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1.
Moored sediment traps were deployed from January 2004 through December 2007 at depths of 550 and 800 m in San Pedro Basin (SPB), CA (33°33.0′N, 118°26.5′W). Additionally, floating sediment traps were deployed at 100 and 200 m for periods of 12-24 h during spring 2005, fall 2007, and spring 2008. Average annual fluxes of mass, particulate organic carbon (POC), ??13Corg, particulate organic nitrogen (PON), ??15N-PON, biogenic silica (bSiO2), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and detrital material (non-biogenic) were coupled with climate records and used to examine sedimentation patterns, vertical flux variability, and organic matter sources to this coastal region. Annual average flux values were determined by binning data by month and averaging the monthly averages. The average annual fluxes to 550 m were 516±42 mg/m2 d for mass (sdom of the monthly averages, n=117), 3.18±0.26 mmol C/m2 d for POC (n=111), 0.70±0.05 mmol/m2 d for CaCO3 (n=110), 1.31±0.21 mmol/m2 d for bSiO2 (n=115), and 0.35±0.03 mmol/m2 d for PON (n=111). Fluxes to 800 and to 550 m were similar, within 10%. Annual average values of ??13Corg at 550 m were −21.8±0.2‰ (n=108), and ??15N averages were 8.9±0.2‰ (n=95). The timing of both high and low flux particle collection was synchronous between the two traps. Given the frequency of trap cup rotation (4-11 days), this argues for particle settling rates ≥83 m/d for both high and low flux periods. The moored traps were deployed over one of the wettest (2004-2005, 74.6 cm rainfall) and driest (2006-2007, 6.6 cm) rain years on record. There was poor correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient, 95% confidence interval) of detrital mass flux with: Corg/N ratio (r=0.10, p=0.16); ??15N (r=−0.19, p=0.02); and rainfall (r=0.5, p=0.43), suggesting that runoff does not immediately cause increases in particle fluxes 15 km offshore. ??13Corg values suggest that most POC falling to the basin floor is marine derived. Coherence between satellite-derived chlorophyll a records from the trap location (±9 km2 resolution) and SST data indicates that productivity and export occurs within a few days of upwelling and both of these parameters are reasonable predictors of POC export, with a time lag of a few days to 2 weeks (with no time lag—SeaWiFS chlorophyll a and POC flux, r=0.25, p=0.0014; chlorophyll a and bSiO2 flux, r=0.28, p=0.0002).  相似文献   

2.
Fixed nitrogen is a key nutrient involved in regulating global marine productivity and hence the global oceanic carbon cycle. Oceanic nitrogen (N2) fixation is estimated to supply 8×1012 moles N y?1 to the ocean, approximately equal to current riverine and the atmospheric inputs of fixed N, and between 50 and 100% of current estimates of oceanic denitrification. However, the spatial and temporal variability of N2 fixation remains uncertain, mostly because of the normal low resolution sampling for diazotroph distribution and fixation rates. It is well established that N2 fixation, mediated by the enzyme nitrogenase, is a source of hydrogen (H2), but the extent to which it leads to supersaturation of H2 in oceanic waters is unresolved. Here, we present simultaneous measurements of upper ocean dissolved H2 concentration (nmol L?1), and rates of N2 fixation (μmol N m?3 d?1), determined using 15N2 tracer techniques (at 7 or 15 m), on a transect from Fiji to Hawaii. We find a significant correlation (r=0.98) between dissolved H2 and rates of N2 fixation, with the greatest supersaturation of H2 and highest rates of N2 fixation being observed in the subtropical gyres at the southern (～18°S) and northern (18°N) reaches of the transect. The lowest H2 saturation and N2 fixation were observed in the equatorial region between 8°S and 14°N. We propose that an empirical relationship between H2 supersaturations and N2 fixation measurements could be used to guide sampling for 15N fixation measurements or to aid the spatial interpolation of such measurements.  相似文献   

