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2021年5月22日02时04分(北京时间),青海果洛州玛多县发生MS7.4地震,震后余震不断.地质调查和卫星观测对地表断裂痕迹有较好的约束.然而,对于理解区域应力场、地震的产生、传播和终止具有重要意义的地下断层几何结构的约束精度略显不足.利用国家地震台网的连续波形记录,本研究首先基于双差定位法对玛多地震震后25天的余震序列进行重定位,结果显示余震序列大致沿NWW向的江错断裂呈线性分布,位于主震震中两侧,延伸总长~170 km.主震东南侧存在一余震稀疏区,在断裂带东西两端余震分布转向且出现分叉现象,反映出发震断层的复杂几何形态,这与前人研究结果基本一致.进一步采用波形反演方法和P波初动极性反演方法,获得了玛多震源区132个中小余震的震源机制解与震源矩心深度,并基于此对该主余型地震的发震构造与断裂形态进行了初步分析.震源机制解结果表明,玛多MS7.4主震的发震断裂主要为左旋走滑性质,余震与主震性质整体相同,在断裂带东段存在部分逆冲型余震.震源机制解约束的区域主应力方向约N60°E,与区内整体走滑断裂作用相一致.余震震源深度略微起伏,主要集中在10~12 km,且浅部余震较少,表明浅部应力可能主要通过主震释放,余震深度分布可能限定了主震同震破裂的下边界.玛多主震破裂起始于断裂带走向和倾向发生明显变化的位置,表明断裂带的复杂几何结构可能是此次玛多MS7.4地震初始破裂空间分布的决定因素.主震破裂结束的两端都有"马尾状"构造(或次级断层),表明这种分叉断层复杂的几何形态可能控制着主震破裂的最终位置. 相似文献
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复发地震大致使同一断层地段发生破裂，且具有几乎相等的波形，这就使其成为测量地壳内波传播的时间变化方面有用的手段。由于在复发地震序列（多重震）中震源和传播途径对所有地震是共同的，因而它们的波形差别可能是由介质特征的变化所引起。在加利福尼亚1989年洛马普列塔地震和1984年莫尔根山地震的余震区，我们识别出多于20次的多重震，每次多重震合有5～40次的复发地震。相对主震前事件，主震后的事件显示了早期S波的震相延迟可多达0．2s。平均路径的同震波速的延迟量对P波来说减少约1．5％，而S波则减少了3．5％。由于多数多重震为余震且遵循大森定律，在主震后紧接的期间我们有十分好的时间变化取样。我们发现，主震后速度减小的幅度在时间上呈对数衰减。在某些情况下，它恢复至主震前的数值，而在其他情况下则没有这种现象。莫尔根山主震亦可得到类似的结果。因为S波波速的相对变化大于P波波速的相对变化，因而可以认为，充满液体的裂隙的张开或连接是根本的原因。波速变化的量级表明，波速变化的震源区存在低有效压力。我们的结果说明，变化主要位于近台站处且发生于浅层，但我们也不能排除变化发生于较深处的可能性。若变化发生于浅层，我们就有可能测定主震强地面运动时非线性特征的残留效应。若变化发生于深处，就说明在孕震深度的孔隙压力很高，这在地震过程中似乎能起关键作用。 相似文献
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基于中国国家和四川区域数字地震台网记录,采用HypoDD方法精确定位了四川芦山ML2.0级以上地震序列的震源位置,采用CAP方法反演了36次ML4.0级以上地震的最佳双力偶震源机制解,并利用小震分布和区域应力场拟合了可能存在的发震断层面参数,从而综合分析了芦山地震序列的震源深度、震源机制和震源破裂面特征,探讨可能的发震构造.结果显示,7.0级主震的震源位置为30.30°N、102.97°E,初始破裂深度为15 km左右,震源矩心深度为14 km左右,最佳双力偶震源机制解的两组节面分别为走向209°/倾角46°/滑动角94°和走向23°/倾角44°/滑动角86°,可视为纯逆冲型地震破裂,绝大多数ML4.0级以上余震的震源机制也表现出与主震类似的逆冲破裂特征.ML2.0级以上余震序列发生在主震两侧,集中分布的长轴为30 km左右,震源深度主要集中在5～27 km,ML3.5级以上较大余震则集中分布在9～25 km的深度上,并揭示出发震断层倾向北西的特征.利用小震分布和区域应力场拟合得到发震断层参数为走向207°/倾角50°/滑动角92°,绝大多数余震发生在断层面附近10 km左右的区域.综合地震序列分布特征、主震震源深度和已有破裂过程研究结果,可以推测主震破裂过程自初始点沿断层的两侧扩展破裂,南侧破裂比北侧稍长,滑动量主要集中在初始破裂点附近,可能没有破裂到地表.综合本文研究成果、地震烈度分布和现有的科学考察结果,初步推测发震构造为龙门山山前断裂,也不排除主震震中东侧还存在一条未知的基底断裂发震的可能性. 相似文献
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2019年长宁MS6.0地震发生在构造稳定的四川盆地南缘,震中及其附近区域是重要的页岩气以及盐矿生产基地,因此长宁地震的发震机制是否与人类活动有关存在着很大争议.由于震源机制以及流体压力可以为地震诱发与否提供重要的约束,我们对长宁主震以及9个MW≥4.0强余震的震源性质和发震机理进行了研究.研究结果表明,长宁主震及其大部分强余震都具有较浅的震源深度(1～4km)和显著的非双力偶成分特征.然而,主震与强余震之间存在两个显著的差异:(1)主震的非双力偶成分以补偿线性矢量偶极成分为主,而大多数强余震的非双力偶成分以各向同性成分为主;(2)主震的流体超压大于30MPa,而大部分强余震的流体超压小于10MPa.因此,认为2019年长宁地震的主震可能是由于长期流体注入导致断层强度减弱而触发的,其较高的非双力偶成分与复杂的破裂过程有关.同时,结合孔隙弹性介质下的库仑应力变化,推断强余震可能是由于震后孔隙弹性应力转移触发的.基于该地震的震源性质、流体超压以及孔隙作用引起的库伦应力变化,认为流体作用对长宁地震序列的发生产生了重要影响. 相似文献
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利用南北地震带南段密集流动地震台阵的观测数据,采用波形互相关方法拾取Pn波走时,应用滑动时窗相关法识别sPn震相,通过sPn与Pn震相之间的走时差测定了芦山地震序列中28个ML4.0级以上余震的震源深度.结果表明,震源深度集中在10~20 km范围内,垂直余震带的北西-南东向震源深度剖面揭示,余震分布表现出西深东浅的特点,倾角大约为39°.这些余震在空间上具有较好的线性分布特征,推测可能发生在与主震有关的破裂面上或邻近位置,由此推测主震的破裂面倾角大约为39°.根据余震的空间分布特征,认为芦山地震的发震断层并非双石-大川断裂,可能是其东侧的一条隐伏断层. 相似文献
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2016年8月唐山震群视应力变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2016年8月河北唐山发生震群活动,具有频次高、持续时间长等特点。利用首都圈数字化地震台网监测的2016年1月—2017年5月河北唐山地区ML≥2.5地震,采用遗传算法反演震源参数,计算相应地震视应力值。分析结果如下：①此次地震序列为前震—主震—余震型;②视应力值在震群发生前明显增高,发生过程中出现高低相间现象,在ML 4.3主震出现峰值,震源区应力状态不稳定,震后视应力恢复正常;③震群视应力与震级呈现一定正相关。 相似文献
