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湿地兼有水陆两类生态系统的某些特征,生态功能和社会经济价值显著,成为人类赖以生存和发展的自然资源宝库和生存环境。黄河三角洲湿地是中国暖温带地区最完整的、最年轻的湿地生态系统,该区湿地类型多样,湿地资源丰富。从湿地资源开发利用、保护和管理研究、湿地生物群落结构和生物多样性研究、湿地面积动态变化等方面概述该区湿地的研究现状,提出研究热点,探讨未来该地区湿地生态系统的研究趋势,体现在黄河三角洲湿地温室气体排放和全球环境变化、湿地水文学研究及湿地数字化研究。 相似文献
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湿地生态系统模型研究进展 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：17
介绍了湿地生态系统模型概念及类型 ,重点分析了河流湿地、沼泽及河漫滩湿地、湿地退化模型。在河流湿地中 ,重点讨论了水文水动力学模型、泥沙冲淤模型、河流水质模型 ;在沼泽及河漫滩湿地中 ,阐述了水量模型、生物量模型、P模型和 N模型 ;最后在分析湿地退化的数学模型基础上 ,探讨了湿地大型植物的控制模型。 相似文献
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张掖城市湿地的形成及其生态系统演化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
湿地生态系统的形成一般应该具备三个条件：相对低洼平缓的地势、维持湿地生态的水源补给以及适宜的气候条件。新构造运动、水文地质条件、第四纪气候演变是张掖市北郊湿地形成的主要控制因素和影响因素。新构造运动及第四纪气候变化也使湿地生态系统涵养环境由地表水环境演变为地下水环境。 相似文献
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鄱阳湖水质污染对湿地生态系统生态功能的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
湿她内部生物、物理、化学组份之间的相互作用过程,推动湿地的形成和发育,是其生态结构和生态功能的物质基础。水是鄱阳湖湖泊及其湿地的主体要素之一,各种形式的水是参与湿地生态过程的主体成分．贯穿融于生态形成和系统运作的生物、物理、化学过程的每一个环节,湖泊水质的变化直接影响着湿地的生态过程,影响水域生态系统、湖滩草洲生态系统、农牧与生态系统食物链和食物网的质量．所以水质变化及污染是湿地生态功能衰退研究的核心内容之一。 相似文献
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湿地是地球上有三大生态系统之一,是地球上一种重要的、独特的、多功能的生态系统,它在全球生态平衡中扮演着极为重要的角色,具有不可替代的生态功能,有着"地球之肾"的美誉,但是近些年随着气候变化,以及人类活动的叠加作用,湿地这个珍贵的生态系统逐步被一点点改变,尤其是水循环过程受到破坏,结果造成水资源急剧缺失、湿地面积大量减少、生态功能明显退化等一些自然问题。通过研究分析气候变化对湿地水文水资源的影响,了解两者之间的作用关系及影响机制,从而找到应对气候变化引起的湿地水文水资源破坏的适应性对策,为保护湿地提供一定的理论支持。 相似文献
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湿地汞环境过程研究进展 总被引：36，自引：0，他引：36
汞在湿地生态系统中的环境过程是汞全球循环的组成部分,并与人类的健康有着密切关系。分析了湿地环境过程研究的重要意义,综述了国内外湿地汞环境过程研究的进展情况,包括在湿地汞来源、含量、赋存形态,迁移、转化、界面反应等方面。指出由于湿地独特的水文过程和环境条件,汞的累积、迁移与转化过程具有与其它生态系统不同的特点。湿地能吸收大气沉降和地表径流的汞,是汞的汇。汞在湿地生态系统中呈富集状态。湿地具有较高的汞累积速率和甲基汞生产能力,湿地的氧化-还原条件和丰富的有机碳有利于汞的甲基化。湿地甲基汞通过食物链的"生物放大",威胁人类的健康。全球气候变暖、酸雨和臭氧层耗竭可能增加湿地汞的生态环境风险。提出应开展湿地特定环境条件下汞的循环及其在汞全球循环中作用的研究,并关注湿地对全球环境变化的响应。 相似文献
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全球湿地的状况、未来情景与可持续管理对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
简要介绍了千年生态系统评估（MA）项目针对湿地与水编写的《生态系统与人类福祉：湿地与水综合报告》的核心内容。报告表明：①据估算,2000年全球的湿地面积大约为1.28×109hm2,但是这一数据显著偏低,尤其是对新热带区的湿地以及有些特殊类型湿地的估算因数据源问题可能远低于实际面积;②根据MA构建的4种情景的分析结果,未来50年（2000—2050年）内,在对生态系统实行被动式管理的全球协同和实力秩序2种情景中,预计全球的湿地面积将会减少,而在对生态系统实行主动式管理的技术家园和适应组合2种情景中,预计全球的湿地面积将保持相对稳定;③湿地的丧失和退化会对人类福祉和减轻贫困产生极为不利的影响,尤其是对低收入国家湿地附近居民的影响更为严重。为了实现湿地的可持续管理,必须从经济、制度和管理以及相关驱动力方面采取积极对策,减轻湿地生态系统承受的各种压力,保育各项生态特征,增强其自恢复能力,减缓和扭转湿地的丧失和退化趋势。 相似文献
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Anatomy of an avulsion 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
NORMAN D. SMITH TIMOTHY A. CROSS† JOSEPH P. DUFFICY STEPHEN R. CLOUGH 《Sedimentology》1989,36(1):1-23
