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1.
We propose a model pertaining to the generation of 26th December 2004 off Sumatra mega-event in the backdrop of other similar type earthquakes along subduction zones around the world. Reconstructions of Benioff trajectories through the hypocenters of historical earthquakes including six mega-earthquakes indicate (i) confinement of hypocenters right within the descending lithosphere, and (ii) natural coincidence of foci of the mega-events around the zones of plate flexing. These observations are discussed in detail with special emphasis on the Sumatra margin considering the role of rheological anomaly across the cross-section of the descending lithosphere; yield strength envelope and residual stress accumulation through time. The intraplate origin of shallow mega-thrust earthquakes allowed us to advocate the ‘zone of flexing’ along the profiles of the subducting plates as nodal area for stress concentration. We propose here that at elevated confining pressure and temperature, loading of unidirectional cyclic stress on time-average bending stress enhanced the material yield strength (i.e., strain-hardening), and leads the semi-brittle portion of the lithosphere into near-brittle condition through rheological transformation. Under subsequent rise in neutral surface and increase in compressive stress field, non-coaxial deformation triggered shear failure on 26th December 2004 preferably at the rheological interface between strain-hardened near-brittle layer and deformed ductile layer within the sub-oceanic mantle.A two-stage fracture mechanism viz. a slow (～1.1 km/s) bilateral initiation in an essentially strain-hardened near-brittle domain and a follow-up very rapid progression (3.3 km/s) in the brittle, crustal domain was mainly involved in the generation of 2004 off Sumatra mega-event. Estimation shows an amount of 3.38 × 1022 to 4.50 × 1022 N m seismic moment (Mo) and 8.95–9.03 moment magnitude (Mw) for the southern part of the 1300 km extended rupture i.e. between the North Andaman to the north and the Sumatra at its south. The study necessitates the reassessment of other shallow-focus mega-thrust earthquakes along the subduction margins around the globe.  相似文献   

2.
P.K. Khan   《Gondwana Research》2007,12(4):468-475
A high-resolution study was carried out under pre-seismic (i.e., static) and post-seismic stress fields (i.e., dynamic) in a space–time frame along the Nicobar–Sumatra margin. The study reveals that the descending lithosphere records minimum stress obliquity, predominant thrust movement, and down-dip least compressive stress axis under static stress field in northwest Sumatra (sector III). The imbalance between down-dip component of slab pull force and viscous resistive force possibly caused cyclic stress loading in compressive field around the flexing zone ( 25 km), and that undergone brittle failure through generation of mega-thrust event on 26th December' 2004. A sharp decrease in stress obliquity towards north (sector II), redressing of least compressive stress axes from horizontal to down-dip direction, and increasing thrust movements under dynamic stress field account for continued upward shortening of the lithosphere. The weak thinner zone (i.e., between  159 and  217 km depth), an age-discontinuity portion, possibly was collapsed through rapid enhancement of stress-induced weakening and strain localization following the 2004 Sumatra mega-shock. It is also well appreciated in the literature that such shallow disruption of the lithosphere is inevitable in the upper mantle, if the slab is weakened or broken there, and this phenomenon is not uncommon below the Sumatra.  相似文献   

3.
地壳运动的驱动力一直存在争议。目前虽然提出了很多假说,但这些假说所描述的驱动力数量级均较小,不足以推动地壳运动;另外,大量实际地应力测量表明,水平主压应力在三个地应力分量中最大,被看作地壳“异常”压力,其机理也没有统一的认识。因此,有必要弄清楚地壳运动的动力来源是什么及为什么会出现这种水平应力占主导的现象。受背斜构造或石拱桥的侧向支撑的启发,通过地球模型受力分析得出,地壳作为球壳在自重下会相互挤压,在圆周方向产生很强的周向应力。周向应力大于重力,且由重力派生,和实测的地应力特征是一致的。推测该应力在20 km深处约为900 MPa,足以驱动板块运动(>500 MPa)。因软流圈是可流动的,其上面的岩石圈只要存在薄弱带,该应力就会释放,板块之间从而产生相对运动。整个洋壳和拱桥类似,在该力的作用下,会在俯冲带处下插至陆壳深部,俯冲带就是岩石圈的薄弱区,它因此会承担部分甚至全部洋壳的重量。最后提出,没有独立于重力的、可独立起作用的构造力或碰撞力,周向应力是地壳运动的唯一具有足够数量级的驱动力。  相似文献   

