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细角螺的生殖系统组织学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用组织切片技术对细角螺Hemifusus ternatanus性腺发育及生殖细胞发生进行研究.结果表明,细角螺为雌雄异体.精巢为多分枝管状腺,由生精小管和输精小管组成;精巢发育可分为4个时期,即增殖期、生长期、成熟期和休止期.精原细胞紧靠生精小管的基膜,由基膜向管腔依次排列着不同发育时期的生精细胞:初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子.精巢发育显示为多次性成熟、多次排精的方式.根据细胞的大小和所含卵黄颗粒的大小,卵母细胞发育过程分为繁殖期、生长期和成熟期;根据滤泡大小、结构、内含物的变化将卵巢的发育分成5个时期:增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期.最后对细角螺特殊个体的出现进行初步讨论. 相似文献
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广西北部湾管角螺性腺发育与繁殖规律研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2015,(11)
本文对广西北部湾海域管角螺(Hemifusus tuba)的生殖系统进行了解剖和观察,采用组织切片技术对其生殖腺发育和生殖细胞的发生过程进行研究。结果表明:广西北部湾管角螺为雌雄异体,雌雄比例接近1∶1。雄性生殖系统主要由精巢、贮精囊、前列腺、输精管和阴茎(阴茎囊和交接器)构成,精巢发育分为增殖期、生长期、成熟与排放期、退化期4个时期。雌性生殖系统由卵巢、输卵管、囊腺体(蛋白腺和缠卵腺)、生殖孔和腹足口组成,卵巢的发育分为增殖期、生长期、成熟与排放期、休止期4个时期。精细胞发生经过精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞期和成熟精子期5个阶段。卵细胞发生经过卵原细胞、初级卵母细胞、次级卵母细胞、成熟卵子4个阶段。管角螺生殖腺在1周年内具有2个繁殖周期,且卵巢与精巢的周年变化规律相吻合。此外,观测的全部雌性个体除了雌性生殖系统外,还具有雄性生殖器官输精管和阴茎。广西北部湾管角螺雌性个体均存在性畸变现象,性畸变率为100%。 相似文献
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c-MYC在高等脊椎动物的细胞增殖、细胞分化和癌症发生中具有重要的调控作用。本研究克隆了栉孔扇贝cMyc基因的全长cDNA序列,分析了其在性腺年周期发育和配子发生过程中的表达特征。栉孔扇贝c-Myc cDNA全长2 943bp,可编码397个氨基酸,推导的氨基酸序列中除了包含MYC家族的保守结构域外,还具有c-MYC蛋白所特有的Myc-N转录激活区。qRT-PCR结果显示,栉孔扇贝卵巢中的c-Myc mRNA水平随着卵巢的发育和成熟显著升高;精巢中的表达水平在成熟期之前(休止期至生长期)逐渐升高,但在成熟期精巢中的表达水平显著低于增殖期和生长期。原位杂交和免疫组织化学结果显示,c-Myc mRNA及c-MYC蛋白的阳性信号均可在栉孔扇贝精巢的精原细胞和精母细胞以及卵巢的所有生殖细胞中检测到,推测其可能与栉孔扇贝的性腺发育和配子发生过程有关。 相似文献
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采用石蜡切片法,对分布于粤西沿海的斗嫁蜮Cellana grata(Gould)的精子发生和雄性性腺的组织结构进行了研究。斗嫁蜮精子发生经历雄性性细胞的增殖、生长、成熟、变态等阶段.依据精子发生过程中生精细胞形态的变化,精子发生过程可分为精原细胞期、初级精母细胞期、次级精母细胞期、精细胞期和精子形成期等5期。雄性性腺组织主要由滤泡构成,滤泡为生殖细胞增殖、生长、成熟、变态的场所,滤泡腔中的精子经生殖输送管向外输送。显微观察与分析表明:(1)精子发生中,生长期不明显,初级精母细胞较精原细胞小;(2)生精细胞及核的大小随发育逐渐变小,核嗜碱性逐渐增强;(3)精子发生过程中的变态期长,易观察到变态过程中的不同形态的精细胞;(4)成熟精子为鞭毛型,头部短杆状,约0.5×(3~4)μm,尾部细长呈鞭毛状;(5)生长-成熟期的雄性性腺由形态较规则的(多边形)滤泡构成,滤泡界限清晰;(6)雄性滤泡壁由不同发育时期的生精细胞依次排列,较原始的生精细胞呈嗜酸性,靠近滤泡膜分布,而发育晚期的生精细胞呈嗜碱性,渐离滤泡膜分布,成熟精子群集并呈涡旋状分布于腔中;(7)成熟雄性性腺可伸入足部或肝组织中;在肝组织切片中,可观察到结构不同的4个级别的生殖输送管;8)斗嫁蜮雌雄异体,但存在雌雄同体、性转化现象。还对斗嫁蜮精子发生与成熟过程及雌雄同体的有关问题进行了探讨。 相似文献
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施氏獭蛤(Lutraria sieboldii)性腺发育和生殖周期的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用组织学方法对湛江市遂溪县草潭镇施氏獭蛤的性腺发育和繁殖规律进行了研究。结果表明,施氏獭蛤的性腺发育以1年为1个周期,可分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期。雄性生殖细胞发生经历精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子等时期,精原细胞具有A型和B型两种类型。施氏獭蛤卵子的发生可分为卵原细胞期、生长初期、生长中期、生长后期和成熟期。较晚期的卵母细胞和成熟卵子的核仁变成双质核仁。流沙港海区施氏獭蛤性腺指数峰值出现在1月,为3.47%;该贝的繁殖期为10月—次年4月,繁殖期水温为16.2—26.5℃。雌、雄性腺发育基本同步,雄性发育略快,雌雄比为2:1。 相似文献
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根据尖紫蛤Ｈｉａｔｕｌａａｃｕｔａ发育程度，将生殖腺发育过程分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期五个时期。尖紫蛤生殖期在福建省为９—１１月，生殖盛期在１０月．温度是影响性腺发育的主要因素。绝大多数个体为雌、雄异体。雌、雄同体的同一滤泡中，雌、雄生殖细胞分区域分布。较晚期的卵母细胞和成熟卵子的核仁变成双质核仁，组织化学实验结果表明，双质核仁染色深浅的两部分，是由于这两部分蛋白质含量不同的缘故。 相似文献