3.
In order to test the hypothesis that the ambient iron concentrations could regulate sulfate reducing activity (SRA) in mangrove areas, 10 cm cores were examined from test and reference sites. The test site at Diwar mangrove ecosystem is highly influenced by iron released by the movement of barges carrying iron ore during the non-monsoon seasons and the reference site at Tuvem is relatively pristine. The average iron concentrations were 17.9% (±8.06) at Diwar and 6.3% (±1.5) at Tuvem. Sulfate reducing rates (SRR) ranged from 50.21 to 698.66 nM cm−3 d−1 at Tuvem, and from 23.32 to 294.49 nM cm−3d−1 in Diwar. Pearson’s correlation coefficients between SRR and environmental parameters showed that at Tuvem, the SRR was controlled by SO4−2 (r = 0.498, p < 0.001, n = 60) more than organic carbon (r = 0.316 p < 0.05, n = 60). At Diwar, the SRR was governed by the iron concentrations at an r-value of −0.761 (p < 0.001, n = 60), suggesting that ca.58% of the variation in SRR was influenced negatively by variations in ambient iron concentrations. This influence was more than the positive influence of TOC (r = 0.615, p < 0.001, n = 60). Laboratory experiments to check the influence of iron on SRR also supported our field observations. At an experimental manipulation of 50 ppm Fe3+ there was an increase in SRR but at 100 ppm an inhibitory effect was observed. At 1000 ppm Fe3+ there was a decrease in the SRR up to 93% of the control. Thus, our study showed that ambient iron concentrations influence SRR negatively at Diwar and counters the positive influence of organic carbon. Consequently, the influence could cascade to other biogeochemical processes in these mangrove swamps, especially the mineralization of organic matter to carbon dioxide by sulfate respiration.  相似文献   

4.
This study shows results on litterfall dynamics and decay in mangrove stands of Avicennia germinans distributed along a latitudinal gradient (three forest sites) in the Gulf of California, in order to assess whether internal sources could support the observed mangrove ecosystem organic deficit in this arid tropic. Total mean annual litterfall production increased southward (712.6 ± 53.3, 1501.3 ± 145.1 and 1506.2 ± 280.5 g DW m−2 y−1, in the Yaqui, Mayo and Fuerte areas respectively), leaves being the main component of litter in all locations during the entire year, followed by fruits. The wet season (June–September) showed the highest litterfall rates through fruits. The temporal trend of litterfall production was significantly explained through mean air temperature (R2 = 68%) whilst total annual litter production in the entire region showed a statistically significant relationship with total soil phosphorus, salinity, total nitrogen, organic matter and tree height (R2 = 0.67). Throughout 117 days of the decomposition experiment, the litter lost 50% of its original dry weight in 5.8 days (average decay rate of 0.032 ± 0.04 g DW d−1) and there were not significant differences in the remaining mass after 6 days. The percentage of both C and P released from the litter correlated significantly with the ratio of tidal inundated days to total experiment days (R2 = 0.62, p = 0.03 and R2 = 0.67, p = 0.02, respectively); however, the frequency of tidal inundation only showed a significant increase in C release from Avicennia litter after 6 and above 48 days of decomposition. Whereas the total C content of litter bags decreased linearly over the decomposition to (% Total C = 5.52 − 0.46 days, R2 = 0.81, p = 0.0005), N content displayed an irregular pattern with a significant increase of decay between 48 and 76 days from the beginning of the experiment. The pattern for relative P content of litter revealed reductions of up to 99% of the original (%tot-P = −9.77 to 1.004 days, R2 = 0.72, p = 0.01) although most of the P reduction occurred between 17 and 34 days after the experiment started. Soil N and P contents, which exhibited significant differences in the course of the decomposition experiment, appeared to show significant differences between sampling sites, although they were not related to tidal influence, nor by leaf and nutrient leaching. In a global basis, C/N litter ratios decreased linearly (C/N = 32.86 − 0.1006 days, R2 = 0.62, p = 0.02), showing a strong and significant correlation with meteorological variables (R2 = 0.99, p = 0.01). C/P ratios of litter increased through an exponential function (C/P = 119.35e0.04day, R2 = 0.89, p < 0.001). Changes in the remaining percentage of litter mass during the experiment were significantly correlated with soil C/N ratio (R2 = 0.56, p = 0.03) as well as with the soil C/P ratio (R2 = 0.98, p < 0.001). Our results of litter decomposition dynamics in this mangrove support the fact of null net primary productivity of the arid mangrove wetlands: fast litter decomposition compensates the ecosystem organic deficit in order to sustain the mangrove productivity. Litter decomposition plays a key role in the ecosystem metabolism in mangroves of arid tropics.  相似文献   

