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利用2010-2014年静止气象卫星FY-2E的红外TBB资料,分析了夏季青藏高原（高原）及周围地区对流的气候特征。分析表明,5月,高原最主要的对流发生在东部边缘。6月,随着亚洲夏季风爆发,最强的对流（强对流）发生在高原的东南侧。7-8月,强盛的西南风给高原中东部部分地区带来丰沛的水汽,高原的东南部形成一条对流（强对流）活跃带。在高原西部,对流发生频率大于6%的区域出现在西部南麓的时间约为37候,并于7月底-8月初到达最北。在高原中部,对流（强对流）开始活跃的时间为6月上旬（中旬）,维持整个盛夏,并分别经历3次向北推进,最北约到达34°N。在高原东部,5月底开始对流都处于相对活跃期,有3次（两次）对流（强对流）的北进。高原对流（强对流）发生频率存在两个季节内变率大值区,分别位于高原中南部雅鲁藏布江中段和高原东南部西藏、青海、四川三省交界处。对流发生频率的第一模态主要是高原东南部和南部的印度季风区对流的反向模态,第二模态则体现了高原西部和印度大陆80°E以西地区与南亚大陆80°E以东地区的对流发生频率的三极型变化。 相似文献
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青藏高原抬升加热气候效应研究的新进展 总被引：30，自引：4，他引：26
对近4年来关于青藏高原加热影响气候的研究进行回顾.首先介绍利用位涡方程和热力适应理论,揭示;夏季高原上空低层气旋式及高层反气旋式环流结构稳定维持的动力学机理.结果表明高原加热作用造成的低层正涡源是低层气旋式环流得以稳定维持的重要原因.而边界层摩擦产生的负位涡是平衡正位涡的主要因素.高原加热还在高原上空形成负位涡,它影响着盛夏的大气环流,是青藏高原上空强大而稳定的反气旋环流得以维持的重要因素.在春夏过渡季节青藏高原非绝热加热对大气环流季节变化以及亚洲季风爆发的影响力方面,进一步确认了感热加热在过渡季节早期(5月中旬以前)环:流演变中的重要作用.青藏高原非绝热加热的时间演变引起了海陆热力差异对比的变化,使副热带高压带首先在孟加拉湾东部断裂,亚洲季风因而在孟加拉湾爆发.结果还表明,用纬向风垂直差异的时空分布能更准确地表示季节变化的区域差异.在青藏高原非绝热加热与北半球环流系统年际变化的联系方面,发现夏季青藏高原的加热强(弱)的年份,高原感热加热气泵(SHAP)高(低)效工作,使高原加热对周边地区低层暖湿空气的抽吸效应和对高层大气向周边地区的排放作用加强(减弱),高原及邻近地区的上升运动,下层辐合和上层辐散均增强(减弱),从而影响着高原和周边地区的环流以及亚洲季风区大尺度环流系统.而且高原的加热强迫还能够激发产生一支沿亚欧大陆东部海岸向东北方向传播的Rossby波列,其频散效应可影响到更远的东太平洋以至北美地区的大气环流.研究还表明,盛夏的南亚高压存在"青藏高压型"和"伊朗高压型"的双模态,它们与高原加热状态有关,且显著地与亚洲季风区的气候分布密切联系. 相似文献
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Energy budgets on the interactions between the mean and eddy flows during a persistent heavy rainfall event over the Yangtze River valley in summer 2010 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0 
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下载免费PDF全文 In this study,a persistent heavy rainfall event(PHRE) that lasted for around 9 days(from 0000 UTC 17 to0000 UTC 26 June 2010) and caused accumulated precipitation above 600 mm over the Yangtze River valley,was reasonably reproduced by the advanced research WRF model.Based on the simulation,a set of energy budget equations that divided the real meteorological field into the mean and eddy flows were calculated so as to understand the interactions between the precipitation-related eddy flows and their background circulations(BCs).The results indicated that the precipitation-related eddy flows interacted with their BCs intensely during the PHRE.At different layers,the energy cycles showed distinct characteristics.In the upper troposphere,downscaled energy cascade processes appeared,which favored the maintenance of upper-level eddy flows;whereas,a baroclinic energy conversion,which reduced the upper-level jet,also occurred.In the middle troposphere,significant upscaled energy cascade processes,which reflect the eddy flows’ reactionary effects on their BCs,appeared.These effects cannot be ignored with respect to the BCs’ evolution,and the reactionary effects were stronger in the dynamical field than in the thermodynamical field.In the lower troposphere,a long-lived quasi-stationary lower-level shear line was the direct trigger for the PHRE.The corresponding eddy flows were sustained mainly through the baroclinic energy conversion associated with convection activities.Alongside this,the downscaled energy cascade processes of kinetic energy,which reflect the direct influences of BCs on the precipitation-related eddy flows,were also favorable.A downscaled energy cascade of exergy also appeared in the lower troposphere,which favored the precipitation-related eddy flow indirectly via the baroclinic energy conversion. 相似文献