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性类固醇激素不仅在脊椎动物性别分化、生殖、发育等过程中发挥重要作用,在部分软体动物中也参与生殖调控。本文分析了3种主要性类固醇激素(孕酮、睾酮和雌二醇)在虾夷扇贝性腺发育过程中的变化情况。首先通过组织学方法确定虾夷扇贝性腺4个发育阶段的周年分布:休止期(7—9月)、增殖期(10—12月)、生长期(1—2月)、成熟期(1—6月)。之后,采用酶联免疫吸附实验测定虾夷扇贝性腺各发育阶段中性类固醇激素的含量。结果表明,性腺中激素含量呈现孕酮雌二醇睾酮,它们分别约占激素总含量的60%、30%、10%;精巢中3种激素含量均呈显著正相关,但卵巢中仅孕酮和睾酮之间显著相关;研究还发现,虽然3种激素含量在性别、发育阶段之间差异均不显著,但睾酮比例和雌二醇/睾酮在生长期的精巢和卵巢之间差异显著,精巢睾酮比例高于卵巢,而卵巢的雌二醇/睾酮高于精巢。以上结果表明,性类固醇激素很可能参与虾夷扇贝生殖调控,在性腺发育、配子发生过程中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
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对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)和秘鲁紫扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus)进行了跨种间的杂交尝试,结果显示两个物种之间正向和反向均可受精和正常发育,没有发现合子前隔离,并且通过internal transcribed spacer 1(ITS1)标记验证了杂交的成功.至杂交子一代性成熟时通过对杂合子成熟性腺进行H.E.染色石蜡切片观察发现,雄性性腺明显退化且不能产生有活力的精子,雌性性腺发达且能形成外观正常卵子,但是却不能与亲本进行回交,即表现为典型的合子后隔离:杂种不育. 相似文献
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5-HT对马氏珠母贝卵体外促熟的影响及5-HT受体的细胞学定位 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了5-羟色胺(5-HT)对马氏珠母贝解剖获得卵母细胞的促熟作用及5-HT受体(5-HTpf)在其性腺中的分布情况。通过体外浸泡的方法处理马氏珠母贝卵母细胞使其成熟,结果表明一定浓度的5-HT可显著促使马氏珠母贝卵母细胞生发泡破裂,并使已经发生生发泡破裂的卵母细胞进一步成熟,同时可诱导5-HT受体基因的表达。用原位杂交的方法对5-HT受体在马氏珠母贝性腺中的分布的研究结果揭示,卵巢中次级卵母细胞和卵细胞均存在5-HT受体,有阳性信号出现;精巢中仅滤泡壁及精母细胞中有少量表达。以上结果表明马氏珠母贝的卵母细胞不仅能产生5-HT并且可表达5-HT受体。 相似文献
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本文根据海湾扇贝的肥满度、肉柱百分数、性腺指数及消化脓指数等指标的周年变化，并结合性腺的组织切片来确定其繁殖期。结果表明，海湾扇贝南移后的繁殖期是从每年的10月下旬开始的，直到翌年5月下旬，其中4月为繁殖盛期。繁殖期间，扇贝的性腺分批成熟，分批排放，并有消退与恢复的现象。同时，海湾扇贝引进中国北方海区并南移福建后，其繁殖规律与原产地（美国大西洋沿岸）的繁殖期有很大的不同。 相似文献
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为推动中国扇贝养殖业的进一步发展,作者于2008年从秘鲁引进了紫扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus),尝试将紫扇贝与海湾扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus)进行杂交,以期培育出具有优势性状的杂交子代.利用引进的紫扇贝与海湾扇贝进行种间杂交,培育出紫扇贝(雌)×海湾扇贝(雄)杂交扇贝.实验证明紫扇贝的卵子与海湾扇贝的精子可正常受精,受精卵发育正常.杂交扇贝的生长速度在幼虫阶段和成体阶段均快于海湾扇贝.至收获时,杂交贝比海湾扇贝平均壳高、壳长和壳宽分别大27.3%,25.2%和19.3%,体质量增加107.0%,杂种优势明显. 相似文献
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Understanding variability in reproductive schedules is essential to the management of recruitment limited fisheries such as that of Pecten maximus. Small scale (<5 km) variation in gonad condition and the onset of spawning of P. maximus were found among commercial scallop grounds in Isle of Man waters. Environmental and fishing drivers of these spatial patterns were investigated using a generalised additive model. Rate of change in temperature over the month prior to sampling was identified as the short term driver of gonad weight associated with the autumn spawning event. Long term drivers were average annual chlorophyll a concentration, scallop density, stratification index and shell size. The model explained 42.8% of deviance in gonad weight. Within site variation in gonad condition was high, indicating a “bet hedging” reproductive strategy which may decrease the chance of fertilisation especially at low densities. Therefore, areas protected from fishing, where scallop densities can increase may help buffer against reproductive failure. An increase in shell length from 100 mm to 110 mm equated to an increase of approximately 20% in gonad weight. Protecting scallops from fishing mortality until 110 mm (age four) compared to 100 mm (age three) may lead to an overall increase in lifetime reproductive output by a factor of 3.4. 相似文献
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Barbara Niehoff 《Progress in Oceanography》2007,74(1):1-47