5.
Microbial plankton biomass, primary production (PP) and phytoplankton growth rates (μ) were estimated along the NW Iberian margin during an upwelling relaxation event. Although the interaction between wind forcing and coastline singularities caused high spatial variability in PP (0.4-8.4 g C m−2 d−1), two domains (coastal and oceanic) could be distinguished regarding microbial plankton biomass and μ. At the coastal domain, with higher influence of upwelling, diatoms showed an important contribution (27 ± 17%) to total autotrophic biomass (AB). Nonetheless, AB was dominated by autotrophic nanoflagellates (ANF) at both realms, accounting for 62 ± 16% and 89 ± 6% of the integrated AB at the coastal and oceanic domain respectively. AB and heterotrophic biomass (HB) were significantly higher at the oceanic than at the coastal domain, with both biomasses covarying according to HB:AB = 0.33. Whereas the low phytoplankton carbon to chlorophyll a ratio (Cph:chl a = 38 ± 3) and the high μ = 0.54 ± 0.09 d−1 registered at the coastal stations suggest that phytoplankton was not nutrient limited at this domain, the values (Cph:chl a = 157 ± 8; μ = 0.17 ± 0.02 d−1) recorded at the oceanic domain point to severe nutrient limitation. However, the high Fv/Fm fluorescence ratios (0.56 ± 0.09) measured at the sea surface in the oceanic domain suggest that nutrient limitation did not occur. To reconcile these two apparently opposite views, it is suggested the occurrence of mixotrophic nutrition of ANF, with heterotrophic nutrition supplying about 75% of carbon requirements.  相似文献   

6.
There has been more attention to phytoplankton dynamics in nutrient-rich waters than in oligotrophic ones thus requiring the need to study the dynamics and responses in oligotrophic waters. Accordingly, phytoplankton community in Blanes Bay was overall dominated by Prymnesiophyceae, remarkably constant throughout the year (31 ± 13% Total chlorophyll a, Tchl a) and Bacillariophyta with a more episodic appearance (20 ± 23% Tchl a). Prasinophyceae and Synechococcus contribution became substantial in winter (Prasinophyceae = 30% Tchl a) and summer (Synechococcus = 35% Tchl a). Phytoplankton growth and grazing mortality rates for major groups were estimated by dilution experiments in combination with high pressure liquid chromatography and flow cytometry carried out monthly over two years. Growth rates of total phytoplankton (range = 0.30–1.91 d−1) were significantly higher in spring and summer (μ > 1.3 d−1) than in autumn and winter (μ ∼ 0.65 d−1) and showed a weak dependence on temperature but a significant positive correlation with day length. Microzooplankton grazing (range = 0.03–1.4 d−1) was closely coupled to phytoplankton growth. Grazing represented the main process for loss of phytoplankton, removing 60 ± 34% (±SD) of daily primary production and 70 ± 48% of Tchl a stock. Chla synthesis was highest during the Bacillarophyceae-dominated spring bloom (Chl asynt = 2.3 ± 1.6 μg Chl a L−1 d−1) and lowest during the following post-bloom conditions dominated by Prymnesiophyceae (Chl asynt = 0.23 ± 0.08 μg Chl a L−1 d−1). This variability was smoothed when expressed in carbon equivalents mainly due to the opposite dynamics of C:chl a (range = 11–135) and chl a concentration (range = 0.07–2.0 μg chl a L−1). Bacillariophyta and Synechococcus contribution to C fluxes was higher than to biomass because of their fast-growth rate. The opposite was true for Prymnesiophyceae.  相似文献   