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本文用准地转位涡对1980年夏季（7月1日—9月10日）华北干旱时期东亚阻塞形势的平均特征及其维持机制进行了诊断分析。发现东亚阻塞高压是一个具有异常低位涡的深厚暖性反气旋系统。它的维持一方面与上游乌拉尔长波槽的涡旋强迫输送有关，另一方面，更为重要的与来自青藏高原上空的低位涡空气输送有关。准地转位涡的收支计算表明，涡动强迫作用与平均气流的平流作用基本上相平衡，因而涡动对位涡的输送是使阻塞区维持异常低的平均位涡，阻止阻塞高压向下游平流的重要机制。 相似文献
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为进一步认识高原涡对盆地西南地区暴雨过程的影响,总结该区域暴雨预报经验,本文利用2001～2011年高原涡切变线年鉴、MICAPS实况天气图、盆地西南地区气象站日降雨量资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对引起盆地西南地区暴雨过程的高原涡特征进行总结分析,得到结论:1)引发盆地西南地区产生暴雨量级以上降雨的高原涡过程多发生在每年7月;高原涡东移将对盆地西南地区产生明显降雨;48小时后大部分高原涡减弱消失,少数继续东移或东南移;2)引发盆地西南地区产生暴雨的高原涡通常是暖性高原涡,高原涡东移48小时后有明显的冷平流入侵转变成斜压性低涡;这一类高原涡常常与高原切变、西南低涡、副高、低空急流以及南亚高压等影响系统相配合,共同作用产生一次暴雨过程;3)引发的盆地西南地区暴雨的高原涡过程的温湿场特征为:500hPa高原东部到盆地上空的大气高温高湿的特征明显,700hPa和850hPa盆地高温高湿,同时垂直上升运动旺盛且随高度向北倾斜。 相似文献
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夏季青藏高原低涡的切向流场及波动特征分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
从大气动力学原理出发,将高原低涡视为受热源强迫的边界层内涡旋,建立了柱坐标下满足梯度风平衡的低涡控制方程组,分析高原低涡切向流场的基本特征.在此基础上,通过求解线性化涡旋模式,得出高原低涡中各类波动的频散关系及其特征,同时定性讨论了热力作用对混合波动的影响以及混合波动与高原低涡流场特征的联系.使用中尺度数值模式WRF分... 相似文献
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The Tibetan Plateau Vortex (TPV) is one of the main weather systems causing heavy rainfall over the Tibetan Plateau in boreal summer. Based on the second Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) reanalysis datasets provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 8 cases of TPV over the Tibetan Plateau generated in June–August with a lifetime of 42 hours are composited and analyzed to reveal the impact of dynamic and thermal forcing on the intensity evolution of TPVs. The results are as follows. (1) The TPVs appear obviously at 500 hPa and the TPVs intensity (TPVI) shows an obvious diurnal variation with the strongest at 00LT and the weakest at 12LT (LT=UTC+6h). (2) A strong South Asia high at 200 hPa as well as a shrunken Western Pacific subtropical high at 500 hPa provide favorable conditions for the TPVI increasing. (3) The vorticity budget reveals that the divergence is indicative of the variation of TPVI. TPVI decreases when the convergence center at 500 hPa and the divergence center at 200 hPa lie in the east of the TPVs center and increases when both centers coincide with the TPVs center. (4) Potential vorticity (PV) increases with the enhancement of TPVI. The PV budget shows that the variation of TPVI is closely related to the diabatic heating over the Tibetan Plateau. The increased sensible heating and radiative heating in the boundary layer intensify the ascent and latent heating release. When the diabatic heating center rises to 400 hPa, it facilitates the development of TPVs. 相似文献