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为了研究鲁甸M_S 6.5地震的余震空间分布特征和探讨震区深部发震构造,本文利用四川、云南省固定地震台网观测资料和震后流动监测资料,采用双差定位方法对2014年8月3日至11日期间发生的鲁甸M_S 6.5主震及506个M_l≥1.5余震序列进行重新定位,获得了359个事件的重定位结果.研究结果显示:鲁甸主震的震源深度为13.8 km,与震源破裂过程显示的初始破裂深度较为接近,余震序列分布纵剖面还显示出余震主要分布在主震上方,且余震序列呈现出近EW向和NW向的不对称共轭状分布,优势分布方向为NW向的地震序列延展范围约20 km左右,并与昭通—鲁甸断裂相交,近EW向地震序列的延展长度约16 km左右.其中,在垂直NW向密集条带的震源深度剖面上,余震序列呈近于直立的条带状聚集,且余震序列震源深度分布的优势区间为3~15 km,较浅的震源深度说明了地震事件大多发生在脆性上地壳内部.地震重定位结果还表明了发震断层呈现高倾角分布的特征,结合震源机制解和地面地震地质调查及科考成果,综合表明和论证了此次鲁甸MS6.5地震的发震断层与NW向的包谷垴—小河断裂密切相关. 相似文献
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The motions recorded by the Gilroy array of instruments on the surface of the Santa Clara Valley, California, during the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1984 Morgan Hill earthquakes are analysed for evidence of valley induced surface waves. The Santa Clara Valley extends in a NW–SE direction, south of the San Francisco Bay. The Gilroy linear array of instruments is an east–west alignment of stations crossing the Santa Clara Valley. Seismic refraction studies in the vicinity of the array indicate that the valley is wedge-shaped in cross-section with maximum thickness of the order of 1 km. Analysis of the recorded motions of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake reveal clear evidence of the fundamental and first and second higher modes of Rayleigh waves, while analysis of the recorded motions of the 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake shows, in addition to the above surface wave modes, the presence of the fundamental Love mode. Motions generated by the latter event were more complicated due to the presence of the low-velocity zone of the Calaveras fault, which traps and focuses seismic energy generated by slip on the fault, and leaks it to the surrounding medium in a rather complicated manner. The observed valley-induced surface waves are simulated using a hybrid numerical technique which combines the Boundary Integral Equation Method with the Finite Element Method. The mathematical formulation that we use has been developed for a class of cylindrical inclusions of infinite length, having an arbitrary cross-section, embedded in a homogeneous (or layered) half-space, subjected to plane waves impinging at an oblique angle with respect to the axis of the inclusion. Even though the model of the valley is two-dimensional, the response is three-dimensional and has the particular feature of repeating itself with a certain delay for different observers along the axis of the valley. This feature leads to a considerably simpler solution than that for a valley with a 3-D geometry. 相似文献
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应用双差定位方法(hypodd)对北美Loma Prieta 地区的分属于3个地震丛集的47个地震进行了精确定位.采用交叉谱法精确求取信号的走时差;同时采用人机联做方式在时域调整、修正按自动方式无法准确提取时差的信号,确保每个事件对的走时差精度.重定位后,在几百米的范围内,原来相互重叠的震源位置聚集为三个明显分离的丛集;水平方向的相对位置平均误差为8.5米,震源深度方向的平均误差为23.4 m. 相似文献