The present review addresses the reproductive strategies of marine calanoid copepods, as affected by their physiological preconditioning, and aims to enhance understanding of their adaptations to specific environmental conditions.Knowledge about oocyte development and internal gonad structure, especially in relation to feeding conditions, is essential for a complete understanding of the reproductive strategies of the copepods. Therefore, the foci of the review are to identify general patterns in oocyte and gonad development in calanoid copepod species from marine ecosystems worldwide and to elucidate the significance of gonad structures for reproductive strategies.Oogenesis is similar in all copepod species. During maturation, the morphology of the oocytes changes distinctly and, according to oocyte size and appearance of ooplasm and nucleus, five oocyte developmental stages are distinguished. In contrast, the gonad structure and its changes during the spawning cycle differ considerably among species, and these differences are related to specific reproductive traits.Four gonad morphology types can be distinguished: the Calanus-type, found in species from all over the world with distinctly different life history traits, is apparently most common in calanoid copepods. In this gonad type, most oocyte developmental stages are present simultaneously, and usually many oocytes mature synchronously, all of which are released in one clutch. The gonad structure allows frequent spawning and large clutches, hence, high egg production rates. This may be a preconditioning for exploiting seasonally high food supply. However, the Calanus-type was also found in species producing eggs at lower rates. In the diverticula of Pseudocalanus-type gonads, only two oocyte developmental stages are present and usually fewer oocytes mature synchronously. Accordingly, the egg production rate is generally lower as compared to the Calanus-type, and apparently only this gonad-type is structurally suitable for ovigerity. Species with Pseudocalanus-type gonads are present from polar seas to the tropics, some of them being key species. The Acartia-type was scarce, found in only one species, Acartia clausi. Here all oocyte developmental stages are present, including intermediate stages, but only a few oocytes mature synchronously and are released together. High spawning frequency compensates for the small clutches, and hence egg production rate may be as high as in Calanus-type gonads. In the Aetidius-type gonad, the total number of oocytes in the diverticula is low as is the number of oocytes maturing synchronously. Less is known about the reproductive biology of species with Aetidius-type gonads; however, their distribution and feeding patterns suggest that this type is common in species inhabiting environments of low food availability.The differences in gonad structures also lead to differences in the egg size:female size ratio, as the space available for each mature oocyte depends on the total number of oocytes. Independent from gonad-type, the eggs are relatively large in species in which the gonads contain only few oocytes, whereas small eggs are