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Mechanisms determining the tropospheric temperature gradient that is related to the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon are examined in an intermediate atmospheric model coupled with a mixed-layer ocean and a simple land surface model with an idealized Afro–Eurasian continent and no physical topography. These include processes involving in the influence of the Eurasian continent, thermal effects of the Tibetan Plateau and effects of sea surface temperature. The mechanical effect on the large-scale flow induced by the Plateau is not included in this study. The idealized land–sea geometry without topography induces a positive meridional tropospheric temperature gradient thus a weak Asian summer monsoon circulation. Higher prescribed heating and weaker surface albedo over Eurasia and the Tibetan Plateau, which mimic effects of different land surface processes and the thermal effect of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, strengthens the meridional temperature gradient, and so as cold tropical SST anomalies. The strengthened meridional temperature gradient enhances the Asian summer monsoon circulation and favors the strong convection. The corresponding monsoon rainbelt extends northward and northeastward and creates variations of the monsoon rainfall anomalies in different subregions. The surface albedo over the Tibetan Plateau has a relatively weak inverse relation with the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon. The longitudinal gradient of ENSO-like SST anomalies induces a more complicated pattern of the tropospheric temperature anomalies. First, the positive (negative) longitudinal gradient induced by the El Niño (La Niña)-like SST anomalies weakens (strengthens) the Walker circulation and the circulation between South Asia and northern Africa and therefore the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon, while the corresponding monsoon rainbelt extends northward (southward). The El Niño (La Niña)-like SST anomalies also induces colder (warmer) tropospheric temperature over Eurasia and warmer (colder) tropospheric temperature over the Indian Ocean. The associated negative (positive) meridional gradient of the tropospheric temperature anomalies is consistent with the existence of the weak (strong) Asian summer monsoon. 相似文献
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深对流能够向上对流层—下平流层（UTLS）输送大量水汽和污染物,对对流层顶的辐射平衡、平流层的臭氧恢复以及全球气候变化都有着重要的影响。近年来,一系列重要的观测事实发现,青藏高原和亚洲季风区是对流层向平流层物质输送（TST）的重要窗口。本文介绍了近年来取得的一些主要进展和成果,包括:（1）通过卫星观测在青藏高原—亚洲季风区上空发现水汽、气溶胶的极大值区和臭氧的极小值区;（2）深对流活动的主要观测途径和通过卫星观测识别深对流的方法;（3）青藏高原深对流向平流层物质输送的物理过程;（4）青藏高原深对流与亚洲季风区、热带海洋地区深对流的结构差异以及不同环境场对深对流物质输送过程的影响。 相似文献
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青藏高原大气水分循环特征 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14
青藏高原对亚洲季风环流的形成有重要作用,同时作为"世界屋脊"拥有丰富的冰川、积雪、河流、湖泊和地下蓄水层。青藏高原特殊大地形动力和热力作用深刻地影响着亚洲与全球大气水分循环,也对全球气候与环境产生深远的影响。基于青藏高原在亚洲夏季风系统大气水分循环过程的重要地位,从青藏高原对全球大气水分循环重要作用的视角,综述了青藏高原大气水分循环过程中青藏高原局地热力对流、高原的"阶梯式"水汽流爬升"第二类条件不稳定(CISK)"物理模型、青藏高原视热源结构影响及多尺度水汽汇流通道、海洋-青藏高原"水汽源-汇"结构、青藏高原跨半球垂直环流圈水分循环结构、青藏高原大气水分循环综合模型等的相关研究进展,剖析了青藏高原大气水分循环综合模型的研究背景,探讨了青藏高原特殊大地形热力驱动机制及其云水效应,描述出与青藏高原热力驱动的亚洲区域和跨半球垂直环流圈水分循环结构,揭示了青藏高原热力强迫与海洋-大气-陆地水文过程特殊的相互反馈作用。青藏高原发源的亚洲河流水系是为人口众多的亚洲区域供给生活、农业和工业用水的重要水资源之一。因此,认识在全球变暖背景下青藏高原的水分循环及其对水资源变化影响至关重要,仍需深入地探讨青藏高原大气水分循环机制及其全球影响效应。 相似文献
