区的一次积层混合云降水形成过程进行分析。结果表明,在积层混合云的形成初期,局地对流云得到发展,随着其强度不断增强,与周围云发生并合过程（包括局地单体对流的并合、积云团的并合和积层混合云内强中心的并合）,形成范围较大的积层混合云云系。局地单体对流和积云团的并合可带来云体的爆发性增长,霰含量、雨水含量大幅增加。积层混合云内强中心的并合对降水强度影响不大,但有利于降水面积扩大。低压倒槽和弱冷锋是此次积层混合云形成和维持的主要影响因素。低压倒槽有利于低层大范围不稳定能量的积累,风向切变有利于近距离云团的发展和并合,山地动力和热力作用有利于局地对流单体、积层混合云内强中心的形成和加强。 相似文献
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利用FY-2E静止气象卫星的云图资料,对2012—2018年夏季(6—9月)发生在四川盆地眉山市内的35次区域性暴雨过程进行分析,探索研究暴雨过程中对流云合并现象的特征。结果表明:暴雨过程中有88%出现了对流云合并,对流云合并是造成暴雨强对流天气过程的重要影响因素;按照合并云团的数目以及合并次数,可将合并过程分为两个对流云团合并、多个对流云团同时合并和多个对流云团多次合并三大类;同时暴雨过程里的合并现象与合并云团之间的距离、面积比例、最低亮温差及最低亮温平均值有密切的联系。 相似文献
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激光云高仪和云雷达是探测云底的两种设备,但其探测能力和探测结果有一定的差异,对比分析两种设备的测云效果有助于正确认识它们的探测优势,推进我国云雷达在云探测中的应用。本文提出了基于云雷达数据的云底和云顶高度分析方法,利用2014年夏季第三次青藏高原大气科学试验云雷达、激光雷达和激光云高仪数据,统计了三种设备探测青藏高原低云、中云和高云的云底高度偏差、探测率,分析了激光云高仪探测云底偏高的原因,根据探测结果提出了固态发射机体制雷达探测青藏高原低云的优化观测模式,模拟分析了探测效果。结果表明:（1）云雷达对高云的探测能力要明显优于激光云高仪,但其对低云的探测能力有待改进,激光云高仪探测云底下部的边界层内的云雷达回波信号可能是非云降水回波;低层云的遮挡作用明显降低了激光云高仪对多层云的观测能力;与激光云高仪相比,云雷达仍然会漏掉一些高云和中云。（2）激光云高仪探测的中云和高云的云底很多在云雷达回波内部,云雷达和激光云高仪观测的云底的时空对应关系比较差。（3）增大激光发射功率和优化固态发射机体制云雷达观测模式可提高云的观测能力,微波和激光雷达数据融合可全面了解不同类型云的宏观特征。这一工作为云雷达和激光雷达数据的应用,评估激光云高仪和云雷达探测青藏高原云的能力,讨论设计优化的云观测方案,为推进我国云观测技术的发展提供了重要参考依据。 相似文献
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T. W. Krauss A. A. Sin’kevich N. E. Veremei Yu. A. Dovgalyuk V. S. Makitov V. D. Stepanenko 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2011,36(2):102-111
Basing on airmass motion trajectory calculations over the Arabian Peninsula on April 10, 2008, it can be assumed that in the lower and middle troposphere, zones with increased air moisture exist due to air inflow from the Red Sea. As a result, mesoscale volumes of dry and moist air are neighboring, though large-scale field is comparatively homogeneous with low humidity. In the mesoscale zones, intense thunderstorm and hailstorm Cb clouds developed, whose characteristics and evolution are studied in the paper. Continuous radar observations of the clouds are carried out during 5 hours. Numerical simulation of the cloud evolution is performed with nonstationary 1.5-dimensional model. It is noted that under the mentioned atmospheric conditions, in the area under consideration, heavy rain and hail from the Cb clouds are observed. The main factors of their origination are high thermal instability of the atmosphere and moist air inflow from outside. 相似文献
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本文利用拉萨地区1981 ～2010年汛期5～9月4个台站的地面观测资料,统计分析了汛期5～9月各类积云的发生频率及其降水过程,分析了各类积云的降水能力;从卫星云图、天气雷达图识别及目测三个方面对拉萨地区汛期适宜高炮（火箭）人工增雨作业云系做了初步探讨.结果表明：拉萨地区平均每年有40d以上的积云降水;其中伴随碎雨云的积雨云（Cb＋Fn）降水概率最大.各县区平均积云降水过程占总降水过程的52.6％,平均积云降水量占总降水量的54.8％;汛期降水过程中由积云带来的降水占一半以上,一般产生小雨及小到中雨的雨量,产生大雨及暴雨的概率极小.降水性积云不仅人工增雨潜力很大,实施人工增雨催化作业的机会也较多.适合人工增雨作业影响的积云降水云系按其对降水量的贡献大小依次为伴随碎雨云出现的积雨云（Cb＋ Fn）、伴随碎积云出现的混合层积云（Sc＋Fc）、积雨云（Cb）、层积云（Sc）. 相似文献
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Summary The three-dimensional cloud-resolving mesoscale model is used to simulate an individual Cb cloud in condition of real orography. We have conducted our numerical experiments over an area known as hail bearing clouds source. Once formed such clouds regenerate and propagate along the valley if the shallow layer of strong wind shear exists. The orographic effects on model Cb cloud are recognized through comparison of simulated cloud characteristics with those calculated for the flat terrain. Sensitivity experiments with respect to the wind shear layer depth are also conducted.Our results demonstrate the model capability to simulate well some