The Cumberland Marshes in east-central Saskatchewan, Canada, occupy over 5000 km2 and contain a variety of active and abandoned fluvial features, including straight to sinuous isolated channels, anastomosed channel systems, levees, and crevasse splays in addition to marshes, lakes and bogs. In 1873, an avulsion of the Saskatchewan River diverted most of its flow into a portion of the Cumberland Marshes (locally termed the breakout area), and altered the alluvial terrain as the invaded wetlands adjusted to the influx of sediment and water. These adjustments continue today, and so far over 500 km2 of wetlands have been affected by the avulsion. Avulsion-controlled modification of the wetlands involves the initiation and evolution of crevasse splays and splay complexes. Three intergradational forms are recognized, each associated with characteristic sand-body geometries. Stage I splays are small, lobate in plan, crossed by unstable distributary channels, and form wedge-shaped sheets which depositionally overlie fine-grained, organic-rich wetland sediments. Stage II splays and splay complexes evolve both spatially and temporally from Stage I splays. They are larger, contain dense networks of anastomosed channels, and form disconnected tabular sand bodies or continuous sand sheets, some of which incise underlying wetland sediments. Stage III splays develop from either Stage I or II splays and contain few but stable anastomosed channels that deposit isolated stringer sands encased in fine-grained floodplain sediments. Although sand bodies deposited by splays comprise important components of the evolving floodplain, various fine-grained facies occurring in levees, shallow lakes, abandoned splay channels, and interchannel floodplains dominate the avulsion deposits. The post-1873 record of deposition and terrain modification in the breakout area suggests four stages of floodplain evolution following avulsion. In the initial avulsion stage, new channels and splay complexes increase in numbers rapidly as diverted discharge of water and sediment overwhelm the adjacent floodbasin. The anastomosed stage is characterized by an approximate balance between rates of new channel and splay development, and abandonment of old ones. This stage continues for as long as new floodplain areas are invaded. The rate of new splay development eventually decreases as accessible floodplain becomes aggraded, forcing a higher rate of channel abandonment and concentration of remaining flow into fewer but larger channels (reversion stage). The result of reversion is eventual return to a single channel stage, completing the avulsive sequence and initiating a new alluvial ridge. For the Saskatchewan River, this final-stage single channel will likely produce a meander belt which occupies only a portion of the more extensive avulsion belt which preceded it. 相似文献
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Hermann Gucinski 《Estuaries and Coasts》1978,1(3):151-156