7.
Increasing concerns over habitat loss and rising costs of sea defence maintenance due to rising sea levels, has seen increases in the practice of managed realignment and reflooding of former reclaimed areas of intertidal saltmarsh and mudflat around the world. These practices are taking place with little knowledge of their impact on soil biogeochemical processes. Rates of denitrification (using the acetylene inhibition technique) and nitrous oxide (N2O) production were measured from a long-established saltmarsh (SM) and an adjacent, recently re-flooded managed realignment (MR) site comprising former arable land in the estuary of the River Torridge, Devon, UK. Incubations were carried out in closed chambers in which patterns of tidal flooding were simulated automatically. Measurements were made during periods of flood and non-flood over a total of four tidal inundations with estuarine water. During the latter two flooding episodes floodwater was amended with nitrate (NO3−). Nitrous oxide production in the SM soil generally was lower than in the MR soil, with mean values and standard errors over the whole incubation of 0.27 ± 0.16 mg N2O-N m−2 h−1 and 0.65 ± 0.15 mg N2O-N m−2 h−1 respectively. Denitrification rates demonstrated a similar trend although generally were an order of magnitude higher than N2O production, with mean rates and standard errors of 2.88 ± 1.12 mg N2O-N m−2 h−1 in the SM soil and 3.39 ± 1.16 mg N2O-N m−2 h−1 in the MR soil. The data suggest that both soils are net sinks for NO3− and net sources for N2O. Both patterns of tidal inundation and floodwater chemistry affect the process rates in each soil differently. The impact of flooding with NO3− – amended water was greater on the SM soil than the MR soil, and it is likely that decomposing vegetation buried in the accreting sediments following reflooding at the MR site were supplying a source of N in the soil, and so process rates were less dependent upon external supplies. The act of managed realignment in intertidal zones could therefore result in an increase in mean production of N2O in intertidal zones, at least in the short term.  相似文献   

8.
We studied the seasonal, diel, and vertical distribution of phytoplankton N2 fixation to understand the relative contributions of unicellular and filamentous nitrogen fixers (diazotrophs) to N2 fixation and nitrogen recycling in the northern South China Sea (SCS) and the neighboring upstream Kuroshio. N2-fixation rates were measured by the 15N2 tracer technique (addition by bubble) on unicellular (<10 or 20 µm) and the filamentous diazotrophs (>10 or 20 µm, mostly Trichodesmium and Richelia) fractionated by 10- or 20-µm mesh sizes. The mean depth-integrated total (unicellular+filamentous) N2-fixation rates in the SCS (51.7±6.2 µmol N m−2 d−1) averaged 1/3 of that in the Kuroshio (142.7±29.6 µmol N m−2 d−1), with higher rates in the winter than in other seasons in the SCS and the opposite seasonal pattern in the Kuroshio. Unicellular diazotrophs contributed 65% of the total N2 fixation in the SCS, which were negatively correlated with surface temperature and, as for total N2 fixation, were higher in the winter when Trichodesmium spp. were scarce. In comparison, the unicellular diazotrophs contributed 50% of total N2 fixation in the Kuroshio, and their contributions were not significantly correlated with surface temperature. In both the SCS and the Kuroshio, the unicellular N2 fixation was more important during the night than during the day, and in the deep euphotic layer than in the surface layer, even in the daytime. Our results show that the unicellular diazotrophs were important N2 fixers and contributed significantly to N2 fixation in the tropical marginal seas, more so in the SCS than the Kuroshio.  相似文献   

9.
In this study at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site we demonstrate that the polonium–lead disequilibrium system may perform better as a tracer of organic carbon export under low-flux conditions (in this case, <2.5 mmol C m?2 d?1) than under bloom conditions in an oligotrophic setting. With very few exceptions, the POC flux predictions calculated from the water-column 210Po deficit were within a factor of 2 of the POC flux caught in surface-tethered sediment traps. However, we found higher correlation between size-fractionated particulate 210Po activity and POC concentration in November 2006 (r=0.93) than in January (r=0.79) and during the spring bloom in March 2007 (r=0.80). We suggest that this is due to the ability of polonium to distinguish between bulk mass flux and organic carbon export under oligotrophic and lithogenic-driven flux regimes. Further, we found that the POC/Po ratio on particles was largely independent of size class between 10 and 100 μm (P=0.13) during each season, supporting the notion that export in this oligotrophic system is driven by sinking aggregates of smaller cells and not by large, individual cells.  相似文献   

