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简要回顾了利用数字高程模型自动提取流域水系的方法,着重介绍了Martz和Garbrecht开发的数字高程流域水系模型(DEDNM)的基本原理、模型结构、计算流程,包括数字高程模型中凹陷区域的识别和消除、平坦部位水流流向设定、流域分水线勾划、河网生成、河网与子流域编码及河网结构拓扑关系的建立,并将其应用于淮河史灌河流域--全球能量与水分循环亚洲季风试验强化观测区。结果表明该模型能够很好地自动生成流域水系,从而为分布式水文模型的开发研制提供了坚实的基础。 相似文献
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浑河是沈阳市的内陆河,自东向西流经沈阳市,而南、北运河水系流经沈阳市的南部和北部,最终注入浑河水系。此次评价只针对沈阳市三环内的浑河、南运河、新开河(北运河)、卫工明渠、细河5条河流,总评价河长83.3 km。本文对沈阳市三环内的河流现状水质进行了评价与分析,污水量及污染物排放量比较分析,提出了保护水资源建议。 相似文献
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基于空间自回归和地理加权回归模型的佛山市中心城区河网水系演变驱动分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为定量探究城市河流变化驱动成因,以2005～2010年佛山市中心城区为例,分析了河网水系演变及其驱动因子,根据河网水系变化与其驱动因子间一对多的映射关系,借助空间自回归和地理加权回归模型,分别从整体和局部分析了两者间的统计关系,结果表明:(1)末级河流长度减少量占各级河流总变化量约92.3%,变化最为显著,而城镇用地对水田、工业用地对水域的侵占以及农业活动则是影响末级河流的主要驱动因子;(2)整体来看,末级河流受建设用地扩张,尤其是工业用地扩张的负面影响程度最大;局部来看,各驱动因子的负面影响程度在不同空间位置上存在差异,以水田-城镇用地因子为例,其在罗村、老城区和桂城的交界区域以及南庄、罗村和老城区的交界区域负面影响程度较大;(3)空间自回归模型对区域河网水系变化与其驱动因子间的关系有整体、直观的把握,地理加权回归模型则能够描述驱动因子影响的空间非平稳性,有利于获取局部信息,结合两种模型的特点能够更加全面地刻画河网水系演变的驱动成因。 相似文献
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祁连山洪水坝河流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
晚新生代以来,伴随祁连山强烈隆起而塑造的水系流域地貌,其典型特征指示了该区域的最新构造活动.以发源于祁连山中部的洪水坝河为研究对象,利用GIS空间分析工具,提取了整体流域与5个亚流域的河网分支比、地势起伏、平均高程等地貌参数,并对整个流域地形做坡谱分析,获得了洪水坝河水系流域地貌特征.研究表明,洪水坝河流域整体地形起伏大、坡度陡、水系发育程度低,并且流域内部从南向北,河网分支比和地势起伏显著增大.在分析地层岩性和冰川作用等相关因素的基础上,认为这种变化表明流域所受构造活动的影响从南向北显著增强:南部受构造活动的影响微弱,地势平坦,可能是残存的古侵蚀面,亦或是受山间盆地的沉积作用影响;中部区域由于被昌马断裂东段切穿,断裂带附近区域较弱的抗侵蚀能力与河流的快速下切共同造成了地势起伏的增加;北部区域受佛洞庙-红崖子断裂西段逆冲活动的影响,坡度及地势起伏大幅增加,表现为地势起伏骤增和强烈的河流下切等地貌特征.上述地貌分析研究,为认识和理解祁连山造山带地貌演化以及控制因素提供了基础数据和思路. 相似文献
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平原河网地区河流曲度及城市化响应 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
河流曲度是河流平面形态的重要表征指标,以平原河网地区典型区域——上海为例,分析了20世纪50年代中心城区高密度河网的河流曲度特征,诊断了近60年以来快速城市化对区域河网及河流曲度的影响。研究认为:①近60年来上海中心城区河网密度下降幅度达67.22%,高强度人类活动导致区域河网水系分枝结构与自然规律完全相反;②平原河网地区是顺直型河流的典型发育区域,研究初期上海中心城区顺直型河流占85.40%,进一步分析表明曲度小于1.1的河流比例高达70.57%,河流形态接近于直线型;③上海中心城区消亡河流以顺直型为主,其消亡速率约为较高曲度河流的12倍,采用加权平均曲度指标描述区域河网萎缩对河流曲度的影响具有更好的直观性和科学性;④上海城市河流综合整治实践中,工程水利的倾向性强于生态水利,60.9%的河流整治项目开展了裁弯取直工程措施。 相似文献
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青藏高原是中国及亚洲大河的发源地,高原内部河网水系发达。在高原抬升、气候变化和人类活动的三重叠加作用下高原河流未来可能发生显著变化,由此引发的一系列交叉学科问题正成为关注热点。在前期多年高原河流野外调查的基础上,对近几十年青藏高原河流演变的研究进展,如地质背景、高原抬升和河流地貌特征与演变等进行较系统的分析和总结。展望了中等时间尺度下气候变化对河流演变的影响,短时间尺度下人类活动的局部、突变和加速的作用;提出冲积河群的新概念,初步给出其定义、特征和分布,以期在这个新框架下促进复杂辫状河道和弯曲河道形成与演变的深入研究。 相似文献
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我国东南沿海地区,近年来由于城镇化的快速发展,河网水系结构遭到了较大破坏,导致了洪涝、干旱和水质恶化等一系列生态环境问题。为此以浙东沿海鄞东南平原区为例,以GIS技术作支撑,利用航空遥感图像作为信息源,采用河网水系分级量算统计和图形叠加对比等方法,通过城镇化过程中河网形态结构的变化,分析了鄞东南地区河网水系的变化情况,揭示了城镇化的发展与河网演化之间的联系,并定量预测了研究区在目前城镇化速度下的河网结构变化趋势;在此基础上探讨了遏制这种发展趋势的措施,即在城镇化过程中应多保留现有的河道水系,尤其是村镇级中小河道,重视河网结构与功能的恢复,才能改善河网水质和水生态环境。 相似文献
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以汾湖镇为研究区,采用GIS和RS方法分析了全镇及典型圩区近15年来河网结构的变化特征。结果表明:等级最低的圩内河道的河网结构变化显著,而村级以上的骨干河网结构基本没有变化,河网结构趋于稳定;不同圩区河网结构变化存在明显的时空差异。快速城镇化过程中,经过及时规划和治理的圩区河网结构得到了一定的改善,反之,河网结构受到了较大破坏;根据河网结构演变特征及原因,快速城镇化圩区河网结构演变的主要原因是对水系的保护、整治和破坏等人类活动的影响,据此识别圩区河网演变的几种主要模式为:主动引导型、被动改造型、修复完善型和保护优先型。 相似文献
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Guboglo M. N. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):53-58
International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen. 相似文献
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Jiayu Rong Michael Melchin S. Henry Williams Tatyana N. Koren Jacques Verniers 《《幕》》2008,31(3):315-318
The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs. 相似文献
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Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth
B. P. Kondratyev 《Astronomy Reports》2017,61(8):709-714
It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T 3 = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″. 相似文献
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Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base. 相似文献
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Fouad N. Ibrahim Dr. 《GeoJournal》1988,17(1):133-141
Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators. 相似文献
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东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。 相似文献
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郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。 相似文献
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The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Clemente Irigaray Francisco Lamas Rachid El Hamdouni Tomás Fernández José Chacón 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(1):65-81
In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning. 相似文献