4.
周华伟  林清良 《地学前缘》2002,9(4):285-292
文中介绍有关西藏—喜马拉雅碰撞带的一项地震层析成像研究。根据一个用天然地震数据产生的全球波速模型 ,印度板块有可能以近水平状俯冲于整个西藏高原之下至 16 5～ 2 6 0km深度。西藏岩石圈具有低波速地壳和高波速下岩石圈 (75～ 12 0km深 )。在 12 0～ 16 5km深度范围 ,西藏岩石圈与俯冲的印度板块之间有一层低速软流圈物质。高原中部从地表到 310km深处有一低速体 ,说明地幔物质有可能穿过俯冲板块的脆弱部位上隆。这些结果以及野外实测的地壳缩短值说明高原的抬升得助于印度板块的近水平俯冲。我们推论俯冲印度板块的升温上浮以及上覆软流层的存在是造成西藏高原高海拔抬升以及内部地表仍相对平坦的主要原因。2 0 0 1年 1月 2 6日在印度西部发生的毁灭性大地震有可能是俯冲应力在印度板块后缘薄弱处引发的岩石圈大断裂。  相似文献   

5.
Progress in the Study of Deep Profiles of Tibet and the Himalayas (INDEPTH)   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
This paper introduces 8 major discoveries and new understandings with regard to the deep structure and tectonics of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau obtained in Project INDEPTH, They are mainly as follows. (1) The upper crust, lower crust and mantle lithosphere beneath the blocks of the plateau form a "sandwich" structure with a relatively rigid-brittle upper crust, a visco-plastic lower crust and a relatively rigid-ductile mantle lithosphere. This structure is completely different from that of monotonous, cold and more rigid oceanic plates. (2) In the process of north-directed collision-compression of the Indian subcontinent, the upper crust was attached to the foreland in the form of a gigantic foreland accretionary wedge. The interior of the accretionary wedge thickened in such tectonic manners as large-scale thrusting, backthrusting and folding, and magmatic masses and partially molten masses participated in the crustal thickening. Between the upper crust and lower crust lies a large detachment (e.g  相似文献   

6.
Garnet‐bearing peridotite lenses are minor but significant components of most metamorphic terranes characterized by high‐temperature eclogite facies assemblages. Most peridotite intrudes when slabs of continental crust are subducted deeply (60–120 km) into the mantle, usually by following oceanic lithosphere down an established subduction zone. Peridotite is transferred from the resulting mantle wedge into the crustal footwall through brittle and/or ductile mechanisms. These ‘mantle’ peridotites vary petrographically, chemically, isotopically, chronologically and thermobarometrically from orogen to orogen, within orogens and even within individual terranes. The variations reflect: (1) derivation from different mantle sources (oceanic or continental lithosphere, asthenosphere); (2) perturbations while the mantle wedges were above subducting oceanic lithosphere; and (3) changes within the host crustal slabs during intrusion, subduction and exhumation. Peridotite caught within mantle wedges above oceanic subduction zones will tend to recrystallize and be contaminated by fluids derived from the subducting oceanic crust. These ‘subduction zone peridotites’ intrude during the subsequent subduction of continental crust. Low‐pressure protoliths introduced at shallow (serpentinite, plagioclase peridotite) and intermediate (spinel peridotite) mantle depths (20–50 km) may be carried to deeper levels within the host slab and undergo high‐pressure metamorphism along with the enclosing rocks. If subducted deeply enough, the peridotites will develop garnet‐bearing assemblages that are isofacial with, and give the same recrystallization ages as, the eclogite facies country rocks. Peridotites introduced at deeper levels (50–120 km) may already contain garnet when they intrude and will not necessarily be isofacial or isochronous with the enclosing crustal rocks. Some garnet peridotites recrystallize from spinel peridotite precursors at very high temperatures (c. 1200 °C) and may derive ultimately from the asthenosphere. Other peridotites are from old (>1 Ga), cold (c. 850 °C), subcontinental mantle (‘relict peridotites’) and seem to require the development of major intra‐cratonic faults to effect their intrusion.  相似文献   