10.
The results from a～1 km resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), forced by 1/2° Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) atmospheric data, were used in order to study the dynamic response of the Persian Gulf to wintertime shamal forcing. Shamal winds are strong northwesterly winds that occur in the Persian Gulf area behind southeast moving cold fronts. The period from 20 November to 5 December 2004 included a well defined shamal event that lasted 4–5 days. In addition to strong winds (16 m s?1) the winter shamal also brought cold dry air (Ta=20 °C, qa=10 g kg?1) which led to a net heat loss in excess of 1000 W m?2 by increasing the latent heat flux. This resulted in SST cooling of up to 10 °C most notably in the northern and shallower shelf regions. A sensitivity experiment with a constant specific humidity of qa=15 g kg?1 confirmed that about 38% of net heat loss was due to the air–sea humidity differences. The time integral of SST cooling closely followed the air–sea heat loss, indicating an approximate one-dimensional vertical heat balance. It was found that the shamal induced convective vertical mixing provided a direct mechanism for the erosion of stratification and deepening of the mixed layer by 30 m. The strong wind not only strengthened the circulation in the entire Persian Gulf but also established a northwestward flowing Iranian Coastal Current (ICC, 25–30 cm s?1) from the Strait of Hormuz to about 52°E, where it veered offshore. The strongest negative sea level of 25–40 cm was generated in the northernmost portion of the Gulf while the wind setup against the coast of the United Arab Emirates established a positive sea level of 15–30 cm. The transport through the Strait of Hormuz at 56.2°E indicated an enhanced outflow of 0.25 Sv (Sv≡106 m3 s?1) during 24 November followed by an equivalent inflow on the next day.  相似文献   

11.
Rates of nitrogen assimilation by phytoplankton were measured at 13 stations along a transect in the northwestern Indian Ocean, from the Gulf of Oman, southwards to approximately 8°N, during November and December 1994. Nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4) and urea assimilation were measured using simulated in situ 15N incubation techniques. These measurements were supported by simultaneous rate measurements of primary production using 14C incubation techniques and detailed vertical distributions of temperature and chlorophyll concentrations. Euphotic zone integrated nitrogen assimilation rates varied between 1.1 and 23.6 mmol N m-2 day-1, with generally higher rates occurring at the northern and southern ends of the transect. At the majority of stations ammonium was the preferred nitrogen substrate assimilated; the average integrated assimilation rate of ammonium being 3.7 mmol N m-2 day-1 compared to 1.6 and 1.8 mmol N m-2 day-1 for urea and nitrate respectively. This general preference is reflected in the low f-ratios, which were ⩽0.52 for all stations and in the relative preference indices (RPI) values which were consistently >1 for ammonium and <1 for nitrate. A further examination of the data has lead to an apparent partitioning of the northwestern Indian Ocean into 2 regions; a region north of 17°30′N and a region south of this, to about 8°N. This division is based on: (i) the relationship between the f-ratio and ambient nitrate levels; (ii) nitrogen assimilation and primary production and (iii) the biomass distribution. It is suggested that this partitioning should be investigated further with the development of biogeochemical provinces in mind and the estimation of f-ratios on much larger, horizontal scales.  相似文献   

12.
Anammox is the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium by nitrite or nitrate to yield N2. This process, along with conventional denitrification, contributes to nitrogen loss in oxygen-deficient systems. Anammox is performed by a special group of bacteria belonging to the Planctomycetes phylum. However, information about the distribution, activity, and controlling factors of these anammox bacteria is still limited. Herein, we examine the phylogenetic diversity, vertical distribution, and activity of anammox bacteria in the coastal upwelling region and oxygen minimum zone off northern Chile. The phylogeny of anammox bacteria was studied using primers designed to specifically target 16S rRNA genes from Planctomycetes in samples taken during a cruise in 2004. Anammox bacteria-like sequences affiliated with Candidatus “Scalindua spp.” dominated the 16S rRNA gene clone library. However, 62% of the sequences subgrouped separately within this cluster and together with a single sequence retrieved from the suboxic zone of the freshwater Lake Tanganyika. The vertical distribution and activity of anammox bacteria were explored through CARD-FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization with catalyzed reporter deposition) and 15N labeling incubations, respectively, at two different open-ocean stations during a second cruise in 2005. Anammox bacterial CARD-FISH counts (up to 3000 cells ml−1) and activity (up to 5.75 nmol N2 L−1 d−1) were only detected at the station subjected directly to the upwelling influence. Anammox cell abundance and activity were highest at 50 m depth, which is the upper part of the OMZ. In this layer, a high abundance of cyanobacteria and a marked nitrogen deficit were also observed. Thus, our results show the presence of a new subcluster within the marine anammox phylogeny and indicate high vertical variability in the abundance and activity of anammox bacteria that could be related to an intensification of carbon and nitrogen cycling in the upper part of the OMZ.  相似文献   