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This paper presents the development of an adaptive, non-parametric forecast model for the direct prediction of the spatial distribution of the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) corresponding to an earthquake scenario. The model is based on recent advances in neural networks computation, and is constructed through supervised learning using historical earthquake and regional geological data as training sets. A MMI forecast model for moderate earthquakes with magnitudes between 6 and 7 was developed based on data from the Loma Prieta, Coalinga and Morgan Hill earthquakes. For these data sets, the neural networks forecast model is shown to have excellent data synthesis capability; multiple sets of data can be encapsulated by a relatively simple network architecture. Limited comparison of forecasts made by the neural networks model and conventional models demonstrates that improved accuracy can be achieved. Implementation and operational advantages of the neural networks approach such as general input features, minimum preconceived knowledge of the data sets, the ability to learn and to adapt incrementally and the autonomous and automatic synthesis of the structure underlying the data sets, have been illustrated. 相似文献
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The strong ground motion produced by the 17 October, 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in northern California was recorded at over 100 stations. Accelerograms were generated at sites with significantly different geology, including land fill and soft sedimentary soil sites. In this study, the attenuation characteristics of the peak vertical and horizontal ground accelerations are studied for freefield recording conditions within 100 km of the source by the application of a non-linear multi-regression procedure. Two sets of attenuation models for weighted and unweighted observations are compared with those reported by other investigators for this earthquake and for regional and worldwide data. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) observations for this earthquake exceed previous predictions of standard attenuation models, particularly beyond 30 km (approximately 60 percent at 50 km). Higher attenuation of the vertical component compared to the horizontal is confirmed. The regression considers site geology as an independent parameter. Soil sites display as much as 23 per cent amplification relative to rock sites for horizontal PGA and as much as 40 per cent for vertical PGA. Amplification of the ground motion at sites characterized by soft soil geology is examined by comparing the recorded PGA with the corresponding prediction at sites underlain by stiff soil. Eight of ten of the soft soil sites display significant amplification relative to stiff soil sites (as much as 300 per cent for horizontal and 200 per cent for vertical components). Particular attention is paid to the so-called anomalous observations at distances beyond 50 km. The anomalous observations between 50 and 80 km may be attributed to various factors such as geology, basic geometry, azimuthal dependence, source mechanism and normal scatter of observations. 相似文献
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本文采用云南测震台网的观测报告数据,利用双差定位方法对2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震及其强余震序列进行了重定位,获得了3 658个地震事件的震源参数。重定位后地震序列的震中分布显示,余震分布存在两个优势方向,分别为近EW向和SES向,呈共轭型分布,近EW向条带展布长度为30 km,SES 向条带展布长度为20 km;震源深度的分布显示,地震序列总体表现为主震附近震源较深,沿近EW向和SES向逐渐变浅,地震序列的震源深度主要分布在4—20 km范围内。截至2017年2月28日,鲁甸MS6.5地震震源区共发生（同一天发生的一组地震算一次）MS≥4.5强余震4次。重定位后的鲁甸4次强余震序列震中分布存在差异:2014年9月10日和10月27日两次强余震序列的展布特征与主震相同,而2016年和2017年另外两次强余震的后续余震仅分布在强余震的周边,与主震序列明显不同。综合重定位后余震序列分布、震源区地质调查资料以及前人研究认为,鲁甸地震的4次强余震序列是区域应力场和主震引发的震源区应力场共同作用的结果,2014年9月10日和10月27日的两次强余震序列主要受主震引发的震源区应力场的影响;而2016年和2017年两次强余震序列则主要受区域应力场的影响。 相似文献