7.
天山东段推覆构造研究   总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16       下载免费PDF全文
舒良树  孙家齐 《地质科学》1997,32(3):337-350
本文概括性总结了天山东段大型推覆构造的基本特征。根据地质证据和同位素年龄,东天山存在早古生代末,晚古生代晚期和新生代三期推覆构造;根据推覆构造分布规律及构造背景,在平面上划分为五大推覆带、9个大型韧剪带;根据出露岩石的矿物变形相将东天山推覆构造划分为深、中深和浅三个深度层次;通过韧剪变形组构的观察分析,确定了多期韧性变形性质与运动方向。糜棱岩中超微构造、古应力及小构造变形缩短率测量统计,证明东天山推覆变形具有显著的地壳缩短增厚作用。新生代板块碰撞导致本区中新生代盆地基底向造山带A型俯冲,造山带向盆地推覆,其结果就构成了今日看到的镶嵌状盆地-山脉构造地貌景观。  相似文献   

8.
鄂拉山断裂带是分隔青海乌兰盆地 (柴达木盆地的一部分 )与茶卡—共和盆地的一条重要边界断裂 ,长约 2 0 7km ,由 6条规模较大的主要以右阶或左阶次级断裂段羽列而成 ,阶距约 1～ 3.5km。该断裂右旋走滑的起始时代为第四纪初期 ,约在 1.8～ 3.8MaB .P .期间 ,大的地质体累积断错约 9～12km。断裂新活动形成了一系列山脊、冲沟和阶地等的右旋断错及断层崖、断层陡坎等。晚更新世晚期以来 ,鄂拉山断裂带的平均水平滑动速率为 (4 .1± 0 .9)mm/a ,垂直滑动速率为 (0 .15± 0 .1)mm/a。鄂拉山地区的构造变形受区域NE向构造应力作用下的剪切压扁与鄂拉山断裂的右旋剪切和挤压的共同影响 ,共和—茶卡盆地和乌兰盆地均属于走滑挤压型盆地。青藏高原东北缘地区在区域性北东向挤压的作用之下 ,应变被分解为沿北西西向断裂的左旋走滑和沿北北西向断裂的右旋走滑运动 ,形成一对共轭的剪切断裂。鄂拉山断裂及其他北北西走向断裂的发展演化和变形机制表明青藏高原东北缘向东的挤出和逃逸是非常有限的。  相似文献   

9.
The lithosphere is the cold conductive boundary layer formed by cooling of the oceanic crust and upper mantle as it is convected away from oceanic ridges. Although its rheological properties vary continuously with depth, the lithosphere is conveniently divided into an upper elastic layer and a lower plastic layer, the latter overlying a zone of viscous flow. Chemically the lithosphere is vertically zoned with its uppermost part formed by variously hydrated oceanic crust; at M this overlies highly depleted dunite or harzburgite passing downwards over 50 km or so into garnet lherzolite. The vertical variation in density, and thus the gravitational stability of the lithosphere, is controlled by interplay of compositional variation and temperature distribution.As it enters an oceanic trench the lithosphere flexures elastically and plunges downwards at an average inclination close to 45°. During its descent it undergoes dissipative heating at its upper surface. Initially this heating drives a series of prograde metamorphic reactions in the oceanic crust ; because these are largely endothermic, the descending lithosphere heats less rapidly than previously expected, an effect which may be enhanced by percolation of the water of dehydration.Although it is commonly assumed that dehydration water is released upwards, it is not clear that this is true in the presence of the strong negative temperature gradients at the top of the slab, and water may initially be driven downwards into the slab to be released later at much greater depth. The magmatic activity which is associated with the partial melting of the uppermost part of the slab and with partial fusion of diapiric masses in the mantle above it, is critically dependent on the behaviour of the water carried down by the subduction process.The slab itself undergoes a series of phase changes during its descent some of which make a major contribution to the body force during subduction. By the time it reaches 700 km the slab has undergone significant thermal erosion, but the major compositional inhomogeneities within it are retained by the mantle into which it merges.  相似文献   