13.
Benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, oxygen, nutrients, nitrous oxide and methane were measured in situ at three sites of Río San Pedro salt marsh tidal creek (Bay of Cádiz, SW Spain) during three seasons. This system is affected by the discharges of organic carbon and nutrients from the surrounding aquaculture installations. Sediment oxygen uptake rates and inorganic carbon fluxes ranged respectively from 16 to 79 mmol O2 m? 2 d? 1 and from 48 to 146 mmol C m? 2 d? 1. Benthic alkalinity fluxes were corrected for the influence of NH4+ and NO3? + NO2? fluxes, and the upper and lower limits for carbon oxidation rates were inferred by considering two possible scenarios: maximum and minimum contribution of CaCO3 dissolution to corrected alkalinity fluxes. Average Cox rates were in all cases within ± 25% of the upper and lower limits and ranged from 40 to 122 mmol C m? 2 d? 1. Whereas carbon mineralization did not show significant differences among the sites, Cox rates varied seasonally and were correlated with temperature (r2 = 0.72). During winter and spring denitrification was estimated to account for an average loss of 46% and 75%, respectively, of the potentially recyclable N, whereas during the summer no net removal was observed. A possible shift from denitrification to dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) during this period is argued. Dissolved CH4 and N2O fluxes ranged from 5.7 to 47 μmol CH4 m? 2 d? 1 and 4.3 to 49 μmol N–N2O m? 2 d? 1, respectively, and represented in all cases a small fraction of total inorganic C and N flux. Overall, about 60% of the total particulate organic matter that is discharged into the creek by the main fish farm facility is estimated to degrade in the sediments, resulting in a significant input of nutrients to the system.  相似文献   

14.
Fish farming impact on the seasonal biomass, carbon and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) balance of the endemic Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica was assessed in the Aegean Sea (Greece) in order to detect changes in magnitude and fate of seagrass production and nutrient incorporation with organic loading of the meadows. Phosphorus concentration in the leaves, rhizomes and roots was enhanced under the cages throughout the study. Standing biomass was diminished by 64% and carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus standing stock by 64%, 61% and 48%, respectively, under the cages in relation to those at the control. Seagrass production decreased by 68% and element (C, N, P) incorporation by 67%, 58% and 58%, respectively, under the cages. Leaf shedding was reduced by 81% and loss of elements (C, N, and P) through shedding by 82%, 74% and 72%, respectively, under the cages. Leaf and element (C, N, P) residual loss rate, accounting for grazing and mechanical breakage of leaves, was decreased by 79%, 85%, 100% and 96%, respectively, at the control station. At the control station, 13.98 g C m?2 yr?1, 1.91 g N m?2 yr?1 and 0.05 g P m?2 yr?1 were produced in excess of export and loss. In contrast, under the cages 12.69 g C m?2 yr?1, 0.31 g N m?2 yr?1 and 0.04 g P m?2 yr?1 were released from the meadow. Organic loading due to fish farm discharges transformed the seagrass meadow under the cages from a typical sink to a source of organic carbon and nutrients.  相似文献   