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Current Progresses in Study of Impacts of the Tibetan Plateau on Asian Summer Climate 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The current progresses in the study of impacts of the Tibetan Plateau on Asian summer climate in the last decade are reviewed. By analyzing evolution of the transitional zone between westerly to the north and easterly to the south (WEB), it is shown that due to the strong heating over the Tibetan Plateau in spring, the overturning in the prevailing wind direction from easterly in winter to westerly in summer occurs firstly over the eastern Bay of Bengal (BOB), accompanied with vigorous convective precipitation to its east. The area between eastern BOB and western Indo-China Peninsula thus becomes the area with the earliest onset of Asian monsoon, which may be referred as BOB monsoon in short. It is shown that the summertime circulations triggered by the thermal forcing of the Iranian Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau are embedded in phase with the continental-scale circulation forced by the diabatic heating over the Eurasian Continent. As a result, the East Asian summer monsoon is intensified and the drought climate over the western and central Asian areas is enhanced. Together with perturbations triggered by the Tibetan Plateau, the above scenarios and the associated heating have important influences on the climate patterns over Asia. Furthermore, the characteristics of the Tibetan mode of the summertime South Asian high are compared with those of Iranian mode. Results demonstrate that corresponding to each of the bimodality of the South Asian high, the rainfall anomaly distributions over Asia exhibit different patterns. 相似文献
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该文对半个世纪以来, 我国气象工作者在青藏高原研究, 特别是1979年和1998年两次大规模青藏高原大气科学试验科学成果进行了全面回顾, 给出近年来青藏高原研究许多有重要价值的研究成果, 可概要地归纳为以下几个方面:两次青藏高原大气科学试验在青藏高原边界层研究、对流特征研究方面取得新进展, 发现许多新的观测事实。证明青藏高原也可能是低频振荡源地。试验发现青藏高原摩擦层风的Ekman螺线及热力混合层特征, 发现青藏高原上对流边界层高度可达2200 m, 湍流边界层高度比平原地区明显偏高; 研究给出了青藏高原近地层与边界层动力、热力结构及其湍流、对流云特征可构成青藏高原地区边界层的综合物理图像。追踪分析研究发现, 连续成串从青藏高原中部或东部发生、发展的对流云团族呈显著东移的特征, 认为长江暴雨洪水的初始对流云系统可追溯到青藏高原; 研究发现, 在适当的云天条件下, 在青藏高原上可观测到极大的太阳总辐射、有效辐射和地表净辐射。青藏高原地面反照率的变化产生热源、热汇的区域影响效应, 这种源汇带来季节性和区域性的变化将进一步影响到大气中长波波形的季节尺度变化, 研究还强调指出青藏高原雪盖的年度变化的反馈作用表现对行星尺度环流特征的影响, 在热带洋面也产生对SST异常的相互作用与影响; 青藏高原与亚洲季风系统影响研究取得显著进展; 研究发现, 青藏高原“感热气泵” (SHAP) 的有效工作导致了青藏高原地区由冬到夏大气环流的突变及南亚高压的突然北跳, 并维持着亚洲季风期; 研究揭示出青藏高原周边“大三角”区域是影响我国长江中下游暴雨的水汽输送关键区, 揭示在青藏高原地区及其东部水汽输送的“转运站”特征。水汽流向东的“转运”效应对长江梅雨期洪涝形成甚为重要; 青藏高原大气物质输送及其臭氧异常特征研究取得进展, 研究发现夏季在青藏高原上大气臭氧总量有一明显的低值中心存在, 并且发现拉萨的臭氧递减趋势比我国东部同纬度地区大, 而拉萨位于青藏高原臭氧低值中心的区域。 相似文献
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Yeong-Jer Lin 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1988,44(4):349-357
Dual-Doppler data collected from 1646 to 1648 MDT on 14 July, 1982 in Colorado were employed to study the eddy kinetic energy budget in the subcloud layer of a microburst-producing thunderstorm during its mature stage. Each term in the budget equation was computed from the Doppler-derived winds and retrieved thermodynamic fields within the 10 by 10 km horizontal domain. Results show that in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) where the microburst dominates, the turbulent flow extracts energy from the mean flow in order for the microburst to maintain its strong diverging outflow at low levels. The vertical