10.
The occurrences of moderate to large magnitude earthquakes and associated subsurface geological processes were critically examined in the backdrop of Indian plate obliquity, stress obliquity, topography, and the late Tertiary regional tectonics for understanding the evolving dynamics and kinematics in the central part of the Himalayas. The higher topographic areas are likely associated with the zones of depressions, and the lower topographic areas are found around the ridges located in the frontal part of the orogen. A positive correlation between plate and stress obliquities is established for this diffuse plate boundary. We propose that the zone of sharp bending of the descending Indian lithosphere is the nodal area of major stress accumulation which is released occasionally in form of earthquakes. The lateral geometry of the Himalayas shows clusters of seismicity at an angle of ～20° from the centre part of the arc. Such spatial distribution is interpreted in terms of compression across the arc and extension parallel to the arc. This biaxial deformation results in the development of dilational shear fractures, observed along the orogenic belt, at an angle of ～20° from the principal compressive stress axis.  相似文献   

11.
The Tsushima Basin is located in the southwestern Japan Sea, which is a back-arc basin in the northwestern Pacific. Although some geophysical surveys had been conducted to investigate the formation process of the Tsushima Basin, it remains unclear. In 2000, to clarify the formation process of the Tsushima Basin, the seismic velocity structure survey with ocean bottom seismometers and airguns was carried out at the southeastern Tsushima Basin and its margin, which are presumed to be the transition zone of the crustal structure of the southwestern Japan Island Arc. The crustal thickness under the southeastern Tsushima Basin is about 17 km including a 5 km thick sedimentary layer, and 20 km including a 1.5 km thick sedimentary layer under its margin. The whole crustal thickness and thickness of the upper part of the crust increase towards the southwestern Japan Island Arc. On the other hand, thickness of the lower part of the crust seems more uniform than that of the upper part. The crust in the southeastern Tsushima Basin has about 6 km/s layer with the large velocity gradient. Shallow structures of the continental bank show that the accumulation of the sediments started from lower Miocene in the southeastern Tsushima Basin. The crustal structure in southeastern Tsushima Basin is not the oceanic crust, which is formed ocean floor spreading or affected by mantle plume, but the rifted/extended island arc crust because magnitudes of the whole crustal and the upper part of the crustal thickening are larger than that of the lower part of the crustal thickening towards the southwestern Japan Island Arc. In the margin of the southeastern Tsushima Basin, high velocity material does not exist in the lowermost crust. For that reason, the margin is inferred to be a non-volcanic rifted margin. The asymmetric structure in the both margins of the southeastern and Korean Peninsula of the Tsushima Basin indicates that the formation process of the Tsushima Basin may be simple shear style rather than pure shear style.  相似文献   

12.
郯庐断裂带的延伸与切割深度   总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24  
万天丰 《现代地质》1996,10(4):518-525
摘要：采用地质 地球化学 地球物理相结合的方法,系统研究了中生代以来郯庐断裂带的延伸长度与切割深度。２５０～２０８Ｍａ期间,郯庐断裂带开始形成,延展长度不超过１５００ｋｍ,切割深度在１５～２０ｋｍ,是以左行走滑活动为主的基底断裂。１３５～５２Ｍａ时期,该断裂带大幅度地扩展了长度（达３５００ｋｍ）,切割深度在３０～４０ｋｍ之间,为略具右行平移活动的正断层,属地壳断裂。２３３Ｍａ以来,断裂带以向下深切为主,深度从５０ｋｍ左右逐渐加深到８０～１００ｋｍ,终于形成岩石圈断裂  相似文献   