15.
The composition, density and community structure of the benthic macrofauna were investigated in sediments of the Campeche Canyon in the SW Gulf of Mexico. Total macrofaunal density ranged from 9466±2736 ind m−2 at the continental shelf station to 1550±195 ind m−2 in the canyon. Density values significantly diminished with distance from the coast and depth; only a few stations in the center of the canyon displayed larger density values (E-37 with 4666±1530 ind m−2, E-36 with 5791±642 ind m−2 and E-26 with 6925±2258 ind m−2). Densities were positively correlated to organic nitrogen in the sediment (r=0.82) and coarse silt (r=0.43), and negatively with depth (r=−0.74) and distance from the coast (r=−0.68). At all stations, the polychaete worms contributed most to the multi-species community structure. The nematodes and Foraminifera displayed their highest densities in the center of the canyon. The biomass values declined significantly with depth. We conclude that the macrofauna density and biomass changed in response to organic matter contents in the sediment, both with distance from the coast and with depth.  相似文献   

16.
Seagrasses are habitats with significant ecological and economic functions but we have limited knowledge of seagrasses in Southeast Asia, the hypothesized centre-of-origin for tropical seagrasses. There have been only 62 ISI-cited publications on the seagrasses of Southeast Asia in the last three decades and most work has been in few sites such as Northwest Luzon in the Philippines and South Sulawesi in Indonesia. Our understanding of the processes driving spatial and temporal distributions of seagrass species here has focussed primarily on backreef and estuarine seagrass meadows, with little work on forereef systems. We used Pulau Tinggi, an island off the southeast coast of Peninsular Malaysia, as an example of a subtidal forereef system. It is characterized by a community of small and fast growing species such as Halophila ovalis (mean shoot density 1454.6 ± 145.1 m−2) and Halodule uninervis (mean shoot density 861.7 ± 372.0 m−2) growing in relatively low light conditions (mean PAR 162.1 ± 35.0 μmol m−2 s−1 at 10 m depth to 405.8 ± 99.0 μmol m−2 s−1 at 3 m water depth) on sediment with low carbonate (mean 9.24 ± 1.74 percentage dry weight), organic matter (mean 2.56 ± 0.35 percentage dry weight) and silt-clay content (mean 2.28 ± 2.43 percentage dry weight). The literature reveals that there is a range of drivers operating in Southeast Asian seagrass systems and we suggest that this is because there are various types of seagrass habitats in this region, i.e. backreef, forereef and estuary, each of which has site characteristics and ecological drivers unique to it. Based on our case study of Pulau Tinggi, we suggest that seagrasses in forereef systems are more widespread in Southeast Asia than is reflected in the literature and that they are likely to be driven by recurring disturbance events such as monsoons, sediment burial and herbivory.  相似文献   

17.
We used the nitrogen isotope ratio of algae, suspended particles and nitrate in the water column to track spatial variations in the marine nitrogen cycle in the Mediterranean Sea. Surface PON (5–74 m) was more depleted in 15N in the eastern basin (−0.3±0.5‰) than in the western basin (+2.4±1.4‰), suggesting that nitrogen supplied by biological N2 fixation may be an important source of new nitrogen in the eastern basin, where preformed nitrate from the Atlantic Ocean could have been depleted during its transit eastward. The δ15N of nitrate in the deep Mediterranean (∼3‰ in the western-most Mediterranean and decreasing toward the east) is significantly lower than nitrate at similar depths from the North Atlantic (4.8–5‰), also suggesting an important role for N2 fixation. The eastward decrease in the δ15N of surface PON is greater than the eastward decrease in the δ15N of the subsurface nitrate, implying that the amount of N2 fixation in the eastern Mediterranean is great enough to cause a major divergence in the δ15N of phytoplankton biomass from the δ15N of the nitrate upwelled from below. Variations in productivity associated with frontal processes, including shoaling of the nitracline, did not lead to detectable variations in the δ15N of PON. This indicates that no differential fertilization or productivity gradient occurred in the Almerian/Oran area. Our results are consistent with a lack of gradient in chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and nitrate concentration in the Alboran Sea. 15N enrichment in particles below 500 m depth was detected in the Alboran Sea with respect to surface PON, reaching an average value of +7.4±0.7‰. The δ15N in sinking particles caught at 100 m depth (4.9–5.6‰) was intermediate between suspended surface and suspended deep particles. We found a consistent difference in the isotopic composition of nitrogen in PON compared with that of chlorophyll (Δδ15N[PON-chlorin]=+6.4±1.4‰) in the surface, similar to the offset reported earlier in cultures for cellular N and chl-a. This indicates that δ15N of phytoplankton biomass was retained in surface PON, and that alteration of the isotopic signal of PON at depth was due to heterotrophic activity.  相似文献   