Marshes located on the Mayo Peninsula between the South and Rhode rivers, Maryland, were measured to determine acreage per tract, total upland and seaward edge lengths. For these marshes, 54% of the total area is associated with tracts of less than 5 acres. Of total upland edge length, 68% is along tracts less than 5 acres, while 72% of seaward edge length is associated with these smaller tracts. Comparison of edge length to area ratios shows that tracts of 1 acre or less have significantly higher edge length than tracts of 5 acres or more. While this should be extrapolated to other geographic regions with care, the findings suggest that regulatory agencies revise wetland management principles to include greater protection and enhanced survival of small tracts. 相似文献
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Federico Caprotti 《Geoforum》2008,39(2):942-957
This paper investigates the Italian fascist regime’s use of internal colonisation as part of a wider ruralisation policy aimed at promoting population growth, curbing rural-urban migration, staunching emigration, and halting the spread of industrial urbanisation. By focusing on the case study of the Pontine Marshes, the paper demonstrates how, through targeted selection procedures aimed at displacing defined social and political undesirables, migrants were chosen and effectively coerced into migrating to the “fascist” landscape of the marshes. The area, reclaimed and developed in the 1930s, was celebrated as a sign of the regime’s engineering and social success. The paper utilises Antonio Gramsci’s thought on hegemony, and argues that the overt use of coercion hints at the fact that fascism, although ideologically totalitarian and hegemonic, was contested. Although statisticians, demographers and state bureaucrats were organised and institutionalised in the construction of hegemony based on consent, fascism based itself more in coercion than in passive consent in the case of internal colonisation. 相似文献
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祁连山海北高寒湿地气候变化及植被演替分析 总被引：24，自引：7，他引：17
分析了近40a海北高寒湿地区域气候变化特征,以及近期湿地退化和植被演替的情况.结果表明:祁连山海北地区自1957年以来年平均气温以0.157℃·10a-1的倾向率升高,年降水量约以1859mm·10a-1的倾向率递减,年平均地温比同期气温的增加更为迅速,表现出海北地区气候及土壤性状均向干暖化趋势发展,特别是土壤干暖化程度尤为明显.由于人类活动加剧影响,超载过牧,原生植被遭受破坏,草场退化严重,地表潜在蒸散力加大.深层的多年冻土退化,冻胀草丘坍塌,导致湿地植被发生变化,使沼泽化草甸向典型草甸演替.不同年度调查结果表明,高寒湿地植被在气候干暖化趋势的加剧影响下,植物群落组成发生变异,物种多样性、生态优势度均比湿地原生植被的物种有增多的趋势.原生适应寒冷、潮湿生境的藏嵩草为主的草甸植被类型逐渐退化,有些物种甚至消失,而被那些寒冷湿中生为主的典型草甸类型所替代.组成植物群落的湿中生种类减少,中生种类(如线叶嵩草)大量增加,群落盖度相对降低,群落生产量大幅度下降. 相似文献
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三江平原沼泽湿地区,在自然和人为影响下,发育着五种不同类型的道路翻浆,某些路段产生雪阻,冰糊(涎流冰)、路面挂冰等道路冻害,严重影响交通运输,采取相应防治措施维持运营。 相似文献
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借助ArcGIS空间分析工具,以嫩江流域1978年、1990年、2000年和2008年4期遥感湿地分布图为基础,采用SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)水文模型将嫩江流域划分为43个子流域,并以沼泽湿地类型为例,将各个子流域内降水和径流信息与湿地退化遥感信息作对比筛选,对全流域以及湿地面积减少严重所在子流域作进一步分析。另外,利用两期土地利用类型数据生成嫩江流域土地利用转移矩阵。结果表明:1978—2008年间嫩江流域沼泽湿地退化严重,尤其以1990—2000年间最为显著。这与流域内降水、径流的变化密切相关,并受到土地利用类型转化以及水利工程建设等人类活动的影响。其中,沼泽湿地面积变化与流域径流系数变化在0.01水平上呈极显著正相关,pearson相关系数为0.90。气候变化和人类活动影响下对湿地水文过程以及水资源的变化,导致湿地日益萎缩,对流域内湿地生态系统平衡产生了负面影响。 相似文献