13.
大陆地震构造系统: 以青藏高原及邻区为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
李德威  陈继乐  陈桂凡  梁桑 《地球科学》2014,39(12):1763-1775
青藏高原及邻区三角形发震构造域是全球大陆最显著的地震多发区.脆性活动断层及其弹性回跳模式无法合理解释该区深度集中分布在10~40 km的点状震源.针对发震构造和地震机理不明确这一重大科学问题, 以大陆动力学和地球系统动力学新思想为指导, 对青藏高原及邻区发震构造系统进行域、层、带、点相关研究, 阐明大陆地震构造系统的结构型式, 认为下地壳固态流变及其韧性剪切带是提供地震能量的孕震构造, 中地壳韧-脆性剪切带是累积地震能量的发震构造, 上地壳脆性断裂是释放地震能量的释震构造.在研究青藏高原及邻区地震构造系统及其形成背景的基础上, 进一步论证了大陆地震热流体撞击的形成机理: 地幔墙导致大洋中脊之下的软流圈热流物质层流到大陆特定部位汇聚加厚并底辟上升, 造成大陆下地壳部分熔融和固态流变, 并改变莫霍面的产状, 固态流变物质侧向非均匀流动, 形成大陆盆山体系, 流动的韧性下地壳与脆性上地壳之间具有韧-脆性剪切滑脱性质的中地壳不断积累由下地壳热能转换而来的应变能, 形成发震层, 震源定位于下地壳热流物质富集带("热河")中的固态-半固态流变物质撞击到强弱层块之间的构造边界, 不同热构造环境和撞击角度产生5种不同类型的地震.从而为大陆地震的科学预测奠定了全新的理论基础.   相似文献   

14.
P.K. Khan   《Gondwana Research》2003,6(4):867-877
The paper presents an analysis of spatial distribution of 6600 earthquake events which occurred during the period 1964 to 1999 between latitude 34 to 40°N and longitude 68 to 76°E. This large volume event is reported in the International Seismological Centre (ISC) catalog. In addition to this a total of 248 focal mechanism solutions are considered to derive a generalised predominant stress prevailing in the descending lithosphere below the Hindukush and Pamir regions.

The analysis of spatial distribution shows that the epicentres of the events at shallow level (depth<70 km) are sparsely distributed throughout except for a cluster at the northern end of both the Hindukush and Pamir. The concentration of epicentres at intermediate-depth level between 71 and 170 km below the Hindukush takes a strip-like pattern. It trends along SW-NE, and narrows at the northeastern end of the Hindukush. At deeper level (depth>170 km) the epicentres below the Hindukush are mainly concentrated in a triangular-shaped zone, and the mean points of concentration of the epicentres appear to be shifted towards southwest at increasing depth. The distribution of epicentres at the intermediate and deeper layers of the Pamir is observed to be diffused except a cluster of few events in each layer appears to be shifted towards south-southeast at increasing depth. The distribution of hypocentres changes its concentration from lesser to considerably higher at about 70 km depth, and further takes a minimum at about 170 km depth below the Hindukush and Pamir.

The present study further involves in analysing the composite/group effect of stresses associated with the descending lithosphere below the Hindukush and Pamir after deriving the best-fit generalized predominant directions of stresses. It shows that the intermediate-depth seismic zone below the Hindukush is acted upon by maximum compressive stresses (P axes) from two directions while the deeper-depth zone from three directions, and may convincingly be correlated with the changing shape of the respective seismic zones. Another interesting phenomenon observed here is the change in direction of maximum compressive stresses in clockwise fashion from intermediate to deep seismic zones below the Hindukush. At shallow depths below the Pamir the maximum and minimum (T axes) compressive stresses are acting almost along NNW-SSE and ENE-WSW and are oriented horizontally. T-axes for few events at these depths show almost vertical orientation. The observed down-dip extension is predominantly parallel with the descending lithosphere below the Hindukush. The entire analysis along with the observed scattering of P- and T-axes of some events at intermediate-depths might be indicating a slight contortion of the middle layer below the Hindukush. The spatial distribution of seismicity and the generalised stress pattern of both the regions infer the existence of two-isolated subducting lithosphere. It perhaps has created the eastward expulsion or lateral extrusion of Tibet along the major strike-slip faults like Karakorum, Altyn-Tagh, Kunlun and Red River. Finally, the whole analysis confirms the existence of shield-like continental rigid slab at depths greater than 170 km below the Hindukush.  相似文献   