produced by species with gonads filled with many oocytes. Since all species carrying their eggs in external sacs until hatching (ovigerous species) have Pseudocalanus-type gonads, the scatter in their egg size:female size ratio is low. The broadcast spawning species are of all gonad-types, and consequently the scatter among them is high.A major factor affecting the timing and magnitude of spawning of calanoid copepods is the energy supply for gonad development. Therefore, part of the review elucidates the role of internal and external resources in fuelling egg production. In many species, freshly assimilated food is transferred into egg material within a short period of time, and clutch size and spawning frequency are the two parameters that allow adjustment of egg production to food availability and temperature. However, internal body reserves may also fuel oocyte development. The extent to which oogenesis depends on ambient feeding conditions varies considerably among species and even within species, apparently reflecting their adaptation to specific environmental conditions. All copepod species continue to release eggs for a short period after the onset of starvation, indicating that a short-term nutrient pool fuels final oocyte maturation. Some species, especially from polar and subpolar regions, are capable of reproducing on internal reserves, either solely or in addition to freshly ingested food, hence, decoupling the reproduction to some extent from the spring bloom. The reproductive strategy of Calanus finmarchicus, which responds with extreme flexibility to variations in food supply, is presented here as an example for the complexity of the reproductive processes in a calanoid copepod.In accordance with their physiological pre-conditioning, the calanoid copepod species exhibit distinctly different reproductive patterns. Polar and sub-polar environments are characterized by strong seasonality in light regime, and hence, phytoplankton concentration. The reproductive activity of many dominant (herbivorous) species peaks during the spring bloom. However, species that utilize internal reserves or food resources other than phytoplankton, reproduce before and after the bloom, or even year-round. In the North Atlantic, presented here as an example for a boreal marine ecosystem, maximum reproduction of the dominant copepod species Calanus finmarchicus occurs during the spring bloom. However, the timing of peak spawning varies between areas, as the onset of the bloom varies with hydrography and climate. The subtropical Gulf of Aqaba, in contrast to other subtropical systems, is characterized by seasonal phytoplankton succession driven by thermal winter convection. These changing environmental conditions, however, did not affect the reproduction of two of the dominant species, Clausocalanus farrani and C. furcatus. In contrast, other calanoid species exhibit reproductive cycles, either related to temperature (Ctenocalanus vanus) or to ontogenetic migration (Rhincalanus nasutus).The information gained from studies of morphology and reproductive traits contributes to standardization of methods in reproductive studies. Based on detailed knowledge