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1974年4月22日、1979年7月9日在江苏省溧阳地区先后发生5.8级、6.3级(ML)两次地震.在这两次地震前约23个月,其周围200多公里范围内出现地震空区图象.1974年5.8级地震前16个月,在240公里范围内没有发生小地震;临近震前7个月空区活化,爆发一系列小地震.1979年6.3级地震前15个月,在100公里范围内和240公里范围外发生一些小地震,形成环形空区;临近地震前7个月,约200公里范围内均无小震活动.根据两次主震等震线,主、余震展布和震源机制结果认为,它们是在北东东向压应力和北北西向张应力作用下,发生在同一震源区的不同期共轭地震.两次地震空区图象的形成、发展和消失过程,描绘了区域应力持续作用下,中等均匀程度的地壳不均匀应变的演化过程. 相似文献
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Dennise C. Templeton Robert M. Nadeau Roland Bürgmann 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2009,277(1-2):1-8
Repeating earthquakes (REs) are sequences of events that have virtually identical waveforms and are interpreted to represent fault asperities driven to failure by loading from aseismic creep on the surrounding fault surface at depth. To investigate the postseismic deformation after the 1984 M6.2 Morgan Hill earthquake, we identify RE sequences occurring on the central Calaveras fault between 1984 and 2005 using a combination of cross-correlation and spectral coherence techniques. Both the accelerated slip transients due to the earthquake as well as the return to interseismic background creep rates can be imaged from our dataset. A comparison between the regions of the fault that ruptured coseismically and the locations of the REs show that REs preferentially occur in areas adjacent to the coseismic rupture. Using calculated RE-derived subsurface slip distributions at 6 months and 18 months after the mainshock, we predict surface electronic distance meter (EDM) line length changes between stations near the Morgan Hill rupture area. The RE-derived slip model underpredicts a subset of the observed line-length changes. Inclusion of transient aseismic slip below the seismogenic zone is needed to better match the measured surface deformation. 相似文献
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We examine the spatial distribution of earthquake hypocenters in four central California areas: the aftershock zones of the (1) 1984 Morgan Hill (2) 1979 Coyote Lake, and (3) 1983 Coalinga earthquakes, as well as (4) the aseismically creeping area around Hollister. The basic tool we use to analyze these data are frequency distributions of interevent distances between earthquakes. These distributions are evaluated on the basis of their deviation from what would be expected if earthquakes occurred randomly in the study areas. We find that both background seismic activity and aftershocks in the study areas exhibit nonrandom spatial distribution. Two major spatial patterns, clustering at small distances and anomalies at larger distances, are observed depending on tectonic setting. While both patterns are seen in the strike-slip environments along the Calaveras fault (Morgan Hill, Coyote Lake, and Hollister), aftershocks of the Coalinga event (a thrust earthquake) seem to be characterized by clustering only. The spatial distribution of earthquakes in areas gradually decreasing in size does not seem to support the hypothesis of a self-similar distribution over the range of scales studied here, regardless of tectonic setting. Spatial distributions are independent of magnitude for the Coalinga aftershocks, but events in strike-slip environments show increasing clustering with increasing magnitude. Finally, earthquake spatial distributions vary in time showing different patterns before, during, and following the end of aftershock sequences. 相似文献