15.
为了研究南极普里兹湾岩石圈深部应力场及其动力学,采用S波分裂旋转相关法,对中国第31次南极科学考察成功回收的3个站位海底地震仪数据(5个远震记录)进行了反演,获得了普里兹湾洋陆过渡带岩石圈各向异性特征.结果表明,台站所在区域各向异性显著,在较小的范围内存在明显的空间差异,快S波偏振方向变化范围是N40°E ~ N60°E,快慢波时间延迟变化范围为0.2~1.3 s.洋盆的各向异性主要取决于海底扩张地幔流作用,大陆及附近的各向异性主要受上地幔顶部残留构造的影响,而中间过渡带各向异性层厚度较小集中在地壳内,它可能受海底扩张地幔流和残留构造共同作用.   相似文献   

16.
The Bitterroot metamorphic core complex is an exhumed, mid-crustal, plutonic–metamorphic complex that formed during crustal thickening and subsequent extension in the hinterland of the North American Cordilleran Orogen, in the northern Idaho batholith region. Extension was accommodated mainly on the Bitterroot mylonite zone, a 500–1500-m-thick shear zone that deforms granitic intrusive rocks as young as 53–52 Ma, as well as older high-grade metamorphic rocks and plutons. Exhumation of the core complex, in Eocene time, is marked in the shear zone by the transition from amphibolite-facies mylonitization, to greenschist-facies mylonitization, chloritic brecciation, to brittle faulting that progressed from shallower crustal levels in the west to deeper crustal levels in the east from ca. 53 –30 Ma based on U–Pb, Ar–Ar, and fission-track data. Apatite and zircon fission-track data record the lower-temperature part of the exhumation history and help define when the shear zone became inactive, as well as the transition from rapid, core complex-style extension to slower basin-and-range-style extension. They indicate that the western part of the complex was exhumed to within 1–2 km of the surface by 48–45 Ma, while the eastern part of the complex was still at amphibolite-facies conditions and that the eastern part of the complex was not exhumed below 60 °C until after 30 Ma. Younger apatite fission-track ages (≤26 Ma) on the eastern range front of the Bitterroot Mountains suggest that the present topographic expression of the mylonite front was due to Miocene high-angle faulting and widening of the Bitterroot Valley.  相似文献   

17.
The lithospheric structure of Antarctica has been investigated from P- (PRF) and S- receiver functions (SRF) using the seismological data from Trans-Antarctic Mountain Seismic Experiment (TAMSEIS). For the stations deployed on the thick ice sheet, estimation of crustal parameters from PRF may be erroneous as the Moho conversions may interfere with the reverberations within the thick ice sheet. However, the free surface multiples are well observed in PRF. On the other hand, in SRFs, the primary conversions of interest and multiples are separated by the mother S-phase. Therefore, it is advantageous to interpret PRF and SRF jointly for the regions where we have thick low velocity layer at the top such as ice or sediments. The crustal structure and corresponding parameters have already been estimated by various workers, but here we interpret the PRF and SRF jointly to minimize the ambiguity and map the lithospheric architecture below TAM. Our analysis reveals that the average crustal thickness beneath the east Antarctica craton is ～44 km with Vp/Vs ranging between ～1.7 and 1.9. Below Trans-Antarctic Mountain (TAM), the average crustal thickness is ～36 km with higher Vp/Vs of ～1.8–2.0. The rift and the volcanic affected coastal region show erratic depths and Vp/Vs, primarily due to the absence of either primary conversion or multiples in the receiver functions. A small number of stations far from the volcano show that the crust is thinnest (～26 to 34 km thick) in the coastal part. The contribution of this study is the mapping of the lithospheric configuration, not done so far using SRF. The SRF section along a profile spanning E-, W- Antarctica and TAM reveals that the lithospheric thickness in the coast is ～80 km and below TAM it is ～120 km. In the central thick ice cover region, the lithosphere thickens upto ～150 km towards Vostok highlands. The most intriguing feature in our SRF section is that the crust and lithosphere are shallow below TAM compared to the E- Antarctica. Further, we observe a mid-lithospheric low velocity layer confined mostly below TAM, suggesting that the thermal buoyancy could be the prime cause for the upliftment of TAM.  相似文献   