of gonad morphology and its changes during maturation and due to food supply, classification schemata have been developed allowing the identification of females ready to spawn. In a next step, egg production may be estimated from preserved females by assessing clutch size through the number of maturing oocytes in the gonads. This approach, however, is as yet applicable only to the species best studied, Calanus finmarchicus.The present review shows that morphological studies on gonad maturation processes may provide significant contributions to fundamental ecological questions. Thus, they extend our knowledge of reproductive ecology from simply relating reproductive traits to abiotic and biotic factors toward a mechanistic understanding of how reproduction is regulated in calanoid copepods. 相似文献
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紫扇贝和海湾扇贝杂交家系的生长和通径分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以紫扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus)和海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians irradians)为亲本,建立了紫扇贝自交(ZZ)、海湾扇贝自交(HH)、紫扇贝(卵)×海湾扇贝(精)(ZH)和海湾扇贝(卵)×紫扇贝(精)(HZ)共4个试验家系.在养殖60、127 d时测定壳高、壳长、壳厚和体质量,并分析各养殖时期影响体质量的主要因素.结果表明:在各养殖时期,2杂交家系子代的壳高、壳厚以及体质量均表现出生长优势(P＜0.01),因此认为通过紫扇贝和海湾扇贝杂交方式是改善扇贝的良好方法.通径分析的结果表明,对于自交家系,壳长是影响体质量的主要影响因素,但对于杂交家系HZ来说,壳长(60 d)和壳厚(127 d)对体质量的决定作用最大;在杂交家系ZH,60 d时壳长和壳厚的协同作用对体质量的决定作用最大,127d时壳高的决定作用最大.因此对于两个杂交家系的选育,应按照不同性状对体质量的决定系数选择各时期的优势性状,以使子代的杂种优势充分表现. 相似文献
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S. Buchanan 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(5):859-870
The annual reproductive cycle of Perna canaliculus (Gmelin) was investigated for 1 year by collecting monthly gonad samples from an intertidal population. Gonads of 50 animals were dissected and photographically recorded on video before being fixed for histological sectioning. The histological gonad sections were examined both qualitatively, using a classification and scoring system (S) and quantitatively, using image analysis technology. The quantitative measures used were the proportion of: (1) sections comprising follicles (FC); (2) sections comprising gametes (GC); and (3) the proportion of follicles comprising gametes (G/F). Significant consecutive monthly changes in the qualitative and quantitative measures indicated major spawning events. Gametogenesis occurred during winter with a spawning in August‐September. Gonad condition remained low during the spring and early summer until a development period between January and March. A second major spawning event occurred between March and April. There was a high degree of synchrony in reproductive status observed between the sexes. When comparing the four measurement methods using the f statistic as an index of power the GC measure was found to be the most reliable. A gonad visual grading system was developed for rapid assessment of gonad reproductive status and tested. Visual grades of pre‐recorded gonad samples were compared to the histological measures. Increasing visual grade correlated strongly with increases in all of the histological measurements. The visual grading was a good predictor of the spawning activity of female P. canaliculus. 相似文献