transport of eddy kinetic energy is predominantly downward in the low layer due to the organized downdrafts in the microburst area. The horizontal flux convergence (divergence) of eddy kinetic energy by the mean and eddying motions is approximately balanced by that of the vertical flux divergence (convergence). Similarly, the contributions from the pressure and buoyancy production terms are nearly in balance. As a result, a net change of the eddy kinetic energy generation in the subcloud layer is relatively small in comparison with the individual term in the budget equation. 相似文献
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P. L. S. Rao 《大气科学进展》2000,17(4):576-586
1. IntroductionThe Asian summer monsoon circulation is a thermally driven circulation, which arisesprimarily from the temperature differences between the warmer continental areas of theNorthern Hemisphere and the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere. The complex feedback between the flow field and the heating, especially through the interaction between thelarge--scale flow and moist convection, is yet to be well understood. Nevertheless, this facetensures the prominence of the summer monsoon ci… 相似文献
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针对青藏高原热力强迫作用对东亚夏季风强度、南海夏季风爆发早晚、南海周边区域旱涝的影响,以及在全球变暖背景下其对降水格局的影响等科学研究进行了总结回顾,并就青藏高原热力作用对南海周边区域夏季气候的影响科学问题进行了探讨。研究表明,高原冬春积雪异常通过影响雪盖反照率、改变辐射平衡和通过积雪-水文效应改变土壤湿度两个途径来影响东亚夏季风;通过改变大陆-海洋经向热力对比影响南海季风爆发早晚;通过改变西太平洋副高位置和季风环流变化来影响华南和长江流域夏季降水的分布。在全球变暖背景下,青藏高原感热加热的减弱可能对降水年代际“南涝北旱”格局的形成具有重要贡献。随着全球变暖减缓,青藏高原中部和东部的感热呈现出复苏态势,“南涝北旱”的降水格局分布在将来有可能被打破。 相似文献
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青藏高原横切变线（简称切变线）是引发青藏高原夏季暴雨的主要天气系统之一。本文基于欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,简称ECMWF）提供的ERA-5再分析资料,选取14个生成于6~8月、生命史为38小时且引发高原暴雨的切变线个例进行合成分析,探究动力和热力作用对夏季切变线生成和强度演变的影响。结果表明:（1）500 hPa切变线生成于伊朗高压和西太平洋副热带高压两高之间的鞍形场中,处于580 dagpm闭合低值中心和272 K高温中心内,比湿大值区的北侧;200 hPa南亚高压北部边缘、西风急流入口区南侧。（2）切变线强度表现出明显的日变化特征,在当地时间（LT=UTC+6h）23时最强,13时最弱。（3）涡度收支诊断表明,青藏高原上空高低层散度变化对切变线强度变化具有指示意义,500 hPa涡度最大值（最小值）出现时间滞后于辐合作用最大值（最小值）3小时。（4）切变线演变过程中,切变线发展时位涡随之增大。位涡收支诊断表明,青藏高原上空的水汽和非绝热加热对切变线的生成和发展演变起到重要作用。当边界层感热加热增强时,低层辐合增强,上升运动增强,在充足的水汽配合下,凝结潜热释放使非绝热加热中心抬高至大气中层,从而有利于切变线生成及发展。 相似文献
19.
1971-2012年青藏高原春季风速的年际变化及对气候变暖的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用青藏高原73个气象台站的观测资料和日本气象厅JRA-55再分析资料,通过引入年际增量和动能收支方程,分析了1971-2012年高原春季风速的年际变化特征及其对气候变暖的响应。结果表明,在气候变暖的背景下高原风速呈减弱的趋势,随着变暖趋缓风速的变化也趋于平稳。春季高原风速与气温的线性趋势是相反的,但在年际尺度上二者表现出同位相的变化,当青藏高原、中南半岛和印度半岛的地面气温偏高,北亚和东亚地区的地面气温偏低时,有利于高原地面风速增大,反之风速减小。20世纪末青藏高原及其周边地区的升温速率表现为北快南缓,高原南、北侧气温差异减小,而东、西向的气温差异增大,风速趋于减弱;21世纪初高原中部及其南侧地区以升温为主,高原东北侧和东亚地区以降温为主,南、北向气温差异较小,高原风速的变化也趋于平缓,东、西向气温差异有减小的趋势,对应高原东部风速有所增大。青藏高原及其邻近地区的热力差异及其变化速率的不均衡改变了对流层大气的斜压性,进而通过两种途径影响青藏高原的风速,一方面是近地面层气压梯度力的直接作用,另一方面是高层动能向低层的输送。此外,还指出JRA-55再分析风速资料比ERA-Interim和NCEP/NCAR资料在青藏高原的适用性更强。 相似文献
20.
黄河上游丰、枯水年汛期及前期的环流特征分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
运用有关台站的水文气象观测资料,分析了近80余年来黄河上游径流的丰枯变化特征,并对典型丰、枯水年对应的500 hPa高度距平场、OLR场、亚洲阻高和南风输送等环流特征进行了研究。结果表明,丰水年,从后冬开始到汛期,极涡始终保持偏强的态势;同样,在位势高度的垂直分布上也早形成了有利于降水的上高下低的形势;强对流中心有一个东移、北抬、加强、扩大的发展趋势。夏季,我国青藏高原及西北地区东部的对流活动较强,容易造成降水。乌拉尔山、贝加尔湖阻高的建立,加强了亚洲经向环流,丰水年中多数年份有乌拉尔山阻高,而枯水年中多数年份却没有。水汽输送的明显差异直接导致黄河上游来水的丰、枯。丰水年,我国中西部80°~110°E范围内整层为南风控制,而枯水年基本为北风控制。 相似文献