observational Cb cloud characteristics. It is shown that the river valley is of essential importance for Cb cloud development. The most prominent features of the model cloud in this case are as follows: fast propagation along the river valley; considerable depth of the cold air nose with pronounced pulsation mechanism and intense cell regeneration at the leading edge of cold air outflow. Model and observed radar reflectivities in the vertical cross-section are in agreement. Some characteristics of surface cumulative rain precipitation are also well reproduced by the model. In contrast with the real orography case, the model cloud is more intense and it propagates freely in lateral direction for the flat terrain. The cell regeneration associated with forced updraft above the cold air nose is not pronounced in contrast with earlier considerations. Reflectivity pattern near the ground, having mainly bat-like wings, encircles much larger area with altitude compared to the case of real orography. Finally, the model cloud characteristics depend strongly on shear layer.Received June 2002; revised August 22, 2002; accepted October 1, 2002
Published online: April 10, 2003 相似文献
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切变线降水系统微物理特征及隆水机制个例分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用机载云粒子探测系统(PMS).对2004年7月1日影响吉林省的一次切变线降水过程进行了探测飞行,利用所获取的宏微观资料对此次降水过程的微物理结构、降水机制进行综合分析.结果表明:此次切变线降水云系主要由高层云、雨层云、碎云构成,高层云和雨层云中间夹有1100m左右的无云区;3类云中平均云滴浓度、平均云滴直径各不相同;云水含量随高度分布不均匀,云的不同部位云水含量起伏较大;冰晶浓度平均为17.3个/L;此次探测的降水云系符合Bergeron提出的催化云一供水云相互作用导致降水的概念.根据云图及其他探测资料综合分析,冰晶主要产生于高层云上部或卷层云的冰晶播撒,供水云为高层云中下部和雨层云. 相似文献
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一次对流云团合并的卫星等综合观测分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
利用FY2C卫星观测反演得到的云物理特征参数,结合雷达、微波辐射计和地面雨量等资料,综合分析了2008年7月17日中国安徽一次强降水过程的云合并特征。结果表明：对流云团发展合并是这次强降水发生的主要原因,同一区域内FY2C卫星反演的云光学厚度、雷达回波以及地面降水的分布演变具有较好的一致性,强降水落区与云光学厚度大值区以及雷达强回波区基本对应;对流云团中的液水分布不均匀,以团块状结构为主,对流云团合并时,常先有云体上部（云顶）的合并,一旦云中不均匀的液水合并,合并部位的云光学厚度迅速增加,地面微波辐射计观测的整层液水含量跃增,地面将会出现强降水;一般降水增强之前云顶抬升,光学厚度增大;若云顶高但光学厚度较小时,地面降水一般不明显,光学厚度与降水的关系更密切;对流云团合并初期,云底由小粒子组成,T-re图上表现为深厚的凝结增长区域,合并时整层云粒子的有效半径增长明显,粒子相态达到混合相态区和冻结层的温度不断升高。 相似文献
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一次热带海洋对流云微物理过程的数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
为了理解微物理过程以及次生对流云对热带对流云团发展演变过程的影响,利用二维云分辨模式对2006年1月20日靠近澳大利亚西北部的印度尼西亚暖池附近的一次对流云降水过程进行数值模拟,分析了对流云发展演变不同阶段各种微物理过程的特征,尤其对次生对流的形成以及并合过程进行了深入分析.结果表明:本个例所研究的热带对流云团具有发展... 相似文献
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Lawrence Cheng 《大气与海洋》2013,51(2):279-305
Abstract A simple, moist two‐dimensional numerical model is developed and used to study the mechanisms for the formation of hailstorm feeder clouds. By using high spatial resolution, the model is able to simulate low‐level storm outflows and reproduce the observed separation between hailstorm feeder clouds. The cold outflow emanating from the storm is induced by evaporation of precipitation. The simulations show that feeder clouds develop in response to the gravity waves generated by wind shear that is inherent in the ambient environment and/or created by the interaction between the low‐level inflow and the storm outflow. The subcloud moisture also plays an important role in the formation of a wave‐like line of feeder clouds. It contributes in the cloud development as well as in the enhancement of gravity waves. 相似文献
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云并合的初始位置探讨 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3