18.
Size-fractionated bacterial production, abundance and α- and β- glucosidase enzyme activities were studied with respect to changes in hydrography, total suspended matter (TSM), chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen ratio (POC:PON), 1.5 M NaCl-soluble and 10 mM EDTA-soluble carbohydrates (Sal-PCHO and CPCHO) and transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) in the surface waters from July 1999–2000 at a shallow coastal station in Dona Paula Bay, west coast of India. The bulk of the total bacterial production and glucosidase activity were associated with particles (75% and >80%, respectively). Total bacterial production was linearly correlated to chlorophyll a (r = 0.513; p < 0.05) whereas enzyme activity was significantly correlated to TSM (α-glucosidase: r = 0.721 (p < 0.001); β-glucosidase: r = 0.596 (p < 0.01)). Both α-glucosidase (r = 0.514; p < 0.05) and β-glucosidase enzymes (r = 0.598; p < 0.01) appeared to be involved in the degradation of CPCHO and Sal-PCHO, respectively. Changes in α-glucosidase/β-glucosidase ratios highlighted the varying composition of particulate organic matter. The bacterial uptake of 14C-labeled bacterial extracellular carbohydrate measured over 11 days showed a strong linear correlation between 14C-uptake and bacterial production using tritiated thymidine. The turnover rate of 14C-labeled carbohydrate-C was 0.52 d−1, higher than the estimated annual mean potential carbohydrate carbon turnover rate of 0.33 ± 0.2 d−1. Our study suggests that carbohydrates derived from sediments may serve as an important alternative carbon source sustaining the bacterial carbon demand in the surface waters of Dona Paula Bay.  相似文献   

19.
Denitrification, anammox (Anx) and di-nitrogen fixation were examined in two mangrove ecosystems- the anthropogenically influenced Divar and the relatively pristine Tuvem. Stratified sampling at 2 cm increments from 0 to 10 cm depth revealed denitrification as the main process of N2 production in mangrove sediments. At Divar, denitrification was ∼3 times higher than at Tuvem with maximum activity of 224.51 ± 6.63 nmol N2 g−1 h−1 at 0–2 cm. Denitrifying genes (nosZ) numbered up to 2 × 107 copies g−1 sediment and belonged to uncultured microorganisms clustering within Proteobacteria. Anammox was more prominent at deeper depths (8–10 cm) mainly in Divar with highest activity of 101.15 ± 87.73 nmol N2 g−1 h−1 which was 5 times higher than at Tuvem. Di-nitrogen fixation was detected only at Tuvem with a maximum of 12.47 ± 8.36 nmol N2 g−1 h−1. Thus, in these estuarine habitats prone to high nutrient input, N2-fixation is minimal and denitrification rather than Anx serves as an important mechanism for counteracting N loading.  相似文献   

20.
Kelps of the genus Laminaria accumulate iodine at high concentrations, but the iodine retaining capacity can be affected by emersion and physiological stress. In this study, I2 emission into the atmosphere from Laminaria digitata and Laminaria hyperborea was compared under controlled low irradiances and temperatures. The two species exhibited different I2 emission rates as blades of L. digitata emitted I2 at rates five times higher than those from newly-grown blades (current growth season) of L. hyperborea. I2 emission was not detectable from old blades (previous growth season) of L. hyperborea. Additionally, effects of irradiance and temperature on both I2 emission into air and net I− release into seawater where assessed for L. digitata while monitoring photo-physiological parameters as stress indicators. Irradiances between 30 and 120 μmol photons m−2 s−1 had only marginal effects on both I2 emission and I− release rates, but physiological stress, indicated by photoinhibition, was observed. The results suggest that the irradiances applied here were not stressful enough to impact on the iodine release. By contrast, at elevated temperatures (20 °C), photoinhibition was accompanied by an increase in I2 emission rates, but net I− release rates remained similar at 10–20 °C. High I2 emission rates into air and I− release into seawater observed from L. digitata underpin the fundamental function of this kelp as mediator of coastal iodine fluxes.  相似文献   

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