18.
Strain reversal of structural/stratigraphic profiles at different scales in the western Lachlan Orogen provides a perspective on original crustal thickness estimates, the former depositional basin width of the proto-western Lachlan Orogen, the original sedimentary-fan thickness, and the possible length extent of lower crust lost by subduction. Retrodeformation using strain-reversal techniques allows basin reconstruction giving an original width of the western Lachlan Orogen basin receptor of between 800 km (minimum) and ～1150 km (maximum), depending on the amount of stratal duplication allowed in the turbidites. Crude area balancing of the regional cross-section, adding in sectional volume lost by erosion and assuming strain compatibility between the upper and lower crust, suggests that the predeformation crustal thickness ranges between 15 km and ～21 km, with a lower crustal thickness (oceanic lithosphere) of ～9 km and a turbidite fan thickness of ～6 km (minimum) and ～12 km (maximum allowable), respectively. Disparity between the calculated fan thickness and that derived from measured stratigraphic sections adjusted for strain (～6 km) indicates that some form of crustal stacking must be important in structural thickening of the turbidite crustal component. By varying shortening due to fault stacking, mass balance dictates the mismatch of the upper crustal (uc) and lower crustal (lc) retrodeformed lengths, and therefore provides an estimate of lower crustal loss by subduction. End members range from: (i) a 12 km-thick fan without fault duplication, a basin width of ～800 km where uc = lc giving no lower crustal loss by subduction; to (ii) a ～6 km fan, requiring duplication by faulting, a basin of ～1150 km where uc > lc, and ～360 km of lower crust length (～30%) lost by subduction. This suggests that the total thickness of underplated igneous material in the western Lachlan Orogen is low, probably < ～2 km.  相似文献   

19.
大洋岩石圈俯冲增生过程中可能伴随着复杂的深部板片运动过程。高压变质岩无疑是记录这些深部过程的良好载体。最近的研究提出,在特定情况下,双向俯冲中占主导的俯冲板块拖曳另一侧板块发生反向运动,从而短板片可能被另一侧长板片拖出。该研究提示我们关注俯冲增生过程中这种可能的“不正常”的板片运动方式,从而客观而全面地剖析碰撞造山带。现有高压变质岩折返模式中,除了俯冲隧道流模式,其余模式均强调单次快速折返。然而,俯冲反向运动导致的折返过程有所不同:对单个高压变质岩来说仍是快速折返,但是对整体高压变质岩带来说,整个俯冲反向期间必然都存在高压变质岩折返,从而形成较长的折返过程持续时间。对上地壳层次的折返相关构造变形的研究有助于揭示上述过程。  相似文献   

20.
压缩作用下岩石内部细观裂纹扩展导致岩石产生损伤,其对岩石变形、强度等力学特性有着重要影响;然而,岩石内部裂纹扩展与剪切特性（黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力）动态演化关系很少被研究。基于裂纹扩展机制推出的岩石应力-应变本构模型,并结合摩尔-库仑失效准则,推出了在岩石应力-应变关系峰值应力（对应岩石压缩强度）状态时,本构模型细观力学参数与岩石黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切强度之间的状态关系。然后,引入岩石应力-应变本构关系塑性变形阶段服从摩尔-库仑屈服准则的力学流动规律,进而将已推出的应力-应变关系峰值状态点所满足的细观力学参数与黏聚力、内摩擦角关系,推广到岩石进入塑性变形后,岩石内部裂纹扩展（或应变）与黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力动态演化的理论关系。随着裂纹扩展或应变增加,黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力先增大,达到一个峰值点后减小,该结果与应力-应变本构曲线变化趋势相对应。通过试验结果验证了所提出理论结果的合理性。并讨论了初始裂纹之间摩擦系数对黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力随裂纹扩展或应变演化规律的影响。  相似文献   

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