尽管很多云的并合过程最初是从云的中下部开始的(在这方面开展了大量研究), 但我们在观测中发现也有相当数量的云并合过程最初是从云的中上部开始的 (然而这方面的文献记载很少)。基于云并合对云降水过程演变的重要作用, 本文从个例研究入手, 利用中尺度数值模式WRF, 模拟2005年5月17～18日发生在我国西南山区 (主要以贵州省为主) 的一次云并合过程。在整个云 (系) 的发展过程中, 前后共经历了数十次并合。观测和模拟结果表明并合共经历了三个阶段: (1) 对流云单体间并合形成较大的对流云; (2) 对流云并合形成对流云团; (3) 对流云团并合形成范围较大的降水云系。在此次个例中: 第一和第二阶段的并合首先是从云的中下部开始的, 往往是处于发展阶段的云发生并合; 第三阶段的云并合却是从云的中上部开始的, 往往是那些比较成熟的对流云团发生并合。两种并合机制截然不同, 但都与风切变和云内的上升气流速度密切相关。本文系统阐述了两种不同的并合机制。 相似文献
15.
Investigation of Cb motion in the province of Alberta (Canada) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Cb motion is analyzed in the paper. Strom observations were carried out in the province of Alberta (Canada) in 2005 with the help of radar. A new approach, based on determination of the vector of cloud track between radar scans, was used to study motion characteristics. Results of observations have shown that storms moved straight with some offset to the right in most cases. The merging of cells can significantly change storm track in some cases. The data obtained do not permit us to make a conclusion about the impact of seeding on cloud motion. 相似文献
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Kinematics, cloud microphysics and spatial structures of tropical cloud clusters: A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Kinematics, cloud microphysics and spatial structures of tropical cloud clusters are investigated using hourly outputs from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. The model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind and horizontal advections obtained from Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). A period of 1600–2300 LST 21 December 1992 is selected for this study when the zonal-mean westerly winds in the lower troposphere intensify while the zonal-mean easterly winds above weaken. Under the vertical-shear environment, there are a westward-propagating cloud cluster, a newly-formed cloud cluster, and four eastward-moving cloud clusters. Two weak eastward-moving cloud clusters merge into strong westward-moving cloud clusters. Merged clouds display notable growth in the eastern edge, indicating that merging processes enhance convection. The development of the new cloud at the western edge of the existing cloud cluster before merging may account for the westward propagation of cloud cluster group, while the advection of the maximum total hydrometeor mixing ratio by the westerly winds after merging may cause the eastward propagation of individual cloud clusters. 相似文献
17.
T. W. Krauss A. A. Sin’kevich N. E. Veremei Yu. A. Dovgalyuk V. S. Makitov V. D. Stepanenko 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2011,36(3):167-174
Development of a long-living Cb cloud in the desert part of Saudi Arabia on April 10, 2008 is analyzed. Continuous satellite and radar observations of the cloud are carried out during five hours. Numerical modeling of the cloud is performed using a nonstationary 1.5-dimensional model. Data on the Cb cloud and its anvil development dynamics are obtained. It is shown that the anvil characteristics differ significantly in the zone of its formation directly over the cloud and when moving away from it. It is pointed out that the radar underestimates the anvil sizes. Estimation of precipitation rate from the cloud under study by means of satellite and radar measurements is compared against the results of numerical modeling. It is found that precipitation rate could reach 100 mm/h. The radar estimates of the precipitation rate are significantly overstated, which is, in this case, due to presence of large hail particles. 相似文献
18.