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本研究采用双差定位法对2013年4月20日发生在龙门山断裂带上的四川芦山7.0级强震及主震后48小时内504次余震序列进行重新定位,最终得到328个精定位地震事件.结果表明,余震在水平方向上主要沿龙门山断裂带的山前断裂西南段的大川-双石断裂发生,扩展模式以西南向为主(约23 km)兼有弱东北向(约12 km),并非简单的单侧扩展.在深度方向上,余震主要以铲状结构分布在18～22 km之间.通过拟合精定位后的小震空间分布特征,显示本次地震断层面倾角在15～25 km深度范围内由主震处约44°逐渐向西南向扩展增大至约73°,可能表明断层往西南破裂过程中走滑分量逐渐增强,与2008年汶川地震引起中央断裂倾角由西南向东北变化相类似. 相似文献
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Egill Hauksson Joann Stock Kate Hutton Wenzheng Yang J. Antonio Vidal-Villegas Hiroo Kanamori 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(8-9):1255-1277
The El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake sequence started with a few foreshocks in March 2010, and a second sequence of 15 foreshocks of M?>?2 (up to M4.4) that occurred during the 24?h preceding the mainshock. The foreshocks occurred along a north?Csouth trend near the mainshock epicenter. The M w 7.2 mainshock on April 4 exhibited complex faulting, possibly starting with a ~M6 normal faulting event, followed ~15?s later by the main event, which included simultaneous normal and right-lateral strike-slip faulting. The aftershock zone extends for 120?km from the south end of the Elsinore fault zone north of the US?CMexico border almost to the northern tip of the Gulf of California. The waveform-relocated aftershocks form two abutting clusters, each about 50?km long, as well as a 10?km north?Csouth aftershock zone just north of the epicenter of the mainshock. Even though the Baja California data are included, the magnitude of completeness and the hypocentral errors increase gradually with distance south of the international border. The spatial distribution of large aftershocks is asymmetric with five M5+ aftershocks located to the south of the mainshock, and only one M5.7 aftershock, but numerous smaller aftershocks to the north. Further, the northwest aftershock cluster exhibits complex faulting on both northwest and northeast planes. Thus, the aftershocks also express a complex pattern of stress release along strike. The overall rate of decay of the aftershocks is similar to the rate of decay of a generic California aftershock sequence. In addition, some triggered seismicity was recorded along the Elsinore and San Jacinto faults to the north, but significant northward migration of aftershocks has not occurred. The synthesis of the El Mayor-Cucapah sequence reveals transtensional regional tectonics, including the westward growth of the Mexicali Valley and the transfer of Pacific?CNorth America plate motion from the Gulf of California in the south into the southernmost San Andreas fault system to the north. We propose that the location of the 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah, as well as the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes, may have been controlled by the bends in the plate boundary. 相似文献