云的垂直结构特征作为云重要的宏观特征之一,直接决定了云的类型,进而通过发射和吸收辐射的方式影响着地气系统的能量收支平衡,因此对云垂直结构特征的研究一直都是云物理研究的一个重要方向。作为观测云垂直结构特征的一种方式,探空气球通过获取沿路径方向高分辨率的廓线信息,采用一定反演方法从而能够较为准确的识别云的垂直结构。本文即利用我国业务布网探空站的观测资料,采用相对湿度阈值法识别云垂直结构,并同激光云高仪、“风云四号”静止卫星和毫米波云雷达对识别的云结构特征量进行了一致性检验。在此基础上,统计分析了2015～2017年单层、两层和三层云的垂直结构分布特征、日变化和季节变化特征以及全国区域分布特征,结果表明:（1）整体分布上,单层云在垂直方向上出现的高度范围介于多层云的高度范围内,并且随着云层数的增加,云在垂直方向上更为伸展,即高层云越高,低层云越低;（2）在日变化中,中午单层和多层云中最低层云的云底高度均高于早晨,而夜间单层和多层云中最高层云的云顶高度则高于早晨和中午,同时中间层云厚的变化要小于最上层和最下层云厚的变化;（3）在季节变化中,夏季云量较其他季节更多,云体发展也更为深厚,表明温暖的大气条件更有利于云的形成和发展;（4）我国云垂直结构分布特征具有明显的纬向变化趋势,从以青藏高原为中心的西南地区的云底较高云体较薄的云,逐步过渡到以东南沿海地区为中心的云底较低云体较为深厚的云,表明不同地形和气候带的差异与不同云类型的分布直接相关。 相似文献
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A Cloud-resolving Study on the Role of Cumulus Merger in MCS with Heavy Precipitation 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The cumulus merging processes in generating the mesoscale convective system （MCS） on 23 August 2001 in the Beijing region are studied by using a cloud-resolving mesoscale model of MM5. The results suggest that the merger processes occurred among isolated convective cells formed in high mountain region during southerly moving process play critical role in forming MCS and severe precipitating weather events such as hailfall, heavy rain, downburst and high-frequency lightning in the region. The formation of the MCS experiences multi-scale merging processes from single-cell scale merging to cloud cluster-scale merging, and high core merging. The merger process can apparently alter cloud dynamical and microphysical properties through enhancing both low- and middle-level forcing. Also, lightning flash rates are enhanced by the production of more intense and deeper convective cells by the merger process, especially by which, the more graupel-like ice particles are formed in clouds. The explosive convective development and the late peak lightning flash rate can be found during merging process. 相似文献
20.
基于CloudSat–CALIPSO资料的全球不同类型云的水平和垂直分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于Cloud Sat-CALIPSO(Cloud Sat–Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations)卫星观测资料,分析了全球总云量和8类云的云量、云底高、云顶高、云厚度的水平和垂直分布。分析结果表明,全球平均总云量为66.7%,其中卷云(Ci)和层积云(Sc)云量之和与其他6类云量总和相当,是全球云量最多的两类云。积状云云量呈现从赤道向极地递减的特征,层状云则相反,反映了二者不同的生成环境,同时下垫面地形和天气系统也严重影响云的分布。8类云的高度及厚度特征有显著差异。Ci的云底高度和云顶高度都较高,厚度则较薄;高层云(As)和高积云(Ac)的云底高度和云顶高度都位于大气中层,但As比Ac出现的高度高且厚度大;层云(St)、层积云和积云(Cu)的云底高度和云顶高度都很低,属于薄的低云;雨层云(Ns)和深对流云(DC)云底较低但云顶伸展很高,归属于厚云类。总体而言,海洋上云底高度较陆地低;赤道等大气不稳定地区,云底较高,云厚度较大;高原地区则表现出"高云不高,低云不低,云厚较薄"的特征。 相似文献